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Primary stress in a word is on the second syllable unless it contains the schwa ''o'' or is preceded by a syllable with a syllabic consonant. | Primary stress in a word is on the second syllable unless it contains the schwa ''o'' or is preceded by a syllable with a syllabic consonant. | ||
Inflected and affixed word forms have the same stress as the base word (even monosyllabic base): ''gat'' → ''gatan'' /ˈgɑt. | Inflected and affixed word forms have the same stress as the base word (even monosyllabic base): ''gat'' → ''gatan'' /ˈgɑt.äˑn/, ''gatle'' /ˈgɑ.tˡeˑ/ | ||
Interrogatives are formed by changing the stress onto the first syllable. | Interrogatives are formed by changing the stress onto the first syllable. | ||
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*''P'': plosives ''p, t, k'' and ''q'' | *''P'': plosives ''p, t, k'' and ''q'' | ||
**INS ending Ph marks breathy voice and may turn the plosive into corresponding fricative /ɸ, θ, x, χ/ if followed by a plosive. | **INS ending Ph marks breathy voice and may turn the plosive into corresponding fricative /ɸ, θ, x, χ/ if followed by a plosive. | ||
*- indicates that the original ending is replaced with the following: '' | *- indicates that the original ending is replaced with the following: ''tup → tu'''n''''' (stick → stick's) | ||
====Possessive affixes==== | ====Possessive affixes==== | ||
Possessive affixes draw a distinction between alienable and inalienable possession: '' | Possessive affixes draw a distinction between alienable and inalienable possession: ''Óntesoson dothee gat'''s'''/vakuh'''oz'''.'' (A man is watching his house/ his own hand.) | ||
*Interpretations: ''gat dothi'' (the house which the man has temporarily settled in = rented), ''doth gathos(os)'' (man with his house which he has purchased), ''gat dothor'' (the house which was inherited and is now owned by the man) | *Interpretations: ''gat dothi'' (the house which the man has temporarily settled in = rented), ''doth gathos(os)'' (man with his house which he has purchased), ''gat dothor'' (the house which was inherited and is now owned by the man) | ||
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====Emphasizing clitics==== | ====Emphasizing clitics==== | ||
Suffixes ''ma'' (for ABS) and ''noh'' (for ERG) are used to emphasize either the | Suffixes ''ma'' (for ABS) and ''noh'' (for ERG) are used to emphasize either the object or the agent: ''Ónzaiton dothee'''noh''' pof.'' (It is the man who's lifting the feather) vs. ''Ónzaiton dothee pof'''ma'''.'' (It is the feather that the man is lifting.). They are also used with verbs in antipassive constructions. | ||
When both are used, "witnessing" occurs | |||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
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*'''Comitative''' case is used to indicate company: ''Mo slosh orkho.'' (We were with them yesterday.) | *'''Comitative''' case is used to indicate company: ''Mo slosh orkho.'' (We were with them yesterday.) | ||
*'''Causal''' describes the cause of an action or origin of something: '' | *'''Causal''' describes the cause of an action or origin of something: ''Aitesosai næ su fope'' (I saw him because of (/thanks to) you), ''Hi supe foki.'' (It (is) from him to you.) | ||
Self-pronoun ''ru'' for '''reflexive''' and '''reciprocal''': '' | ====Reflexive==== | ||
*reflexive is easier with others: ''anlatepan'' (I'm dancing by myself), ''kepan'' (I'm | Self-pronoun ''ru'' for '''reflexive''' and '''reciprocal''': ''tesosón ru'' (they are watching themself), ''ónlatepón ruu'' (he is dancing by himself, alone) vs. ''ónlatepón su'' (he is dancing with him); ''sónkephón (they are washing each other) vs. ''sónkephón sloslo slo/soutu'' (they are washing them) | ||
