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'''Irbel''' / | '''Irbel''' /iɻ.vʲeʎ/ (or Westlang /ɚwəl/) is an ''a priori'' language isolate spoken in Lıutpaét /lʲʉspɘtʲ/ of Western Kingdoms of eastern Sword of Vortex. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
There are twenty- | There are twenty-? phonemically distinguished consonants since the palatalization process forms contrastive pairs. | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center" | ||
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! Alveolar | ! Alveolar | ||
! Post-alveolar | ! Post-alveolar | ||
! Retroflex | |||
! Palatal | ! Palatal | ||
! Velar | ! Velar | ||
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| n | | n | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
| ɲ | | ɲ | ||
| | | | ||
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| t tʲ | | t tʲ | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
| c | | c | ||
| k | | k | ||
| | | ʔ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Fricative | ! Fricative | ||
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| s | | s | ||
| ʒ | | ʒ | ||
| | |||
| ɕ ç | | ɕ ç | ||
| x | | x | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
| ɻ | |||
| j | | j | ||
| | | | ||
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| r | | r | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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| | | | ||
|l lʲ | |l lʲ | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|ʎ | |ʎ | ||
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Coarticulated consonants: /w/, /ɥ/ and /ɧ/ | Coarticulated consonants: /w/, /ɥ/ and /ɧ/ | ||
*According to the current Master of Spoken, '''Teakp Kwın''' /t͡ɕäxpʰ kuʉ̯ɲ/, sound /ɧ/ is realized as a combination of [f̞] [ʃ̞] and [ç] and educational facilities follow her advice when correcting dialectal variaties and attempting to teach the sound to foreigners. | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
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====Monophthongs==== | ====Monophthongs==== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center" | ||
! | ! | ||
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| e ø | | e ø | ||
| ɘ | | ɘ | ||
| | | o | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Mid | !Mid | ||
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====Diphthongs==== | ====Diphthongs==== | ||
Graphemes ''y'' and ''v'' in coda are used to form diphthongs ''ay'' /äɪ̯/, ''ey'' /ei̯/, ''av'' /ɑʊ̯/ and ''ev'' /øy̯/ which occur in both open and closed syllables (without or with coda). Normally between vowels, ''y'' forms a long semi-vowel /j:/ and ''v'' is /w~ɥ/ so the diphthong nature has to be indicated by ''h'' after ''y'' or ''v'': ''aya'' /ɑj:ä/ vs. ''ayha'' /ɑʊ̯hɑ/. Grapheme ''w'' as a lone nucleus represents two diphthongs: word-initially ''w''C or ''wh''V is /ou̯/ and word-medially /uʉ̯/. | Graphemes ''y'' and ''v'' in coda are used to form diphthongs ''ay'' /äɪ̯/, ''ey'' /ei̯/, ''av'' /ɑʊ̯/ and ''ev'' /øy̯/ which occur in both open and closed syllables (without or with coda). | ||
*Normally between vowels, ''y'' forms a long semi-vowel /j:/ and ''v'' is /w~ɥ/ so the diphthong nature has to be indicated by ''h'' after ''y'' or ''v'': ''aya'' /ɑj:ä/ (child) vs. ''ayha'' /ɑʊ̯hɑ/ (to boil). | |||
*Grapheme ''w'' as a lone nucleus represents two diphthongs: word-initially ''w''C or ''wh''V is /ou̯/ and word-medially /uʉ̯/. | |||
==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
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===Palatalization=== | ===Palatalization=== | ||
The language is written with a modified Westlang (Latin) alphabet script. Notable is the phonemic palatalization which naturally occurs in consonants before front vowels /e/ and /i/. Attempts to express the palatalization have accumulated into a complex system which was greatly simplified by Beate Lucuc / | The language is written with a modified Westlang (Latin) alphabet script. Notable is the phonemic palatalization which naturally occurs in consonants before front vowels /e/ and /i/. Attempts to express the palatalization have accumulated into a complex system which was greatly simplified by '''Beate Lucuc''' /vʲätʲ lukux/ in year 521 of 7th era. | ||
*"Mute" front vowels which trigger palatalization: close ''ı'' used with ''u'', and open ''e'' with ''a''. Can be used word-finally to change the last coda consonant into palatalized: ''caoc'' /kɑkʰ/ vs. ''caec'' /kɑcʰ/ | *"Mute" front vowels which trigger palatalization: close ''ı'' used with ''u'', and open ''e'' with ''a''. Can be used word-finally to change the last coda consonant into palatalized: ''caoc'' /kɑkʰ/ (reign) vs. ''caec'' /kɑcʰ/ (cat). | ||
