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|script = Lifashian alphabet | |script = Lifashian alphabet | ||
|nation = Dár Lífasyám | |nation = Dár Lífasyám | ||
|agency = National Lifashian Language Board<br/>''so Majalis | |agency = National Lifashian Language Board<br/>''so Majalis Gulkehi Dáré Lífasyám'' | ||
|image = DarLifasyam-flag.png | |image = DarLifasyam-flag.png | ||
|imagealt = Flag of Dár Lífasyám | |imagealt = Flag of Dár Lífasyám | ||
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Peculiar of Lifashian vowels is ''hamzá'' ({{IPA|/ˈhæŋzɑː/}}, also written as ''hangzá'' according to pronunciation), a phenomenon referred to with the Arabic word for a similar-sounding but unrelated phoneme. Lifashian ''hamzá'' is in fact closer to Danish stød or the Latvian broken tone, and its origins reach back to Proto-Indo-European, reflecting an original *h₁ in some positions. Hamza is not represented orthographically. | Peculiar of Lifashian vowels is ''hamzá'' ({{IPA|/ˈhæŋzɑː/}}, also written as ''hangzá'' according to pronunciation), a phenomenon referred to with the Arabic word for a similar-sounding but unrelated phoneme. Lifashian ''hamzá'' is in fact closer to Danish stød or the Latvian broken tone, and its origins reach back to Proto-Indo-European, reflecting an original *h₁ in some positions. Hamza is not represented orthographically. | ||
Hamza may occur on any vowel, either long or short, as long as it is stressed (either primarily or in compounds)<ref>Some extremely conservative inland dialects have hamza on unstressed vowels too; in the standard, it sometimes occurs in careful speech in some prefixes and words derived from those, such as ''efter'' "higher" /eˤfˈter/, from the prefix ''eˤp-''.</ref>. Hamza on short vowels is always realized as creaky voice or pharyngealization, while hamza on long vowels, for many speakers, is phonetically closer to a broken tone, with a full glottal stop interrupting the sound, before a short echo of the vowel: | Hamza may occur on any vowel, either long or short, as long as it is stressed (either primarily or in compounds)<ref>Some extremely conservative inland dialects have hamza on unstressed vowels too; in the standard, it sometimes occurs in careful speech in some prefixes and words derived from those, such as ''efter'' "higher" /eˤfˈter/, from the prefix ''eˤp-''..</ref>. Hamza on short vowels is always realized as creaky voice or pharyngealization, while hamza on long vowels, for many speakers, is phonetically closer to a broken tone, with a full glottal stop interrupting the sound, before a short echo of the vowel: | ||
* ''elemi'' "I eat" {{IPA|/ˈeˤlemi/}} {{IPA|[ˈeˤlemi]}} | * ''elemi'' "I eat" {{IPA|/ˈeˤlemi/}} {{IPA|[ˈeˤlemi]}} | ||
* ''élaha'' "I ate" {{IPA|/ˈeːˤlæhæ/}} {{IPA|[ˈeɁĕlæhæ]}} | * ''élaha'' "I ate" {{IPA|/ˈeːˤlæhæ/}} {{IPA|[ˈeɁĕlæhæ]}} | ||
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==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Lifashian nouns distinguish two numbers (''hamári'', sg. ''hamár'') – '''singular''' (''enikás'') and '''plural''' (''pilifuntikás'') – and four cases (''pitósi'', sg. and pl.) – '''nominative''' (''lónamsyás'' or in older literature ''onomastikás''), '''genitive''' (''gyenikás''), '''dative''' (''dotikás''), and '''accusative''' (''eytiatikás'').<br/> | Lifashian nouns distinguish two numbers (''hamári'', sg. ''hamár'') – '''singular''' (''enikás'') and '''plural''' (''pilifuntikás'') – and four cases (''pitósi'', sg. and pl.) – '''nominative''' (''lónamsyás'' or in older literature ''onomastikás''), '''genitive''' (''gyenikás''), '''dative''' (''dotikás''), and '''accusative''' (''eytiatikás'').<br/> | ||
Nouns can belong to three different genders (''jensi'', sg. ''jens''): '''masculine''' (''turéssyás''), '''feminine''' (''ninfasyás''), or '''neuter''' (''udeterás''). | |||
Nouns can belong to three different genders (''jensi'', sg. ''jens'') | |||
Nouns can be categorized as following one of six different declensions (''kilisi'', sg. and pl.); in most cases, each declension (except the fourth) only contains nouns of a single gender.<br/> | Nouns can be categorized as following one of six different declensions (''kilisi'', sg. and pl.); in most cases, each declension (except the fourth) only contains nouns of a single gender.<br/> | ||