*reflexive is easier with others: ''anlatepan'' (I'm dancing by myself); ''ankepan'' (I'm washing myself) vs. ''ankep'' ("I'm washing..."), ''kepan'' (I'm being washed) | |||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
Adjectives in Sceptrian agree with the gender, number and cases of their head, | Adjectives in Sceptrian agree with the gender, number and cases of their head. When an adjective is used as a predicative, it comes before its head, but when as an attributive, it comes after. | ||
Vowel change is used to indicate the gender, base for inanimate, first apophony with animate and second apophony with abstract gender: | |||
Polite adjectives are formed from the abstract form with following affixes: | |||
*predicative | |||
* attributive | |||
===Adverbs=== | |||
===Table of correlatives=== | ===Table of correlatives=== | ||
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|} | |} | ||
===Adpositions=== | ===Adpositions=== | ||
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missing verbs: | missing verbs: | ||
*"to be": apposition ''trk doth'' (a man is a smith) vs. ''doth trk'' (the smith-man, the smith is a man); ''luwi doth'' (a man is beautiful) vs. ''doth luwi'' (a beautiful man) | *"to be": apposition ''trk doth'' (a man is a smith) vs. ''doth trk'' (the smith-man, the smith is a man); predicative before ''luwi doth'' (a man is beautiful) vs. attributive after ''doth luwi'' (a beautiful man) | ||
**Emphasizing ''ma'': ''trk dothma'' (it is the man who is a smith) | **Emphasizing ''ma'': ''trk dothma'' (it is the man who is a smith) | ||
* "to have": all those possessive forms... ''sop trng dothi'' ("profession of a smith for the man") | * "to have": all those possessive forms... ''sop trng dothi'' ("profession of a smith for the man") | ||
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Mixing agent and subject endings... | Mixing agent and subject endings... | ||
*PRES retrospective: | *PRES retrospective: | ||
**PST.PFV+verb+STAT: ''ai- | **PST.PFV+verb+STAT: ''ai-tesos-Ø næ ka'' (I've seen this), ''ai-latep-a næ'' (I've danced (myself)) ← intransitive became transitive | ||
*PRES prospective: INCEP+verb(+FUT): ''tsa-latép(-ar) (I'm starting to dance (and I'll be doing it for a while)) | *PRES prospective: INCEP+verb(+FUT): ''tsa-latép(-ar) (I'm starting to dance (and I'll be doing it for a while)) | ||
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!2SG.POL | !2SG.POL | ||
!2PL.POL | !2PL.POL | ||
!3SG. | !3SG.A | ||
!3PL. | !3PL.A | ||
!3SG.INAN | !3SG.INAN | ||
!3PL.INAN | !3PL.INAN | ||
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*+ indicates voicing of the final consonant together with aspiration | *+ indicates voicing of the final consonant together with aspiration | ||
Agent prefixes are used | Agent prefixes are rarely used in the casual register, only to form the [[Sceptrian#Reflexive|reflexive]]. However, it has to be used in the formal register. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
|+Agent prefixes for tense and aspect | |+Agent prefixes for tense and aspect | ||
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!2SG.POL | !2SG.POL | ||
!2PL.POL | !2PL.POL | ||
!3SG. | !3SG.A | ||
!3PL. | !3PL.A | ||
!3SG.INAN | !3SG.INAN | ||
!3PL.INAN | !3PL.INAN | ||
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**PRES: | **PRES: | ||
*** 1st person: ''no'' (SG), ''ngo'' (PL) | *** 1st person: ''no'' (SG), ''ngo'' (PL) | ||
*** 2nd person: '' | *** 2nd person: ''fo'' (SG), ''flo'' (PL) | ||
*** 3rd person: '' | *** 3rd person: ''so'' (SG), ''slo'' (PL) | ||
**PAST: ''me'' | **PAST: ''me'' | ||
**FUT: ''mor'' | **FUT: ''mor'' | ||
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'''Honoring negation''' for 2nd person polite forms consists of (second person) negation affixes with second apophony and ''saal''-particle placed after the verb: ''K'''ee'''p'''oz'''athar saal.'' (You'll be unable to wash Yourself, unfortunately.) | '''Honoring negation''' for 2nd person polite forms consists of (second person) negation affixes with second apophony and ''saal''-particle placed after the verb: ''K'''ee'''p'''oz'''athar saal.'' (You'll be unable to wash Yourself, unfortunately.) | ||
