Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin: Difference between revisions

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→‎The auxiliary בּי bi: More like Manx and Gàidhlig
m (→‎Trivia: Majorcan native words have a similar premise)
m (→‎The auxiliary בּי bi: More like Manx and Gàidhlig)
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===== The auxiliary בּי ''bi'' =====
===== The auxiliary בּי ''bi'' =====
The auxiliary בּי ''bi'' is used with predicates that are
The auxiliary בּי ''bi'' is used with predicates that are
* verbs,
* imperfective verbs,
* existentials,
* existentials,
* adjectives,
* adjectives,
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It forms part of the clause-initial clitic complex and begins an independent clause.
It forms part of the clause-initial clitic complex and begins an independent clause.
(בּי ''bi'' is the imperative and the infinitive form of the auxiliary.)
(בּי ''bi'' is the imperative and the infinitive form of the auxiliary.)
Ăn Yidiș has innovated the tense-aspect system (pres, past/conditional, fut, jussive‚ imperative) x (imperfective, perfective) using the form of בּי ''bi'' and the preverbal aspect marker. The auxiliary marks tense and the preverbal aspect marker marks other aspectual information such as perfectivity.


The negative particle כֿא ''chă'' (from the Old Irish preverb ''nícon·'', like Scottish Gaelic ''cha(n)'') becomes כֿנ- ''chn-'' before a vowel: כֿא תּעל ''chă tel'' 'doesn't like', כֿנאפשר ''chnefșăr'' 'can't'.
The negative particle כֿא ''chă'' (from the Old Irish preverb ''nícon·'', like Scottish Gaelic ''cha(n)'') becomes כֿנ- ''chn-'' before a vowel: כֿא תּעל ''chă tel'' 'doesn't like', כֿנאפשר ''chnefșăr'' 'can't'.
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* t' e ă(g) = present progressive (to becomes t' before a vowel)
* t' e ă(g) = present progressive (to becomes t' before a vowel)
* t' e ņey = past perfective
* v' e ă(g) = past imperfective or present conditional
* v' e ă(g) = past imperfective or present conditional
* v' e ņey = pluperfect or past conditional
* bi e ă(g) = future and present habitual/timeless
* bi e ă(g) = future and present habitual/timeless
* bi e ney = future perfective
* răv e ă(g)  = jussive impfv. ('may he.../let him...')
* răv e ă(g)  = jussive impfv. ('may he.../let him...')
* răv e ney = jussive pfv.


*''To'' is most often used for the constructions: ''t' e ăg ih'' = he eats; he is eating and ''t' e ney ih'' = he ate/has eaten.
*''To'' is most often used for the constructions: ''t' e ăg ih'' 'he eats; he is eating'
** pres. interr. ''vel e...'' = does he...?
** pres. interr. ''vel e...'' = does he...?
** pres. neg. ''chnel e...'' = he does not...
** pres. neg. ''chnel e...'' = he does not...
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*''ihiv!'' = Eat! (2pl)
*''ihiv!'' = Eat! (2pl)
*''nǎ h-ih(iv)!'' = Don't eat!
*''nǎ h-ih(iv)!'' = Don't eat!
Hebrew verbs are usually borrowed in their verbal noun forms but some dialects usually borrow the participle.
Hebrew verbs are borrowed in their verbal noun forms but some dialects usually borrow the participle.


When the corresponding tag question is used in reply to a statement, it means 'I know, right?'/'It really is the case!'
When the corresponding tag question is used in reply to a statement, it means 'I know, right?'/'It really is the case!'
: A: ''T'e chu mah ăr minăch.'' 'He's so good at explaining things.'
: A: ''T'e chu mah ăr minăch.'' 'He's so good at explaining things.'
: B: ''Năch el!'' 'I know, right?'
: B: ''Năch el!'' 'I know, right?'
===== The auxilliary ''ņi'' =====
The auxilliary ''reņ'' is also used with a verbal noun to indicate perfective tenses: ''reņ [SUBJECT] [VN]'' is used for the past perfective and ''ņi [SUBJECT] [VN]'' is used for the present tense.


====Copula====
====Copula====
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