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Aterran Imperial (view source)

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==Writing System(s)==
===Orthography & Romanization===
===Orthography & Romanization===


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!width=50| Vrt
!width=50| Hrz
!width=50| Rom
!width=50| Rom
!width=50| IPA
!width=50| IPA
!width=600 style="text-align: left;"| Description
!width=600 style="text-align: left;"| Description
|-
|-
|
|
| '''a'''
| '''a'''
| ɑ
| ɑ
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈a〉 in English ''father''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈a〉 in English ''father''.  
|-
|-
|
|
| '''ae'''
| '''ae'''
| aj
| aj
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈i〉 in English ''wine''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈i〉 in English ''wine''.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''ai'''
| '''ai'''
| aj
| aj
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈i〉 in English ''wine''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈i〉 in English ''wine''.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''ao'''
| '''ao'''
| aw
| aw
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈ow〉 in English ''house''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈ow〉 in English ''house''.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''à'''
| '''à'''
| æ
| æ
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈a〉 in English ''bat''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈a〉 in English ''bat''.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''b'''
| '''b'''
| b
| b
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈b〉 in English ''bot''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈b〉 in English ''bot''.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''bb'''
| '''bb'''
| bv
| bv
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈bv〉 in English ''obvious''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈bv〉 in English ''obvious''.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''bh'''
| '''bh'''
| v
| v
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈v〉 in English ''very''. Identical to 〈v〉, but from an earlier /bʰ/.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈v〉 in English ''very''. Identical to 〈v〉, but from an earlier /bʰ/.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''d'''
| '''d'''
| d
| d
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈d〉 in English ''day''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈d〉 in English ''day''.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''dd'''
| '''dd'''
| dz
| dz
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈dz〉 in English ''adze''. Identical to 〈tz〉, but from an earlier /dd/.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈dz〉 in English ''adze''. Identical to 〈tz〉, but from an earlier /dd/.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''dh'''
| '''dh'''
| ð
| ð
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈th〉 in English ''this''. (Never as in ''thin''.)
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈th〉 in English ''this''. (Never as in ''thin''.)
|-
|-
|
|
| '''dl'''
| '''dl'''
| dɮ
| dɮ
|style="text-align: left;"| Not an English sound. Identical to 〈dlh〉, but from an earlier /dl/.
|style="text-align: left;"| Not an English sound. Identical to 〈dlh〉, but from an earlier /dl/.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''dlh'''
| '''dlh'''
| dɮ
| dɮ
|style="text-align: left;"| Not an English sound. The sound of 〈d〉 followed immediately by 〈lh〉.
|style="text-align: left;"| Not an English sound. The sound of 〈d〉 followed immediately by 〈lh〉.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''dzh'''
| '''dzh'''
| dʒ
| dʒ
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈j〉 in English ''joke''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈j〉 in English ''joke''.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''e'''
| '''e'''
| e
| e
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈e〉 in Spanish ''vero''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈e〉 in Spanish ''vero''.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''ei'''
| '''ei'''
| ej
| ej
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈ay〉 in English ''day''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈ay〉 in English ''day''.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''eu'''
| '''eu'''
| ew
| ew
|style="text-align: left;"| Like the 〈e〉 in ''egg'' followed immediately by 〈w〉.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like the 〈e〉 in ''egg'' followed immediately by 〈w〉.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''è'''
| '''è'''
| ɛ
| ɛ
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈e〉 in English ''bet''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈e〉 in English ''bet''.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''f'''
| '''f'''
| f
| f
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈f〉 in English ''foot''. Identical to 〈ph〉.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈f〉 in English ''foot''. Identical to 〈ph〉.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''g'''
| '''g'''
| ɡ
| ɡ
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈g〉 in English ''get''. (Never as in ''gel''.)
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈g〉 in English ''get''. (Never as in ''gel''.)
|-
|-
|
|
| '''gg'''
| '''gg'''
| ɡʒ
| ɡʒ
|style="text-align: left;"| A little like 〈gg〉 in English ''suggest''. A 〈g〉 followed by a 〈zh〉 (see).
|style="text-align: left;"| A little like 〈gg〉 in English ''suggest''. A 〈g〉 followed by a 〈zh〉 (see).
|-
|-
|
|
| '''h'''
| '''h'''
| h
| h
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈h〉 in English ''have''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈h〉 in English ''have''.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''i'''
| '''i'''
| i
| i
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈i〉 in English ''machine''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈i〉 in English ''machine''.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''ie'''
| '''ie'''
| jɛ
| jɛ
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈ye〉 in English ''yet''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈ye〉 in English ''yet''.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''iu'''
| '''iu'''
| ju
| ju
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈you〉 in English ''you''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈you〉 in English ''you''.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''ì'''
| '''ì'''
| ɪ
| ɪ
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈i〉 in English ''bit''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈i〉 in English ''bit''.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''k'''
| '''k'''
| k
| k
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈k〉 in English ''keep''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈k〉 in English ''keep''.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''kh'''
| '''kh'''
| kʃ
| kʃ
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈ct〉 in English ''action''. Identical to 〈kk〉, but from earlier /kʰ/.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈ct〉 in English ''action''. Identical to 〈kk〉, but from earlier /kʰ/.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''kk'''
| '''kk'''
| kʃ
| kʃ
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈ct〉 in English ''action''. Identical to 〈kh〉, but from earlier /kk/.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈ct〉 in English ''action''. Identical to 〈kh〉, but from earlier /kk/.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''l'''