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====1st declension (masculine)==== | ====1st declension (masculine)==== | ||
The first declension (''kilisi hancás'') of Lifashian contains most masculine nouns, inherited or borrowed. The nominative singular, citation form, ends in ''-as'', ''-s'', ''-sy'', or has no ending. | The first declension (''kilisi hancás'') of Lifashian contains most masculine nouns, inherited or borrowed. The nominative singular, citation form, ends in ''-as'', ''-s'', ''-sy'', or has no ending. | ||
{{col-begin}} | {{col-begin}} | ||
{{col-break}} | {{col-break}} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| mísy'''é''' || mísy'''ám''' | |||
| | |||
| mísy''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| gír'''é''' || gír'''ám''' | |||
| | |||
| gír''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| pirt'''é''' || pirt'''ám''' | |||
| | |||
| pirt''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| líssy'''ehi''' || líssy'''ehám''' | |||
| | |||
| líssy''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| ninf'''ehi''' || ninf'''ehám''' | |||
| | |||
| ninf''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| giry'''é''' || giry'''ám''' | |||
| | |||
| giry''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| zimestá'''e''' || zimestá'''m''' | |||
| | |||
| zimestá''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| mát'''ors''' || mát'''irám''' | |||
| | |||
| mát''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| fat'''ors''' || fat'''irám''' | |||
| | |||
| fat''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| jomm'''i''' || jomm'''enám''' | |||
| | |||
| jomm''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| lónam'''i''' || lónam'''ám''' | |||
| | |||
| lónam''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| rangg'''i''' || rangg'''ám''' | |||
| | |||
| rangg''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| colspan= | | colspan=2 | tosy || tassyá || colspan=2 | tyám || tásam | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
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The definite article is generally used in most cases, a lot more when compared to English. | The definite article is generally used in most cases, a lot more when compared to English. | ||
Personal names are not used with articles in the standard language, but it is a prominent feature of Western dialects (in the provinces of Elenasyahr and Kawéy, and parts of Milesyihars province, as well as in the (mostly extinct) dialects of the Sinope area), which have greater Greek influence and use articles in front of names anywhere except for vocative phrases; e.g. ''tási Syáhpúrí tom námirom eléha.'' "I gave Syáhpúr the book."<br/>However, even in the standard language, an article is used in front of pluralized given names to denote a group of more people defined from one of them, often (depending on context) "X and their family", e.g. ''tás Freyánehes'' "Freyáná and her family/friends/colleagues/etc." | Personal names are not used with articles in the standard language, but it is a prominent feature of Western dialects (in the provinces of Elenasyahr and Kawéy, and parts of Milesyihars province, as well as in the (mostly extinct) dialects of the Sinope area), which have greater Greek influence and use articles in front of names anywhere except for vocative phrases; e.g. ''tási Syáhpúrí tom námirom eléha.'' "I gave Syáhpúr the book."<br/>However, even in the standard language, an article is used in front of pluralized given names to denote a group of more people defined from one of them, often (depending on context) "X and their family", e.g. ''tás Freyánehes'' "Freyáná and her family/friends/colleagues/etc."<br/>In older Lifashian (and sometimes in rendering foreign patronymics), a construction similar to Ancient Greek is used for the patronymic (or, rarely, matronymic, as it is not a fixed form), that is, a structure composed of the given name, the corresponding article, and the name of the parent in the genitive case, e.g. ''Freyáná sá Syáhpúré'' "Freyáná the [daughter] of Syáhpúr", ''Habdolláh so Irénors'' "Habdolláh the [son] of Iréné''. | ||
