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Lakovic languages (view source)

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[[Lakovic languages/Sketchbook]]
[[Lakovic languages/Sketchbook]]
{{Infobox language family
{{Infobox language family
| setting    = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]
| setting    = [[Verse:Hmøøh|Hmøøh]]
| creator    = User:IlL
| region      = Bjeheond, Talma, Etalocin, Txapoalli
| region      = Originally Bjeheond, Talma and Txapoalli; today worldwide
| name        = Lakovic
| name        = Lakovic
| familycolor = lakovic
| familycolor = lakovic
| family      = One of Tricin's primary language families
| family      = One of Hmøøh's primary language families
| protoname  = Proto-Lakovic
| protoname  = Proto-Lakovic
| child1 = [[Naengic languages|Naengic]]
| child1 = [[Naengic languages|Naengic]]
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| child5 = Txapoallian Lakovic
| child5 = Txapoallian Lakovic
| child6 = Pfiunic
| child6 = Pfiunic
| child7 = Tsrovesh
}}
}}


The '''Lakovic languages''' (/ləˈkoʊvɪk/ ''lə-KOH-vik''; [[Naeng]]: ''fi imbrits Lăcof'' <small>Bjeheondian:</small> [vɪ (ʔ)ɪmˈbrits ləˈkaov]) are a major [[Verse:Tricin|Trician]] language family, originally native to [[Verse:Tricin/Bjeheond|Bjeheond]]. The family is inspired by Semitic, Mon-Khmer and Austronesian languages.
The '''Lakovic languages''' (/ləˈkoʊvɪk/ ''lə-KOH-vik''; [[Naeng]]: ''fi imbrits Lăcof'' <small>Bjeheondian:</small> [vɪ (ʔ)ɪmˈbrits ləˈkaov]) are a major [[Verse:Hmøøh|Hmøøhian]] language family, originally native to [[Verse:Hmøøh/Bjeheond|Bjeheond]]. The most populous members of the family are the Nakwax dialect continuum spoken in Txapoalli, the [[Æ]] language of northwest Taivíor, and the (usually mutually intelligible) vernaculars derived from Classical Tseer. The family is inspired by Semitic, Mon-Khmer and Austronesian languages.


The family is named after *lakoF, the PLak reconstructed word for 'human'. *lakoF is the etymon of [[Naeng]] ''Wen Lăchua'' '(poetic) [[Verse:Tricin/Wen Dămea|Wen Dămea]]', [[Tseer]] ''lakow'' 'free', and several other ethnonyms of Lakovic-speaking peoples such as [[Dak'ox]].
The family is named after *lakof, the PLak reconstructed word for 'human'. *lakof is the etymon of [[Naeng]] ''Wen Lăchua'' '(poetic) [[Verse:Hmøøh/Wen Dămea|Wen Dămea]]', [[Tseer]] ''lakow'' 'free', and several other ethnonyms of Lakovic-speaking peoples such as [[Dak'ox]].
{{Windermere sidebar}}
{{Windermere sidebar}}


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==Urheimat==
==Urheimat==
The Proto-Lakovic urheimat is thought to have been [[Verse:Tricin/Bjeheond|Bjeheond]], based on the distribution of the family and reconstructed Proto-Lakovic vocabulary for Bjeheondian fauna and flora and Mediterranean-climate rainy winters and dry summers.
The Proto-Lakovic urheimat is thought to have been [[Verse:Hmøøh/Bjeheond|Bjeheond]], based on the distribution of the family and reconstructed Proto-Lakovic vocabulary for Bjeheondian fauna and flora and Mediterranean-climate rainy winters and dry summers.


===Proto-Lakovic culture===
===Proto-Lakovic culture===
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==Phylogeny==
==Phylogeny==
Most scholars agree on the following major branches:
Most scholars agree on the following major branches:
*[[Naeng languages|Naengic]]
*[[Naeng languages|Naengic]] (aka Ashanic)
**[[Naeng/Classical|Classical Naeng]]
**[[Naeng/Classical|Classical Naeng]]
***[[Naeng|Modern Naeng]]
***[[Naeng|Modern Naeng]]
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***Modern [[Tseer]]
***Modern [[Tseer]]
*[[Häskä]]
*[[Häskä]]
*Pfiunic
* [[Shalaian]]
**[[Tsăloșian]]
*[[Pfiunian]] dialect continuum (Pseudo-Swiss German)
**[[Pfiunian]] (Pseudo-Swiss German)
*[[Tumhanic]]
**[[Schong]]
**[[Æ]]
**[[Wiebian]]
*Txapoallian Lakovic
*Txapoallian Lakovic
**[[Dakʼox]] (Ejective-y, tonal language)
**[[Tsăloșian]] dialect continuum (near Sowaazhpi)
*[[!Zoom]]
**Lakwax/Dakwax/Nakwax (Ejective-y head-final language; influenced [[Naquian]])
*Ksieh
* Lakovic isolates:
** [[!Zoom]]
** [[Æ]]