| '''l'''
| l
| l
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈l〉 in English ''laugh''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈l〉 in English ''laugh''.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''lh'''
| '''lh'''
| ɬ~ɮ
| ɬ~ɮ
|style="text-align: left;"| Not an English sound. Like 〈ll〉 in Welsh ''llygoden'', but usually voiced.
|style="text-align: left;"| Not an English sound. Like 〈ll〉 in Welsh ''llygoden'', but usually voiced.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''m'''
| '''m'''
| m
| m
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈m〉 in English ''man''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈m〉 in English ''man''.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''n'''
| '''n'''
| n
| n
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈n〉 in English ''no''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈n〉 in English ''no''.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''ng'''
| '''ng'''
| ŋ
| ŋ
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈ng〉 in English ''singer''. (Never as in ''finger'' or ''ginger''.)
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈ng〉 in English ''singer''. (Never as in ''finger'' or ''ginger''.)
|-
|-
|
|
| '''o'''
| '''o'''
| o
| o
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈oa〉 in English ''boat''.  
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈oa〉 in English ''boat''.  
|-
|-
|
|
| '''ò'''
| '''ò'''
| ɔ
| ɔ
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈au〉 in English ''caught''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈au〉 in English ''caught''.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''p'''
| '''p'''
| p
| p
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈p〉 in English ''put''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈p〉 in English ''put''.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''ph'''
| '''ph'''
| f
| f
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈f〉 in English ''foot''. Identical to 〈f〉, but from earlier /pʰ/.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈f〉 in English ''foot''. Identical to 〈f〉, but from earlier /pʰ/.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''pp'''
| '''pp'''
| pf
| pf
|style="text-align: left;"| Not an English sound. Like 〈pf〉 in German ''Apfel''. From earlier /pp/.
|style="text-align: left;"| Not an English sound. Like 〈pf〉 in German ''Apfel''. From earlier /pp/.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''r'''
| '''r'''
| ɾ
| ɾ
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈r〉 in Spanish ''pero''; like 〈t〉 in (American) English ''water''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈r〉 in Spanish ''pero''; like 〈t〉 in (American) English ''water''.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''s'''
| '''s'''
| s
| s
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈s〉 in English ''soap''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈s〉 in English ''soap''.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''sh'''
| '''sh'''
| ʃ
| ʃ
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈sh〉 in English ''shoe''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈sh〉 in English ''shoe''.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''t'''
| '''t'''
| t
| t
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈t〉 in English ''table''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈t〉 in English ''table''.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''th'''
| '''th'''
| θ
| θ
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈th〉 in English ''thing''. (Never as in ''these''.) From earlier /tʰ/.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈th〉 in English ''thing''. (Never as in ''these''.) From earlier /tʰ/.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''tl'''
| '''tl'''
| tɬ
| tɬ
|style="text-align: left;"| Not an English sound. Identical to 〈tlh〉, but from an earlier /tl/.
|style="text-align: left;"| Not an English sound. Identical to 〈tlh〉, but from an earlier /tl/.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''tlh'''
| '''tlh'''
| tɬ
| tɬ
|style="text-align: left;"| Not an english sound. Like 〈tl〉 in Nahuatl ''coyotl''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Not an english sound. Like 〈tl〉 in Nahuatl ''coyotl''.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''ts'''
| '''ts'''
| ts
| ts
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈ts〉 in English ''cats''. Identical to 〈tt〉.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈ts〉 in English ''cats''. Identical to 〈tt〉.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''tsh'''
| '''tsh'''
| tʃ
| tʃ
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈ch〉 in English ''chair''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈ch〉 in English ''chair''.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''tt'''
| '''tt'''
| ts
| ts
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈ts〉 in English ''cats''. Identical to 〈ts〉, but from earlier /tt/.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈ts〉 in English ''cats''. Identical to 〈ts〉, but from earlier /tt/.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''tz'''
| '''tz'''
| dz
| dz
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈ds〉 in English ''ads''. Identical to 〈dz〉, but from an earlier /ts/ that became voiced.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈ds〉 in English ''ads''. Identical to 〈dz〉, but from an earlier /ts/ that became voiced.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''u'''
| '''u'''
| u
| u
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈oo〉 in English ''boot''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈oo〉 in English ''boot''.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''ua'''
| '''ua'''
| wɑ
| wɑ
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈wa〉 in English ''want''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈wa〉 in English ''want''.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''ue'''
| '''ue'''
| we
| we
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈we〉 in English ''went''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈we〉 in English ''went''.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''ui'''
| '''ui'''
| wi
| wi
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈wee〉 in English ''week''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈wee〉 in English ''week''.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''ù'''
| '''ù'''
| ʊ
| ʊ
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈oo〉 in English ''good''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈oo〉 in English ''good''.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''v'''
| '''v'''
| v
| v
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈v〉 in English ''very''. Identical to 〈bh〉, but from earlier /w/.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈v〉 in English ''very''. Identical to 〈bh〉, but from earlier /w/.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''y'''
| '''y'''
| j
| j
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈y〉 in English ''yes''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈y〉 in English ''yes''.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''z'''
| '''z'''
| z
| z
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈z〉 in English ''zoo''.
|style="text-align: left;"| Like 〈z〉 in English ''zoo''.
|-
|-
|
|
| '''zh'''
| '''zh'''
| ʒ
| ʒ
Line 373: Line 494:
|}
|}


