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Tjoc: Difference between revisions
→Participle I
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There are also substantives that are a present participle of an obsolete and no more used verb, ex.: ''wjond'', enemy, is a participle of the archaic verb ''wjowan'', to hate, that has been substituted with ''hatjan''; ''lind'', lover, is a participle of the archaic verb ''lian'' (that corresponds to English "to love" and is used only in poetry), to desire "carnally". | There are also substantives that are a present participle of an obsolete and no more used verb, ex.: ''wjond'', enemy, is a participle of the archaic verb ''wjowan'', to hate, that has been substituted with ''hatjan''; ''lind'', lover, is a participle of the archaic verb ''lian'' (that corresponds to English "to love" and is used only in poetry), to desire "carnally". | ||
Participles can add ''-es'' or zero suffix to form the plural form, however the participles that end in ''-jond'' can add the suffix ''-es'' or change ''-jo-'' with ''-y-'', ex.: ''lerend'' > ''lerend''/''es''; ''sjond'' > ''sjondes''/''synd''. | Participles can add ''-es'' or zero suffix to form the plural form, however the participles that end in ''-jond'' can add the suffix ''-es'' or change ''-jo-'' with ''-y-'', ex.: ''lerend'' > ''lerend''/''es''; ''sjond'' > ''sjondes''/''synd''. | ||
===Preterite-present verbs=== | |||
Some irregular verbs, such as ''wytan'', belong to the group of the so called "preterite-present verbs": these verbs inflect in the present like they would have to to express past tense, still having a present meaning. | |||
Here is the present indicative of some useful preterite-present verbs: | |||
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | |||
!'''Person''' | |||
!'''Duwan''' (to succeed) | |||
!'''Munan''' (to remember) | |||
!'''Turwan''' (to need) | |||
!'''Skulan''' (must) | |||
!'''Durran''' (to dare) | |||
|- | |||
!'''y''' / '''tů''' / '''he''' | |||
|djåg | |||
|mon | |||
|tjarf | |||
|shal | |||
|djarr | |||
|- | |||
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy''' | |||
|duwon | |||
|munon | |||
|turwon | |||
|sholon | |||
|durron | |||
|} | |||
The past indicative of these verbs was formed in a regular way (with ''-de'' / ''-te'' endings), but the evolution of the language has made this regularity difficult to be seen. The paradigms of these verbs: | |||
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | |||
!'''1st voice''' | |||
!'''2nd voice''' | |||
!'''3rd voice''' | |||
!'''4th voice''' | |||
!'''5th voice''' | |||
|- | |||
|duwan | |||
|djåg | |||
|dote | |||
|doton | |||
|iduwen | |||
|- | |||
|munan | |||
|mon | |||
|munde | |||
|mundon | |||
|imunen | |||
|- | |||
|turwan | |||
|tjarf | |||
|torfte | |||
|torfton | |||
|iturwen | |||
|- | |||
|skulan | |||
|shal | |||
|skolle | |||
|skollon | |||
|iskuln | |||
|- | |||
|durran | |||
|djarr | |||
|dorste | |||
|dorston | |||
|idurn | |||
|} | |||
The auxiliary of the preterite-present verbs is always ''håban''. | |||
===Future=== | |||
In Tjoc the future is a perifrastic form that is obtained with the present of the verb ''skulan'' and the infinitive of the verb: | |||
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | |||
!'''Person''' | |||
!'''Bjon''' | |||
!'''Lyrnan''' | |||
!'''Wennan''' | |||
|'''Lycan''' | |||
|- | |||
!'''y''' / '''tů''' / '''he''' | |||
|shal bjon | |||
|shal lyrnan | |||
|shal wennan | |||
|shal lycan | |||
|- | |||
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy''' | |||
|sholon bjon | |||
|sholon lyrnan | |||
|sholon wennan | |||
|sholon lycan | |||
|} | |||
The future of the verb ''skulan'' is formed with the perifrastic construction: ''skulan + bjon injewed to + infinitive'', ex.: | |||
* ''Tů shal injewed to don het'' - You will have to do it. | |||
Very often this construction is avoided and ''skulan'' is simply used in its present tense: | |||
* ''Tů shal don het'' - You have to do it. | |||
The construction of the future can be used also with an imperative meaning, in this case the verb precedes the subject, ex.: | |||
* ''Shaltů don het!'' - Do it! (Yes, you will do it!). | |||