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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! colspan=2 |
! colspan=2 |
! | Labial
! | Labial
! | Alveolar
! | Dental/Alveolar
! | Lateral
! | Lateral
! | Palatal
! | Palatal
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! colspan="2" | Nasal
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| '''*m''' /m/
| '''*m''' /m/
| '''*n''' /n/
| '''*n''' /n{{den}}/
|
|
|  
|  
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|
|
|-align=center
|-align=center
! rowspan="2" | Plosive
! rowspan="3" | Plosive
! <small>voiceless</small>
| '''*p''' /p/
| '''*t''' /t{{den}}/
|
|
| '''*k''' /k/
| '''*ʔ''' /ʔ/
|-align=center
! <small>voiced</small>
! <small>voiced</small>
| '''*b''' /b/
| '''*b''' /b/
| '''*d''' /d/
| '''*d''' /d{{den}}/
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|-align=center
|-align=center
! <small>voiceless</small>
! <small>implosive</small>
| '''*p''' /p/
| '''*ƀ''' /ɓ/
| '''*t''' /t/
| '''*đ''' /ɗ/
|
|
|
|
|
|
| '''*k''' /k/
| '''*Q''', '''*ʔ''' /ʔ/
|-align=center
|-align=center
! colspan="2" | Affricate
! colspan="2" | Affricate
|
|
| '''*c''' /t͡s/
| '''*c''' /t͡{{den}}s{{den}}/
| '''*ć''' /t͡ɬ/
| '''*ć''' /t͡ɬ/
|  
|  
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|-align=center
|-align=center
! colspan="2" | Fricative
! colspan="2" | Fricative
| '''*F''' /ɸ/
| '''*f''' /ɸ/
| '''*s''' /s/
| '''*s''' /s{{den}}/
| '''*ś''' /ɬ/
| '''*ś''' /ɬ/
| '''*š''' /ʃ/
| '''*š''' /ʃ/
|  
| '''*x''' /χ/
| '''*X, *H'''
| '''*h''' /ɦ/
|-align=center
|-align=center
|-
|-
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| '''*w''' /w/
| '''*w''' /w/
| '''*r''' /r/
| '''*r''' /r/
| '''*l''' /l/
| '''*l''' /l{{den}}/
| '''*y''' /j/
| '''*y''' /j/
|  
|  
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|}
|}
The voiceless stops '''p t k ts tś''' were weakly aspirated like Japanese voiceless stops.
The voiceless stops '''p t k ts tś''' were weakly aspirated like Japanese voiceless stops.
Little is known about the laryngeals '''*Q, *H, *X'''. Some conjectured realizations are:
*'''Q''' = /q/
*'''H''' = /ʁ (???)/ (merges into '''F''' in Tseer and Naeng; it might have been a compressed-rounded vocalized-L-like phoneme.)
*'''X''' = some kind of devoiced back consonant, /h/, /x/ or /ç/ or /q/
The laryngeals may have developed allophones in different environments, leading to conditioned reflexes in daughter lnaguages.


'''m n l r''' could be syllabic in unstressed affixes.
'''m n l r''' could be syllabic in unstressed affixes.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
''i u e o a ā''
''i u e o ă a''


''a'' is thought to have been short /a/ or /ɐ/ while ''ā'' was long /aː/. ''ā'' could not occur unstressed and regularly reduced to ''a''.
''ă'' is thought to have been short /a/ or /ɐ/ while ''a'' was long /aː/. ''a'' could not occur unstressed and regularly reduced to ''ă''.