You will note that there are several combinations which appear to have identical pronunciation. This is due to sound changes during the creolization of the Imperial language which have created mergers. For example, the '''kh''' in '''''[[Contionary: thikhe#Modern Standard Imperial|thikhe]]''''' ‘sharp’ and the '''kk''' in '''''[[Contionary: thrakku#Modern Standard Imperial|thrakku]]''''' ‘like that’ are both pronounced like the '''ksh''' in '''''[[Contionary: thraksha#Modern Standard Imperial|thraksha]]''''' ‘like this’. However, in Old Imperial, they were pronounced [ˈuːkʰɑ], [tʰrɑkˈkũ], and [tʰrɑkˈtʃɑ], respectively.
You will note that there are several combinations which appear to have identical pronunciation. This is due to sound changes during the creolization of the Imperial language which have created mergers. For example, the '''kh''' in '''''[[Contionary: thikhe#Modern Standard Imperial|thikhe]]''''' [ˈθi'''kʃ'''e] ‘sharp’ and the '''kk''' in '''''[[Contionary: thrakku#Modern Standard Imperial|thrakku]]''''' [ˈθɾa'''kʃ'''u] ‘like that’ are both pronounced like the '''ksh''' in '''''[[Contionary: thraksha#Modern Standard Imperial|thraksha]]''''' [ˈθɾa'''kʃ'''a] ‘like this’. However, in Old Imperial, they were pronounced [ˈtʰi'''kʰ'''eː], [tʰrɑ'''kˈk'''ũ], and [tʰrɑ'''kˈtʃ'''ɑ], respectively.
 
===The Imperial Script (''Kuggi Yakke'')===
Though this guide uses almost exclusively Romanization for describing the Imperial language, that Romanization (as described above) is derived directly from the Imperial “Alphabet” known as '''''[[Contionary: kuggi#Modern Standard Imperial|Kuggi]] [[Contionary: yakke#Modern Standard Imperial|Yakke]]''''' (“Imperial Writing”). The ''Yakke'' script is arranged in “blocks” of syllables consisting of (minimally) a single vowel, and may contain various types on onsets and codas, each syllable basically forming a square shape. In most modern writing, this square format has been ignored due to constraints on space, and writing has become more compact, but the block style is still a default for signs, titles, important words, and other functions, a bit like majuscule letters or italics might used in Latin scripts, or hiragana in Japanese. These are not direct analogies, of course, but be aware that block script is usually used to set apart important words from other text.
 