Another structure that has a parallel formation in Greek, the genitive interposed between the article and noun, is found to this day in official, formal written Lifashian, as well as in certain speech forms (fixed phrases or official speeches such as Presidential speeches or court verdicts); e.g. ''at tyám Lífasyám mulúman'' (Parliament of the Lifashians). | Another structure that has a parallel formation in Greek, the genitive interposed between the article and noun, is found to this day in official, formal written Lifashian, as well as in certain speech forms (fixed phrases or official speeches such as Presidential speeches or court verdicts); e.g. ''tí tosy ondúhé haki'' "human rights" (lit. "the rights of the person"), ''at tyám Lífasyám mulúman'' (Parliament of the Lifashians). | ||
Titles (adpositions) follow the proper names they refer to and are not used with any article (e.g. ''Iyústinyanos iluhan rómeyás'' "Roman Emperor Justinian (I)"), unless they include an adjective not part of the title itself, in which case this usually precedes the noun (e.g. ''Nikoláy 2. so ejesiyás iluhan russyás'' "Nicholas II, the last Tsar of Russia").<br/>Titles however regularly use possessives or other determinatives (e.g. ''Syáhpúr barté minso'' "my brother Syáhpúr"). | Titles (adpositions) follow the proper names they refer to and are not used with any article (e.g. ''Iyústinyanos iluhan rómeyás'' "Roman Emperor Justinian (I)"), unless they include an adjective not part of the title itself, in which case this usually precedes the noun (e.g. ''Nikoláy 2. so ejesiyás iluhan russyás'' "Nicholas II, the last Tsar of Russia").<br/>Titles however regularly use possessives or other determinatives (e.g. ''Syáhpúr barté minso'' "my brother Syáhpúr"). | ||
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====Possessives==== | ====Possessives==== | ||
Possessives follow the same declension of articles, as they are diachronically formed from the pronominal genitive attached to an article. Note that the neuter singular has a ''-t-'' inserted before the article. The possessives are:<br/> | |||
'''''minso''' (mintat, minsá, mintí, mintá, mintás)'' "my, mine" - '''''tuso''''' "your (sg.), yours (sg.)" - '''''suso''''' "his/her(s)/their(s)" - '''''nósso''''' "our, ours" - '''''usso''''' "your (pl.), yours (pl.)" | '''''minso''' (mintat, minsá, mintí, mintá, mintás)'' "my, mine" - '''''tuso''''' "your (sg.), yours (sg.)" - '''''suso''''' "his/her(s)/their(s)" - '''''nósso''''' "our, ours" - '''''usso''''' "your (pl.), yours (pl.)" | ||
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Among first- and second-person pronouns, many of their forms have changed from PIE due to analogy, especially in the nominative and accusative. | Among first- and second-person pronouns, many of their forms have changed from PIE due to analogy, especially in the nominative and accusative. | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| colspan= | | colspan=2 | -astasy || -ássyá || colspan=3 | -átsám | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Pronominal adjectives - such as ''polc'' "many" (f. ''poltá'', n. ''poltom''), ''somals'' "all" (f. ''somalá'', n. ''somalom''), ''himbi'' (f. ''himbá'', n. ''himbim'') "both" - follow nominal declensions | Pronominal adjectives - such as ''polc'' "many" (f. ''poltá'', n. ''poltom''), ''somals'' "all" (f. ''somalá'', n. ''somalom''), ''himbi'' (f. ''himbá'', n. ''himbim'') "both" - follow nominal declensions. The pronominal adjective ''máˤn'' (f. ''máˤná'', n. ''máˤnt'') "no", however, is declined like the demonstrative ''hiˤn''. | ||
===Numerals=== | ===Numerals=== | ||
====Cardinal numerals==== | ====Cardinal numerals==== | ||
Lifashian cardinal numerals are inflected for case only in the forms from 1 to 4 (and numbers ending in the digits 1-4), which also agree in gender with the noun, as well as 100 and 1000; however, while 1-4 have their own peculiar declensions, hundreds and thousands decline as nouns. | Lifashian cardinal numerals are inflected for case only in the forms from 1 to 4 (and numbers ending in the digits 1-4), which also agree in gender with the noun, as well as 100 and 1000; however, while 1-4 have their own peculiar declensions, hundreds and thousands decline as nouns. | ||
