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Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin: Difference between revisions
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→The auxiliary בּי bi: More like Manx and Gàidhlig
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m (→The auxiliary בּי bi: More like Manx and Gàidhlig) |
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===== The auxiliary בּי ''bi'' ===== | ===== The auxiliary בּי ''bi'' ===== | ||
The auxiliary בּי ''bi'' is used with predicates that are | The auxiliary בּי ''bi'' is used with predicates that are | ||
* verbs, | * imperfective verbs, | ||
* existentials, | * existentials, | ||
* adjectives, | * adjectives, | ||
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It forms part of the clause-initial clitic complex and begins an independent clause. | It forms part of the clause-initial clitic complex and begins an independent clause. | ||
(בּי ''bi'' is the imperative and the infinitive form of the auxiliary.) | (בּי ''bi'' is the imperative and the infinitive form of the auxiliary.) | ||
The negative particle כֿא ''chă'' (from the Old Irish preverb ''nícon·'', like Scottish Gaelic ''cha(n)'') becomes כֿנ- ''chn-'' before a vowel: כֿא תּעל ''chă tel'' 'doesn't like', כֿנאפשר ''chnefșăr'' 'can't'. | The negative particle כֿא ''chă'' (from the Old Irish preverb ''nícon·'', like Scottish Gaelic ''cha(n)'') becomes כֿנ- ''chn-'' before a vowel: כֿא תּעל ''chă tel'' 'doesn't like', כֿנאפשר ''chnefșăr'' 'can't'. | ||
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* t' e ă(g) = present progressive (to becomes t' before a vowel) | * t' e ă(g) = present progressive (to becomes t' before a vowel) | ||
* v' e ă(g) = past imperfective or present conditional | * v' e ă(g) = past imperfective or present conditional | ||
* bi e ă(g) = future and present habitual/timeless | * bi e ă(g) = future and present habitual/timeless | ||
* răv e ă(g) = jussive impfv. ('may he.../let him...') | * răv e ă(g) = jussive impfv. ('may he.../let him...') | ||
*''To'' is most often used for the constructions: ''t' e ăg ih'' | *''To'' is most often used for the constructions: ''t' e ăg ih'' 'he eats; he is eating' | ||
** pres. interr. ''vel e...'' = does he...? | ** pres. interr. ''vel e...'' = does he...? | ||
** pres. neg. ''chnel e...'' = he does not... | ** pres. neg. ''chnel e...'' = he does not... | ||
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*''ihiv!'' = Eat! (2pl) | *''ihiv!'' = Eat! (2pl) | ||
*''nǎ h-ih(iv)!'' = Don't eat! | *''nǎ h-ih(iv)!'' = Don't eat! | ||
Hebrew verbs are | Hebrew verbs are borrowed in their verbal noun forms but some dialects usually borrow the participle. | ||
When the corresponding tag question is used in reply to a statement, it means 'I know, right?'/'It really is the case!' | When the corresponding tag question is used in reply to a statement, it means 'I know, right?'/'It really is the case!' | ||
: A: ''T'e chu mah ăr minăch.'' 'He's so good at explaining things.' | : A: ''T'e chu mah ăr minăch.'' 'He's so good at explaining things.' | ||
: B: ''Năch el!'' 'I know, right?' | : B: ''Năch el!'' 'I know, right?' | ||
===== The auxilliary ''ņi'' ===== | |||
The auxilliary ''reņ'' is also used with a verbal noun to indicate perfective tenses: ''reņ [SUBJECT] [VN]'' is used for the past perfective and ''ņi [SUBJECT] [VN]'' is used for the present tense. | |||
====Copula==== | ====Copula==== | ||