*"Mute" back vowel ''o'' occurs between vowels and non-palatalized or not fully spirantized coda: ''cac'' /kax/ vs. ''caoc'' /kakʰ/ | *"Mute" back vowel ''o'' occurs between vowels and non-palatalized or not fully spirantized coda: ''cac'' /kax/ (type of fir tree) vs. ''caoc'' /kakʰ/. | ||
*Pronounced front vowels: ''í'' and ''é''. Use of ''u'' and ''a'' respectively with consonants, indicates that no palatilization occurs around ''í'' and ''é''. | *Pronounced front vowels: ''í'' and ''é''. Use of ''u'' and ''a'' respectively with consonants, indicates that no palatilization occurs around ''í'' and ''é''. | ||
*Vowels ''ı'' and ''e'' can be used in single-syllable words in place of pronounced ''í'' and ''é'' if there is no risk of confusion: ''céc'' = ''cec'', but ''catéta'' /kɑt͡ɕetɑ/ ≠ ''cateta'' /kɑɕtɑ/ | *Vowels ''ı'' and ''e'' can be used in single-syllable words in place of pronounced ''í'' and ''é'' if there is no risk of confusion: ''céc'' = ''cec'' /ceç/ (long), but ''catéta'' /kɑt͡ɕetɑ/ (agree) ≠ ''cateta'' /kɑɕtɑ/ (beautiful). | ||
*Only two vowels are written in a same syllable. If palatalization of both onset and coda is required, both triggers are placed after the consonants: ''ceace'' / | *Only two vowels are written in a same syllable. If palatalization of both onset and coda is required, both triggers are placed after the consonants: ''ceace'' /cäcʰ/ (shock). Notice, that the final palatal consonant is not spirantized as opposed to ''ateaf'' /ɑt͡ɕäç/ (sneeze, "achoo"). | ||
*If a syllable has a front vowel as nucleus but both onset and coda not palatalized, ''h'' can be used to alter the coda instead of ''o'': ''caétaét'' / | *If a syllable has a front vowel as nucleus but both onset and coda not palatalized, ''h'' can be used to alter the coda instead of ''o'': ''caétaét'' /ketetʲ/ (thousand) vs. ''caétaéht'' /ketetʰ/ (fever). | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
Realization of different graphemes in a word, and * means that the grapheme is not used in the position. | Realization of different graphemes in a word, and * means that the grapheme is not used in the position with all . | ||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
|+Consonant pairs | |+Consonant pairs | ||
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|n | |n | ||
|n | |n | ||
| | |* | ||
|n | |n | ||
|ɲ | |ɲ | ||
| | |* | ||
|ɲ | |ɲ | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|x | |x | ||
|* | |* | ||
|* | |*/x | ||
|ç | |ç | ||
|* | |* | ||
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|ks | |ks | ||
|ɧ | |ɧ | ||
|ç | |ç | ||
|f | |||
|- | |- | ||
|j | |j | ||
| Line 249: | Line 258: | ||
|} | |} | ||
*After back vowels, ''c'' is not fully spirantized /ç/, but weakly aspirated /cʰ/. Ligatures ''f'' and ''k'' are /ç/ after ''a'' and ''u'' respectively. | |||
*Grapheme ''x'' /x/ comes word-finally only after front vowels. | |||
*Grapheme ''v'' is only used in codas after ''a'' and ''e'' to indicate the diphthongs /ɑʊ̯/ and /øy̯/. | *Grapheme ''v'' is only used in codas after ''a'' and ''e'' to indicate the diphthongs /ɑʊ̯/ and /øy̯/. | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Glottal fricative /h/ separates pronounced vowels in pronunciation and is inserted if more than two vowels would line: ''cíu'' /cihu/ vs. ''cíhuıt'' /cihuɕ/ | *Glottal fricative /h/ separates pronounced vowels in pronunciation and is inserted if more than two vowels would line: ''cíu'' /cihu/ (flow) vs. ''cíhuıt'' /cihuɕ/ (imagine) | ||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" | |||
|+Ligatures | |||
!Grapheme | |||
!Phoneme | |||
!Notes | |||
|- | |||
|w | |||
|ou̯/uʉ̯ | |||
|word-initially/-medially | |||
|- | |||
|y | |||
|ɨ: | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
*When used as lone nuclei, they are non-palatalized and palatilization is indicated by ı. If followed by a vowel, ''h'' is placed after the grapheme: ''tyıp'' /tɨ:pʲ/ (settlement) vs. ''kyhíp'' /kɨ:hipʲ/ (pinnacle) | |||
.. | |||
===Digraphs=== | ===Digraphs=== | ||
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|ev | |ev | ||
|øy̯ | |øy̯ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|ay | |ay | ||
|äɪ̯ | |äɪ̯ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|ey | |ey | ||
|ei̯ | |ei̯ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|eu | |eu | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Examples: ''cıuq'' /cʉkɘ/, ''cíu'' /cihu/, ''cead'' /cäkɪ/, ''céa'' /cehɑ/ | *All diphthongs are separated from vowels following them with ''h''. | ||
Examples: ''cıuq'' /cʉkɘ/ (sleeve), ''cíu'' /cihu/ (flow), ''cead'' /cäkɪ/ (neck), ''céa'' /cehɑ/ (mock) | |||
===Balancing=== | |||
The construction of words according to previous orthographic rules is called ''Mages'' /ənɑɧeɕ/ or "balancing". How the vowels are distributed into words... Neutral forms; aesthetic variation in poems (word art with meaning-changing accents?) | |||
==Grammar== | |||
==Syntax== | |||