The declension of 1-4 is as follows: | The declension of 1-4 is as follows: | ||
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(introduction TBA) | (introduction TBA) | ||
'''ep''' ''+ | '''ep''' ''+ genitive case'' "on"; ''+ accusative case'' "onto". Also used for islands and riverside areas (see first example): | ||
* ''So hars Muskuy '''ep''' | * ''So hars Muskuy '''ep''' tosy hafni Muskuy esti.'' "The city of Moscow is on the Moscow river." | ||
* ''So syorón '''ep''' | * ''So syorón '''ep''' tosy seláe syúpeti.'' – The cat is sleeping on the table. | ||
* ''Góhará ng Kawádi '''ep''' Kufrom wakánsom etinemit séti.'' "Góhará and Kawádi have gone to Cyprus on holiday." | * ''Góhará ng Kawádi '''ep''' Kufrom wakánsom etinemit séti.'' "Góhará and Kawádi have gone to Cyprus on holiday." | ||
'''for''' ''+ | '''for''' ''+ genitive case'': "for", "in favour of" | ||
* '''''For''' | * '''''For''' tet pótt alúhha.'' – I cooked dinner for you. | ||
* ''Husein '''for''' | * ''Husein '''for''' tom heldúbatom mulúcam lefit e.'' – Husein voted for (in favour of) the proposal. | ||
'''hó''' ''+ | '''hó''' ''+ genitive case'': "from" | ||
* ''So tulay nyam enseytorm '''hó''' | * ''So tulay nyam enseytorm '''hó''' tosy ongisé hewi bereti.'' – The boy is bringing a jar from the kitchen. | ||
* '''''Hó''' | * '''''Hó''' Dáré Hayám frádagi syari benggim.'' – I'm coming back from Armenia tomorrow. | ||
'''lá''' ''+ accusative case'': marks an inanimate (or non-human neuter) ergative: | '''lá''' ''+ accusative case'': marks an inanimate (or non-human neuter) ergative: | ||
* '''''Lá''' tom námirom mek polté kenitastasy ámóht eberaha.'' "The book taught me many new things." | * '''''Lá''' tom námirom mek polté kenitastasy ámóht eberaha.'' "The book taught me many new things." | ||
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'''lémí''' ''+ dative case'': "in the presence of" | '''lémí''' ''+ dative case'': "in the presence of" | ||
* ''Tenúi hisési námirí '''lémí''' tasyé syárlúkétí sahwon amulúmát.'' "We had a talk about this book in the presence of the author." | * ''Tenúi hisési námirí '''lémí''' tasyé syárlúkétí sahwon amulúmát.'' "We had a talk about this book in the presence of the author." | ||
'''li''' ''+ | '''li''' ''+ genitive case'': "behind" (state), "after" (in time); ''+ accusative case'' "behind" (motion) | ||
* ''Hin syorón '''li''' | * ''Hin syorón '''li''' tassyá pardehi esti.'' "That cat is behind the curtain." | ||
* '''''Li''' | * '''''Li''' tosy tórwété sá serwáná eyesa.'' "After the storm came the calm." | ||
* ''Bé '''li''' at larun ng mém espéti lelú.'' "Go behind the tree and wait for me." | * ''Bé '''li''' at larun ng mém espéti lelú.'' "Go behind the tree and wait for me." | ||
'''marw''' ''+ | '''marw''' ''+ genitive case'': "as", "like", "being a(n)"; also used for languages (see third example) | ||
* ''Nye syanangé '''marw''' | * ''Nye syanangé '''marw''' nyasy tájé esti.'' – a popular saying; (lit.) "A friend is like a jewel." | ||
* '''''Marw''' | * '''''Marw''' méliwútastasy, histam lalimam mé sirémi.'' – Being an atheist, I do not like this wording. | ||
* ''Parwáná mehwesi '''marw''' | * ''Parwáná mehwesi '''marw''' faransótastasy mulúti, wate '''marw''' inggrízyastasy.'' – Parwáná speaks good French, [but] bad English. | ||
'''mey''' ''+ | '''mey''' ''+ genitive case'' "in", "inside of" (state); ''+ accusative case'' "to", "in", "inside of" (motion) | ||
* ''Sunuté minso nung '''mey''' | * ''Sunuté minso nung '''mey''' tosy madrasyi esti.'' – My son is at (in the) school now. | ||
* ''Duhaté minsá nung '''mey''' at | * ''Duhaté minsá nung '''mey''' at madrasyé benti.'' – My daughter is going to school now. | ||
'''midi''' ''+ | '''midi''' ''+ genitive case'' "between", "among" (state); ''+ accusative case'' "between", "among" (motion) | ||