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
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#biconsonantal roots alternating between CVC and CCV. Example: sep ~ spe 'to walk'
#biconsonantal roots alternating between CVC and CCV. Example: sep ~ spe 'to walk'
#triconsonantal roots alternating between CCVC, CVCC, and CVCVC. Example: ptsun ~ putsn ~ putsun 'to live'
#triconsonantal roots alternating between CCVC, CVCC, and CVCVC. Example: ptsun ~ putsn ~ putsun 'to live'
#4-consonant roots like cpālg ~ cplāg 'to cry out' (Wdm. ''tspong'' 'to demand' and ''tsloc'' 'to cry out')
#4-consonant roots like cpalg ~ cplag 'to cry out' (Wdm. ''tspong'' 'to demand' and ''tsloc'' 'to cry out')


Statistically, biconsonantal roots in Lakovic are somewhat more common than in Semitic; triconsonantal roots are derived from biconsonantals via root extensions. One example is *Hedn "being" and *Hdek "to inhabit", both derived from the root *Hed "to exist".
Statistically, biconsonantal roots in Lakovic are somewhat more common than in Semitic; triconsonantal roots are derived from biconsonantals via root extensions. One example is *Hedn "being" and *Hdek "to inhabit", both derived from the root *Hed "to exist".
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The long nominal grade first arose in Late Proto-Lakovic: the nominal grade CVCC turned to CVCVC when doing so epenthesized less "nice" consonant clusters. Then CVCVC became analyzed as a new ablaut grade.
The long nominal grade first arose in Late Proto-Lakovic: the nominal grade CVCC turned to CVCVC when doing so epenthesized less "nice" consonant clusters. Then CVCVC became analyzed as a new ablaut grade.
====Weak roots====
====Weak roots====
''Weak roots'' such as *yriš 'to think' and *sapQ 'to pull' have irregularities in their allomorphs, like weak roots in Semitic. The weak consonants are y, w, H, and Q.
''Weak roots'' such as *yriš 'to think' and *săpQ 'to pull' have irregularities in their allomorphs, like weak roots in Semitic. The weak consonants are y, w, H, and Q.


With week roots, either the verbal stem (e.g. ''yriš'' > ''riš'') or the nominal stem (''sap''' > ''sap'' 'to pull, to drag') or both are shortened, and either drops or assimilates the weak consonant. This leads to apparent irregularities like nominal yirš ~ verbal riš.
With week roots, either the verbal stem (e.g. ''yriš'' > ''riš'') or the nominal stem (''sap''' > ''sap'' 'to pull, to drag') or both are shortened, and either drops or assimilates the weak consonant. This leads to apparent irregularities like nominal yirš ~ verbal riš.
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Nouns were pluralized by total reduplication:
Nouns were pluralized by total reduplication:


*''lakof'' 'person' > ''lakof-lakof'' 'people'
*''lăkof'' 'person' > ''lăkof-lăkof'' 'people'
*''lbān'' 'water > ''lbān-lbān'' 'a lot of water'
*''lban'' 'water > ''lban-lban'' 'a lot of water'
 
There was an honorific suffix ''-is''/''-s''. The semantic shift from honorific to feminine was an areal feature of Talman Lakovic languages.


Nouns had no morphological case; genitive noun phrases were formed by concatenation.
Nouns had no morphological case; genitive noun phrases were formed by concatenation.


Naengic developed a new associative plural suffix ''-am'', from PLak ''päm'' 'that; those' (the ''-am'' in Modern Windermere plural pronouns ''łănam'', ''ănam'').
Naengic developed a new associative plural suffix ''-am'', from PLak ''păm'' 'that; those (distal demonstrative)' (the ''-am'' in Modern Windermere plural pronouns ''łănam'', ''ănam'').
====Case markers====
Case markers came before the noun. There are known to be four case particles.
 
* ''ŋa'' = direct case (the noun in focus); became complementizer in Naeng
* ''Hit'' = indirect case
* ''maw'' = genitive
* ''xu'' = lative (became direct object in Archaic Naeng)


===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
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*''*riH'' = I
*''*riH'' = I
*''*bäŋ'' = we (dual inclusive)
*''*băŋ'' = we (dual inclusive)
*''*śen'' = thou
*''*śen'' = thou
*''*śens'' = thou (hon)
*''*śens'' = thou (hon)
*''*Qin'' = s/he
*''*ʔin'' = s/he
*''*Qins'' = s/he (hon)
*''*ʔins'' = s/he (hon)