Second apophony of infixes with subjunctive mood. | Second apophony of negation infixes with subjunctive mood. | ||
====Voice==== | ====Voice==== | ||
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*Irregularities‽ | *Irregularities‽ | ||
Reflexive with double conjugation: '' | Reflexive with double conjugation: ''aitesóstan | ||
'''The following system is under development!''' | '''The following system is under development!''' | ||
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Active construction | Active construction | ||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
|phrase = | |phrase = Ónzaiton dothee pof. | ||
|IPA = / | |IPA = /ɔ̃zaɪ̯tə̃ dəθe: pəf/ | ||
| morphemes = ón-zait- | | morphemes = ón-zait-on doth-ee pof-Ø | ||
| gloss = 3SG.AN.PRES.IPFV-lift- | | gloss = 3SG.AN.PRES.IPFV-lift-3SG.INAN.PRES.IPFV man-ERG feather-ABS | ||
| translation = A man is lifting a feather. | | translation = A man is lifting a feather. | ||
}} | }} | ||
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Passive construction: To demote the agent (ERG), it's either removed or inflected into causal ablative (ABL). Verb circumfix remains untouched. | Passive construction: To demote the agent (ERG), it's either removed or inflected into causal ablative (ABL). Verb circumfix remains untouched. | ||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
|phrase = | |phrase = Ónzaiton pof (dothpo). | ||
|IPA = / | |IPA = /ɔ̃zaɪ̯tə̃ pəf (dəθpə)/ | ||
| morphemes = ón-zait- | | morphemes = ón-zait-on pof-Ø (doth-po) | ||
| gloss = 3SG.PRES.IPFV-lift- | | gloss = 3SG.PRES.IPFV-lift-3SG.INAN.PRES.IPFV feather-ABS (man-ABL) | ||
| translation = A feather is being lifted (by a man). | | translation = A feather is being lifted (by a man). | ||
}} | }} | ||
Antipassive construction: Agent (ERG) transforms into subject (ABS) and object (ABS) takes the instrumental-comitative (INS) case. Word order becomes SV(O), and the verb circumfix loses its former part and may receive the emphasizing clitic ''ma''. | Antipassive construction: Agent (ERG) transforms into subject (ABS) and object (ABS) takes the instrumental-comitative (INS) case. Word order becomes SV(O), and the verb circumfix loses its former part and may receive the emphasizing clitic ''ma'' in the formal register. This form corresponds well to a nominative-accusative alignment. | ||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
|phrase = Doth | |phrase = Doth ónzaitma (pofos). | ||
|IPA = /dəθ (mä) | |IPA = /dəθ ɔ̃zaɪ̯t(mä) (pəfəs)/ | ||
| morphemes = doth-Ø (ma | | morphemes = doth-Ø ón-zait-Ø(/ma) (pof-os) | ||
| gloss = man-ABS | | gloss = man-ABS 3SG.AN.PRES.IPFV-lift-ANTIP(.POL) (feather-INS) | ||
| translation = The man is lifting (a feather). | | translation = The man is lifting (a feather). | ||
}} | }} | ||
Ideas: Instrument and turning it into an agent. Here I used the object-agreement | Ideas: Instrument and turning it into an agent. Here I used the object-agreement | ||
* ''Ónzaiton dothee pof | * ''Ónzaiton dothee pof vakuhosozh.'' (...with his own hand...) | ||
**''Ónzaiton pof vakuhos dothir.'' | **''Ónzaiton pof vakuhos dothir.'' | ||
**'' | **''Onzaiton pof tuph dothi'''sh''' slokli.'' (A feather is being lifted with the man's stick for them.) Inanimate agent conjugation, and DAT inflected! | ||
* ''Vakuh | * ''Vakuh ónzait pofos.'' (a hand lifts the feather)/(someone intentionally lifts the feather with their hand) Notice animate conjugation! | ||
**'' | **''Tup onzait pofos dothpo.'' (a stick, which is being held by a man, lifts the feather) ABL as causative. | ||
====Non-finite forms==== | ====Non-finite forms==== | ||