Traditionally the ''Yakke'' script was written vertically from top to bottom in columns from right to left. Recently it has become more common to write it horizontally from left to right, but unlike languages like Chinese or Japanese, where writing direction has changed but character orientation has remained constant, Yakke script written horizontally also changes the direction of the written characters, so a horizontal text can simply be turned 90° to become a vertical text, more like how Mongolian or Manchurian are vertical scripts derived from Sogdian, a vertical script based on horizontally written Syriac.
 
In all there are three main types of characters: Onsets, secondary onset modifiers, and vowels. Onsets may use the entire width of the character, or may share the initial space with a secondary onset modifier. Vowels always use the entire width of the character (in the case of vertical script) or height (for horizontal).
 
====Onsets====
There are nineteen possible onsets: (Stay tuned for graphics!)
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!width=39| Vrt
!width=39| Hrz
!width=39| Rom
|width=13 rowspan=6|  
!width=39| Vrt
!width=39| Hrz
!width=39| Rom
|width=13 rowspan=6|  
!width=39| Vrt
!width=39| Hrz
!width=39| Rom
|width=13 rowspan=6|  
!width=39| Vrt
!width=39| Hrz
!width=39| Rom
|-
|
|
| '''p'''
|
|
| '''m'''
|
|
| '''t'''
|
|
| '''n'''
|-
|
|
| '''b'''
|
|
| '''v'''
|
|
| '''d'''
|
|
| '''y'''
|-
|
|
| '''k'''
|
|
| '''h'''
|
|
| '''l'''
|
|
| '''zh'''
|-
|
|
| '''g'''
|
|
| '''s'''
|
|
| '''r'''
|
|
| '''lh'''
|-
|
|
| '''ng'''
|
|
| '''z'''
|
|
| '''sh'''
|colspan=3"|  
|}
 
====Secondary Onsets====
There are eight possible secondary onsets, consisting of two groups: four which precede the primary onset (starting at the bottom of a stroke in the vertical or on the left for horizontal), and four which follow it (at the top or right, respectively):  (Stay tuned for graphics!)
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=3| Preceding
|width=13 rowspan=6|  
!colspan=3| Following
|-
!width=39| Vrt
!width=39| Hrz
!width=39| Rom
!width=39| Vrt
!width=39| Hrz
!width=39| Rom
|-
|
|
| '''s'''
|
|
| '''h'''
|-
|
|
| '''d'''
|
|
| '''r'''
|-
|
|
| '''t'''
|
|
| '''l'''
|-
|
|
| '''sh'''
|
|
| '''v'''
|}
 
====Nuclei (Vowels)====
There are ten vowels or nuclei: (Stay tuned for graphics!)
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=3| Tense
|width=13 rowspan=7|  
!colspan=3| Lax
|-
!width=39| Vrt
!width=39| Hrz
!width=39| Rom
!width=39| Vrt
!width=39| Hrz
!width=39| Rom
|-
|
|
| '''i'''
|
|
| '''ì'''
|-
|
|
| '''e'''
|
|
| '''è'''
|-
|
|
| '''a'''
|
|
| '''à'''
|-
|
|
| '''o'''
|
|
| '''ò'''
|-
|
|
| '''u'''
|
|
| '''ù'''
|}
 
There are no diphthongs in the writing system. Diphthongs are a recent development which evolved from adjacent syllables with no intervening consonants. In writing, they are still written as if they were two separate syllables. For example, meu ‘I’ is written as two blocks: me-u. However, this has led to modern non-block writing developing ligatures for the diphthongs which are beginning to take on their own shapes. Until such time as a spelling reform is implemented, however, the syllable blocks continue to be the standard.
 
====Codae====
Codae are ostensibly identical to the onsets, only written on to the right of the vowel (or below it in vertical script), but several of the onsets (such as '''p''', '''b''', '''d''', '''ng''', and '''z''') are not used in coda position. The secondary onsets are also very rarely used, occurring only in '''dzh''', '''tsh''', '''tlh''', and '''bh'''. Also note that syllables do not always fall into blocks as they do phonologically in polysyllabic words: There is a tendancy towards maximizing onsets which may not always be reflected in the writing.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
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