PLak had no plural pronouns; it made do with associative plurals or demonstratives instead.
PLak had no plural pronouns; it made do with associative plurals or demonstratives instead.
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Verbs inflected for triggers, TAM, pluractionality, evidentiality, and gender agreement. Present-day Lakovic languages preserve these inflections to varying levels.
Verbs inflected for triggers, TAM, pluractionality, evidentiality, and gender agreement. Present-day Lakovic languages preserve these inflections to varying levels.
====Gender====
*wa- = honorific
====TAM====
====TAM====
The following verb affixes marked lexical aspect and voice/transitivity/denominality.
*unmarked or li- = imperfective
*unmarked or li- = imperfective
*-H = perfective
*-H = perfective
*hem- = change of state for statives?
*hem- = change of state for statives?
*various reduplifixes for other TAMs:
*various reduplifixes for other TAMs:
**F(M)ä- = iterative
**F(M)ă- = iterative
**FaL- = intensive
**FaL- = intensive
**{{angbr|iL}}, qol-{{angbr|iL}}- almost X, X a little
**{{angbr|iL}}, qol-{{angbr|iL}}- almost X, X a little
**saL- = inceptive
**săL- = inceptive
**HenFa- = frequentative
**HenFă- = frequentative
**taFi- = graduative
**tăFi- = graduative
**ongFa- = X for oneself, X in advance
**ongFă- = X for oneself, X in advance
 
====Triggers====
Triggers (giving the noun in the direct case specific semantic roles) were marked by adding infixes to the verbal grade of the root. Proto-Lakovic had eight triggers:
*'''agent''' trigger: unmarked?
*'''patient''' trigger: {{angbr|əp}}
*'''destination''' trigger: {{angbr|əŋ}}
*'''locative''' trigger: {{angbr|it}}
*'''ablative/cause''' trigger: {{angbr|əm/nəm}}
*'''instrument''' trigger:  {{angbr|əg}}
*'''benefactive''' trigger: {{angbr|əkəm}}
*'''comitative''' trigger: {{angbr|lis}}


In most branches (Ashanic, Tseeric, Tumhanic, Pfiunic, Häskä, Tsrovesh), the original trigger system became a set of derivational affixes, much like binyanim (originally marking voice) in Semitic languages. Txapoallian Lakovic reinterpreted the trigger system into a more head-marking, polysynthetic system. Only some modern Eta-Lakovic languages retain a trigger system today.
* {{angbr|ăp}}
* {{angbr|ăŋ}}
* {{angbr|it}}
* {{angbr|ăm/năm}}
* {{angbr|ăg}}
* {{angbr|kăm}}
* {{angbr|lis}}


====Nominalization====
====Nominalization====
The most common ways to form deverbal nouns were:
The most common ways to form deverbal nouns were:
*Using the nominal grade CVCC of the root
*Using the nominal grade CVCC of the root
*The {{angbr|ay}} infix
*The {{angbr|ăy}} infix
*using instrument, place and agent affixes.
*using instrument, place and agent affixes.