* ''Midihafnené sá dejá '''midi''' lúsy hafnenám esti.'' – Mesopotamia is the land between two rivers. | * ''Midihafnené sá dejá '''midi''' lúsy hafnenám esti.'' – Mesopotamia is the land between two rivers. | ||
* '''''Midi''' tás bóás benáti.'' – They walk between the cows and bulls. | * '''''Midi''' tás bóás benáti.'' – They walk between the cows and bulls. | ||
'''nil''' ''+ | '''nil''' ''+ genitive case'' "at" (state); ''+ accusative case'' "to", "at" (motion) | ||
* ''Iréné siréti ene merpehi '''nil''' | * ''Iréné siréti ene merpehi '''nil''' tosy gulestáné panesti.'' – "Iréné likes to spend the morning in the park." | ||
* ''Nung '''nil''' tom bázárom benámi.'' – I'm going to the market now. | * ''Nung '''nil''' tom bázárom benámi.'' – I'm going to the market now. | ||
'''peli''' ''+ | '''peli''' ''+ genitive case'' "under" (state); ''+ accusative case'' "under", "below" (motion) | ||
* ''So syorón '''peli''' | * ''So syorón '''peli''' tosy seláe syúpeti.'' – The cat is sleeping under the table. | ||
* ''So mús '''peli''' at selán gacewam eynemeti.'' – The mouse flees under the table. | * ''So mús '''peli''' at selán gacewam eynemeti.'' – The mouse flees under the table. | ||
'''pire''' ''+ | '''pire''' ''+ genitive case'' "in front of" (state), "before" (in time); ''+ accusative case'' "in front of" (motion) | ||
* ''Lámá minsá '''pire''' | * ''Lámá minsá '''pire''' tassyá hettehi esti.'' – My house is in front of the church. | ||
* ''Mé gyalhe at jahán '''pire''' | * ''Mé gyalhe at jahán '''pire''' ontarendóré.'' – I don't know [how] the world [was] before the Internet. | ||
* ''So sów '''pire''' tám hettam benti.'' – The priest is walking [up to] in front of the church. | * ''So sów '''pire''' tám hettam benti.'' – The priest is walking [up to] in front of the church. | ||
'''sya''' ''+ dative case'': "with" | '''sya''' ''+ dative case'': "with" | ||
* ''Helbenámi '''sya''' tasyé piwehí!'' – "I'll come with beer!" | * ''Helbenámi '''sya''' tasyé piwehí!'' – "I'll come with beer!" | ||
* ''So helbart lámiyétam '''sya''' tós angurnyétuwi abóniya.'' – "The child built a little house with the toy bricks." | * ''So helbart lámiyétam '''sya''' tós angurnyétuwi abóniya.'' – "The child built a little house with the toy bricks." | ||
'''tenúe''' ''+ dative case'': "because of" | '''tenúe''' ''+ dative case'', rarely (informally, but proscribed) ''+ genitive case'': "because of" | ||
* ''Mánt mé elersyaha '''tenúe''' tasyé líssyehí.'' "I could not see anything because of the rain." | * ''Mánt mé elersyaha '''tenúe''' tasyé líssyehí.'' (proscribed: ''tenúe tassyá líssyehi'') "I could not see anything because of the rain." | ||
'''tenúi''' ''+ dative case'': "concerning, about" | '''tenúi''' ''+ dative case'': "concerning, about" | ||
* ''Syihámrey '''tenúi''' tós taruwi lífasyóstós syaismánsyóstós mulúgimát.'' "Today we will talk about contemporary Lifashian literature." | * ''Syihámrey '''tenúi''' tós taruwi lífasyóstós syaismánsyóstós mulúgimát.'' "Today we will talk about contemporary Lifashian literature." | ||
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Dár Lífasyám is one of the few countries in the world that does not use the Gregorian calendar, and notably it is the only one that reverted to its national calendar after using the Gregorian one for seven decades (during the Soviet period).<br/> | Dár Lífasyám is one of the few countries in the world that does not use the Gregorian calendar, and notably it is the only one that reverted to its national calendar after using the Gregorian one for seven decades (during the Soviet period).<br/> | ||
The current Lifashian calendar is the Solar Hijri (Iranian) calendar but counting years since (Gregorian/Julian) 1917, the year of the October Revolution; the month names are mostly the Persian ones also used in Iran, which were the ones traditionally used by the Lifashians before adopting the Gregorian calendar in 1918: the Lifashian names are slightly different from the current Iranian ones as they were mostly borrowed in Lifashian prehistory, from Early Middle Persian; three of the month names (Khordad, Aban, and Dey) are old calques rather than borrowings.