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Lemizh: Difference between revisions
→Syntax: Remaining Rules; genitive; etc.
Anypodetos (talk | contribs) (→Noun phrases: Genitive constructions) |
Anypodetos (talk | contribs) (→Syntax: Remaining Rules; genitive; etc.) |
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|give-FACT-1 {Father Christmas}-ACC-NOM-2A bottle-ACC-ACC-2 Lucy-ACC-DAT-2 | |give-FACT-1 {Father Christmas}-ACC-NOM-2A bottle-ACC-ACC-2 Lucy-ACC-DAT-2 | ||
|''Father Christmas gives Lucy a bottle.''}} | |''Father Christmas gives Lucy a bottle.''}} | ||
The word stems of the three objects are nominal verbs, hence the inner accusatives. The outer cases indicate the sender, content and recipient of the act of giving. The agent is specified independently of the plot arrow; note the difference: | The word stems of the three objects are nominal verbs, hence the inner accusatives. The outer cases indicate the sender, content and recipient of the act of giving. The agent is specified independently of the plot arrow; note the difference: | ||
{{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; 1:first level; 2:second level; 2A:second level, agentive | {{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; 1:first level; 2:second level; 2A:second level, agentive | ||
|dá lusyì dwywỳ föpysrỳfe. | |dá lusyì dwywỳ föpysrỳfe. | ||
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'''Rule Five. A case characterises the action it refers to completely with regard to its case descriptor.''' | '''Rule Five. A case characterises the action it refers to completely with regard to its case descriptor.''' | ||
… | |||
'''Rule Six. A missing object is equivalent to the absence of information about its descriptor.''' | |||
… | |||
'''Rule Seven. Given an object and its predicate, the predicate is considered more real and the object more hypothetical.''' | |||
… | … | ||
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|dmàt tryxkì dée föpysryfè dwywỳ lusỳi. | |dmàt tryxkì dée föpysryfè dwywỳ lusỳi. | ||
|see-FACT-1 beaver-ACC-DAT-2 give-NOM-NOM-2 {Father Christmas}-ACC-NOM-3A bottle-ACC-ACC-3 Lucy-ACC-DAT-3 | |see-FACT-1 beaver-ACC-DAT-2 give-NOM-NOM-2 {Father Christmas}-ACC-NOM-3A bottle-ACC-ACC-3 Lucy-ACC-DAT-3 | ||
|''The beaver sees the one giving Lucy a bottle, Father Christmas.''}} | |''The beaver sees '''the one giving Lucy a bottle, Father Christmas'''.''}} | ||
Regarding the verb "see", note that the beaver is in the dative, being at the receiving end of the optical stimulus or information. Marking the beaver as agent would translate as "The beaver looks at the one …". | Regarding the verb "see", note that the beaver is in the dative, being at the receiving end of the optical stimulus or information. Marking the beaver as agent would translate as "The beaver looks at the one …". | ||
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|''a bird, a singer = a singing bird''}} | |''a bird, a singer = a singing bird''}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
Such phrases can be easily extended. This example contains two accusative brackets ("a singing bird" and "a sad child"): | Such phrases can be easily extended. This example contains two accusative brackets ("a singing bird" and "a sad child"): | ||
{{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=1:first level; 2:second level; 3:third level; 4:fourth level | {{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=1:first level; 2:second level; 3:third level; 4:fourth level | ||
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|''a bird singing to a sad child at night''}} | |''a bird singing to a sad child at night''}} | ||
As [[w:Genitive construction|genitive constructions]] have a wide variety of meanings, there is no single Lemizh equivalent. The | As [[w:Genitive construction|genitive constructions]] have a wide variety of meanings, there is no single Lemizh equivalent. The typical translation for constructions indicating possession is with the benefactive case, but other cases frequently occur. Everything depends on the object's relation to the predicate's stem per Rule Three. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| {{Interlinear|display-messages=no|ablist=1:first level; 2:second level | |||
|dwỳw lusỳü. | |||
|bottle-ACC-1 Lucy-ACC-'''BEN'''-2 | |||
|''Lucy's bottle'' (Lucy is the beneficiary of making the bottle.<br> | |||
The bottle is made for Lucy.)}} | |||
| {{Interlinear|display-messages=no|ablist=1:first level; 2A:second level, agentive | |||
|dý ỳxe. | |||
|give-ACC-1 male-ACC-'''NOM'''-2A | |||
|''the man's gift'' (The man is the sender of giving.)}} | |||
| {{Interlinear|display-messages=no|ablist=1:first level; 2:second level; 3:third level | |||
|rhỳst ytfỳarh filpskỳy. | |||
|dream-ACC-1 night-ACC-'''TEMP'''-2 midsummer-ACC-ACC-3 | |||
|''A Midsummer Night’s Dream'' (The midsummer night is the time of dreaming.)}} | |||
|} | |||
===Verb phrases=== | ===Verb phrases=== | ||