*participles: PRES, PST, FUT agent & patient (passivity?) tekemä, tehty | *participles: PRES, PST, FUT agent & patient (employer vs. employee) (passivity?) tekemä, tehty | ||
*gerund | *gerund: nouns as gerunds? | ||
*infinitives | *infinitives: PRES, PST, FUT ''-ó'' | ||
*gerundives (merged auxiliary verbs as prefixes): can, be permitted, should, must | *gerundives (merged auxiliary verbs as prefixes): can, be permitted, should, must | ||
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*origin, relation: | *origin, relation: | ||
*absence, without: | *absence, without: | ||
*result: washed = clean (wanted vs. unwanted?) | |||
Noun→noun: | Noun→noun: | ||
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*collection: | *collection: | ||
*being, person, creature: | *being, person, creature: | ||
** | **doer, agent: | ||
** | **origin: | ||
*diminutive: | *diminutive: | ||
*augmentative: | *augmentative: | ||
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Noun→verb | Noun→verb | ||
*From core nouns: "way-markers" → how the verb reflects the core noun+case/adjective: table... | *From core nouns: "way-markers" → how the verb reflects the core noun+case/adjective: table... depends on the core ( | ||
*GEN + ''k'' = "similarity" | *ABS = "happens" | ||
*DAT + ''k'' = "making" (no ''k'' with Abstract) | *COM = "using" | ||
* | *GEN + ''k'' = "similarity": | ||
*DAT + ''k'' = "making"/"becoming" (no ''k'' with Abstract): ''zurmu'' → ''zurmjik'' (strong person.AN → strengthen.3SG.INAN.GNO), ''zurp'' → ''zurpeik'' (strong, durable object.IN → hardens) & ''zurma'' → ''zurmak'' (strength → intensifies) | |||
*LAT + ''t'' = ''movement'' | |||
*frequentative | |||
*momentane | |||
* feel: hyväksyä, oudoksua, ... | |||
===Numerals=== | ===Numerals=== | ||
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*VAO usually, SV(O) in antipassive | *VAO usually, SV(O) in antipassive | ||
*adjectives precede nouns while possessives follow | *adjectives precede nouns while possessives follow | ||
===Clauses=== | |||
noun clause: Infinitive.tense + ... + causatives: ''Tesosan kepó vakuhos supe.'' (I see that he washes his hands) vs. ''Onluvakan kep'''óo''' vakuhos supe.'' (The washing of his hands brings me pleasure.) | |||
==Register== | ==Register== | ||
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In casual register, verb forms are chosen differently when the subject is agent-like (he dances) or patient-like (he fell): ''latepóji'' (he danced AN) vs. ''bousoi'' (he fell INAN) | In casual register, verb forms are chosen differently when the subject is agent-like (he dances) or patient-like (he fell): ''latepóji'' (he danced AN) vs. ''bousoi'' (he fell INAN) | ||
In formal register, it is preferred to use only animate nouns as agents while abstract and inanimate are as antipassive subjects: ''luwifo | In formal register, it is preferred to use only animate nouns as agents while abstract and inanimate are as antipassive subjects: ''luwifo onwutes~ink nas'' ("beauty-of.yours it-un-eye-ful-makes me-with", your beauty makes me blind) vs. ''enwutes~inkan fø na'' (you are making me blind) | ||
Distinction between abstract and animate in some categories, such as verb conjugation | |||
==Lexicon== | ==Lexicon== | ||
*''batop'' language | |||
*''dhoku'' head | |||
*''doth'' man | |||
*''eja'' day | *''eja'' day | ||
*''eva'' light | *''eva'' light | ||
*''joqó'' disgust | |||
*''kep'' wash | |||
*''keslan'' blood | |||
*''luva'' pleasure | |||
*''mel'' water | |||
*''pof'' feather | *''pof'' feather | ||
*'' | *''su'' it/he? | ||
*''tes'' eye | |||
*''tup'' stick | |||
*''vakuh'' hand | *''vakuh'' hand | ||
*'' | *''vang'' drink.N | ||
*'' | *''zurmu'' strong person | ||
*'' | *''bous'' goes down | ||
*'' | *''kep'' washes | ||
*''zait'' | *''latep'' dances | ||
*''tes(o)s'' sees | |||
*''vangost'' drinks | |||
*''zait'' goes up |
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