<br/>The Iranian calendar had been unofficially used all throughout the Soviet era, and the shift from the Gregorian calendar to it (with the year numbering change) was approved in 1992, right after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and Lifashian independence; the calendar entered official use on Nowruz 77 (21 March 1993). In Dár Lífasyam, 20 March 1993 was followed by 1 farwardín 77.<br/>Years before 1917 are counted backwards and marked in writing with the abbreviation ''p.R.'', "before the Revolution" (''pire | The current Lifashian calendar is the Solar Hijri (Iranian) calendar but counting years since (Gregorian/Julian) 1917, the year of the October Revolution; the month names are mostly the Persian ones also used in Iran, which were the ones traditionally used by the Lifashians before adopting the Gregorian calendar in 1918: the Lifashian names are slightly different from the current Iranian ones as they were mostly borrowed in Lifashian prehistory, from Early Middle Persian; three of the month names (Khordad, Aban, and Dey) are old calques rather than borrowings.<br/>The Iranian calendar had been unofficially used all throughout the Soviet era, and the shift from the Gregorian calendar to it (with the year numbering change) was approved in 1992, right after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and Lifashian independence; the calendar entered official use on Nowruz 77 (21 March 1993). In Dár Lífasyam, 20 March 1993 was followed by 1 farwardín 77.<br/>Years before 1917 are counted backwards and marked in writing with the abbreviation ''p.R.'', "before the Revolution" (''pire tassyá Rewalúciyehi''); 1916 is 1 p.R. in the Lifashian calendar | ||
The Gregorian calendar is unofficially used in international (and non-Greater Iranian) contexts, but historical dates e.g. in school textbooks are always cited and learned in the Lifashian calendar only; it is also used by the ethnic minority of the Lifashian Ligurians and by the Roman Catholic Church in Dár Lífasyám, which uses it to determine the dates of Catholic holidays; the dates of Orthodox holidays (by the Lifashian Syriac Orthodox Church, the largest religious denomination in the country, which is non-Chalcedonian) are similarly determined using the Julian Calendar. Interestingly, as the Julian calendar was first spread during the Middle Ages and Early Modern Era, during the period of Genoese rule over Dár Lífasyám, the Gregorian (and Julian) month names in Lifashian are derived from Ligurian. | The Gregorian calendar is unofficially used in international (and non-Greater Iranian) contexts, but historical dates e.g. in school textbooks are always cited and learned in the Lifashian calendar only; it is also used by the ethnic minority of the Lifashian Ligurians and by the Roman Catholic Church in Dár Lífasyám, which uses it to determine the dates of Catholic holidays; the dates of Orthodox holidays (by the Lifashian Syriac Orthodox Church, the largest religious denomination in the country, which is non-Chalcedonian) are similarly determined using the Julian Calendar. Interestingly, as the Julian calendar was first spread during the Middle Ages and Early Modern Era, during the period of Genoese rule over Dár Lífasyám, the Gregorian (and Julian) month names in Lifashian are derived from Ligurian. | ||
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* Nowruz (''Nawróz''): 1-4 frawortín; Nowruz is the main holiday in Dár Lífasyám and it is celebrated by all ethnic groups of the country. A broader two-week period of Nowruz holidays is the general holiday season in the country and all schools are closed during those days, much like Christmas holidays in Western countries. | * Nowruz (''Nawróz''): 1-4 frawortín; Nowruz is the main holiday in Dár Lífasyám and it is celebrated by all ethnic groups of the country. A broader two-week period of Nowruz holidays is the general holiday season in the country and all schools are closed during those days, much like Christmas holidays in Western countries. | ||
* Day of the International (''hámor | * Day of the International (''hámor tassyá Kútebénesyássyá''): 11 and 12 ardowhist (celebration of International Workers' Day; the days correspond to Gregorian 1/2 May in most years) | ||