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*{{angbr|r}} prefix or infix: non-volitional or passive verbs
*{{angbr|r}} prefix or infix: non-volitional or passive verbs
**Ashanic *{{angbr|àr}}, Wdm. {{angbr|ră}}, {{angbr|ngăr/măr}}
**Ashanic *{{angbr|àr}}, Wdm. {{angbr|ră}}, {{angbr|ngăr/măr}}
*{{angbr|ay}} = deverbal noun
*{{angbr|ăy}} = deverbal noun
*{{angbr|ong}} = place noun
*{{angbr|ong}} = place noun
*{{angbr|X}} = agentive or instrument
*{{angbr|X}} = agentive or instrument
**Wdm root vowel breathiness
**Wdm root vowel breathiness
*{{angbr|aH}} = verb forming prefix or infix
*{{angbr|ăf}} = verb forming prefix or infix
**Wdm initial voicing, sometimes also breathy root vowel
**Wdm initial voicing, sometimes also breathy root vowel
*biH- = agentive  
*bif- = agentive  
**Wdm. ''pă-'' + voicing (not productive)
**Wdm. ''pă-'' + voicing (not productive)
**Tseer ''ba-''
**Tseer ''ba-''
*ha- = resultative (passive in Windermere)
*xă- = resultative (passive in Windermere)
*t- = intensive, denominals
*t- = intensive, denominals
**Wdm. ''th-'' or ''t-'' (not productive)
**Wdm. ''th-'' or ''t-'' (not productive)
*Qu- = intensive
*Qu- = intensive
**Wdm. ''th-u-''
**Wdm. ''th-u-''
*ya- = adjectivizer; from ''ya'' 'with'
*yă- = adjectivizer; from ''yă'' 'with'
**Wdm. ''yă-'', Tseer ''xi-'', Häskä ''yə-''
**Wdm. ''yă-'', Tseer ''xi-'', Häskä ''yə-''
* ''f-'' = negative; the opposite or undoing of X
* ''f-'' = negative; the opposite or undoing of X
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==Proto-Lakovic syntax==
==Proto-Lakovic syntax==
Proto-Lakovic had flexible word order, but the most common word order was VSO.
Proto-Lakovic had unmarked word order VSO.
===Triggers===
===Triggers===
*''spe-H Hit Qopr-is ŋa riH'' (walk-PFV IND height-FEM DIR 1SG) = I walked up high (neutral)
*''spe-f fit Qopr-is ŋă rif'' (walk-PFV IND height-FEM DIR 1SG) = I walked up high (neutral)
*''s<əŋ>pe-H Hit riH ŋa Qopris'' (<DEST>walk-PFV IND 1SG DIR high) = I walked up high (emphasis on "up high")
*''s<əŋ>pe-f fit rif ŋă Qopris'' (<DEST>walk-PFV IND 1SG DIR high) = I walked up high (emphasis on "up high")


===Copular sentences===
===Copular sentences===
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This caused some triggers to be reinterpreted as noun-deriving affixes in some daughter languages. Demonstration by contrived example, with the instrument trigger:
This caused some triggers to be reinterpreted as noun-deriving affixes in some daughter languages. Demonstration by contrived example, with the instrument trigger:
:'''''p{{angbr|ak}}tuś Hit riH Hit Qin ŋa maHokis.'''''
:'''''p{{angbr|ăk}}tuś fit rif fit Qin ŋă măXokis.'''''
:{{angbr|INST}}stab IND 1SG IND 3SG.M DIR stone-F
:{{angbr|INST}}stab IND 1SG IND 3SG.M DIR stone-F
:''I stabbed him with the stone.''
:''I stabbed him with the stone.''
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Some "adjectives" are actually prepositional phrases instead of verbs:
Some "adjectives" are actually prepositional phrases instead of verbs:


''*Xu Qopr Hit Hedn Xtar.'' (PRED high.NOM DIR creature black) 'The black one is up high.'
''*Xu Qopr fit fedn Xtăr.'' (PRED high.NOM DIR creature black) 'The black one is up high.'


== Sample text ==
== Sample text ==
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(todo: double check, account for Grassmann. This also omits gender affixes.)
(todo: double check, account for Grassmann. This also omits gender affixes.)
-->
-->
''**ŋiHt ntor mangār se dak kaFt. "meH raq śen ʔam?" dambic pin bindaq PN. mi qangFnung katkHat nataX qemrecal sen Hdān: "šruk day qatsHiw: dak manknas, tap day amHuc ''tramp'', liw qatsalHiw, tak malHuc, n-dHon talak." "Hna meH raq, sru henFden grāt nataX? dambic pin bindaq PN. "GaŋaX, pin bindaq: cār bindik panratHaŋ, day Fanpsak binkawantik nataX ya pin grāt pi!" "qaruy šaX-kaFt se caruŋ sen tapal panaw panaw." empsFŋim šaX pin kaFt pin bindaq PN.''
''**ŋift ntor mangār se dak kaft. "mef raq śen ʔam?" dambic pin bindaq PN. mi qangfnung katkfat nataX qemrecal sen Hdān: "šruk day qatsHiw: dak manknas, tap day amfuc ftom, liw qatsalfiw, tak malfuc, n-dHon talak." "fna mef raq, sru fenfden grāt nataX? dambic pin bindaq PN. "gaŋaX, pin bindaq: cār bindik panratfaŋ, day fanpsak binkawantik nataX ya pin grāt pi!" "qaruy šaX-kaft se caruŋ sen tapal panaw panaw." empsfŋim šaX pin kaft pin bindaq PN.''
 
=== Another one ===
=== Another one ===
IlL
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