* Victory Day (''hámor | * Victory Day (''hámor tosy Sejmé''): 19 ardowhist (commemorating the Victory over Nazi Germany on 9 May 1945 / 19 ardowhist 29) | ||
* Day of Peace and Freedom in the World (''hamor | * Day of Peace and Freedom in the World (''hamor tassyá Serwánehi ng Ázáditehi mey Dejehi''), often referred to by left-wing parties as Day of the Liberation from Colonialism and Imperialism (''hámor tassyá Hótarpetiyors hó tassyá Mostahmartuwehi ng Iluhántuwehi''): 24 liftá (introduced in 1999; the date commemorates the birth of Ernesto "Che" Guevara on 14 June 1928 / 24 liftá 12) | ||
* Day of the Renaissance (''hámor | * Day of the Renaissance (''hámor tassyá Anajencehi''): 26 amartát (commemorating the death of Dótfaren Lilháti, a prominent poet and philosopher of the Lifashian Renaissance, on 17 August 1646 / 26 amartát 271 p.R.) | ||
* Day of the Constitution (''hámor | * Day of the Constitution (''hámor tosy Syadúbmé'') : 14 ksyahrbér (commemorating the signing of the Lifashian Constitution on 5 September 1992 / 14 ksyahrbér 76) | ||
* Day of the Revolution (''hámor | * Day of the Revolution (''hámor tassyá Rewalúciyehi otúbri''): 16 hehnsúns (commemorating the October Revolution on 7 November 1917 / 16 hehnsúns 1) | ||
* Day of the Memory of Lenin (''hámor | * Day of the Memory of Lenin (''hámor tosy yádi Leniné''): 1 bohman (commemorating the death of V.I. Lenin on 21 January 1925 / 1 bohman 8). Reintroduced in 1995. | ||
* International Women's Day (''hámor kútebénesyás tásam ninfehám''): 18 isfendárm (corresponds to 9 March in most years, but the date was fixed on the occurrence in 1992) | * International Women's Day (''hámor kútebénesyás tásam ninfehám''): 18 isfendárm (corresponds to 9 March in most years, but the date was fixed on the occurrence in 1992) | ||
The Day of the Paris Commune (''hámor | The Day of the Paris Commune (''hámor tosy komúné Parízyi'') on 27 isfendárm, commemorating the uprising of the National Guard of Paris on 18 March 1871 / 27 isfendárm 46 p.R., had been reintroduced in 1998 after being a holiday in the early Soviet era; however, after three years, it was removed from the list of public holidays as it was deemed too close to Nowruz anyway; the Day of the Renaissance was instituted to replace it. | ||
Members of the three main religious confessions of Dár Lífasyám (Orthodox Christians, Muslims, and Catholics) celebrate as de facto "religious public holidays" the main religious holidays of their faith: Christmas (''Libajencá'') and Easter (''Zátegi'') for Christians and Eid al-Adha (''Hedekorbán'') and Eid al-Fitr (''Hedolfetr'') for Muslims. According to national laws, everyone has the right to get days off work on the dates of their religion's main holidays; municipalities with particular minorities can decide to declare local public holidays on those days. The dates of these holidays are calculated using the Julian calendar for Eastern Orthodox Christians, the Gregorian one for Catholics, and the Islamic calendar for Muslims. Lifashian Christians celebrate Christmas on the same date as Theophany, using the Gregorian date (as do Armenians), corresponding to 16 or 17 lefón depending on the year in the Lifashian calendar. | Members of the three main religious confessions of Dár Lífasyám (Orthodox Christians, Muslims, and Catholics) celebrate as de facto "religious public holidays" the main religious holidays of their faith: Christmas (''Libajencá'') and Easter (''Zátegi'') for Christians and Eid al-Adha (''Hedekorbán'') and Eid al-Fitr (''Hedolfetr'') for Muslims. According to national laws, everyone has the right to get days off work on the dates of their religion's main holidays; municipalities with particular minorities can decide to declare local public holidays on those days. The dates of these holidays are calculated using the Julian calendar for Eastern Orthodox Christians, the Gregorian one for Catholics, and the Islamic calendar for Muslims. Lifashian Christians celebrate Christmas on the same date as Theophany, using the Gregorian date (as do Armenians), corresponding to 16 or 17 lefón depending on the year in the Lifashian calendar. |
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