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Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin: Difference between revisions
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In [[Verse:Irta|Irta]], '''Ăn Yidiș''' (natively אן ייִדיש ''ăn Yidiș'' /ən 'jɪt̪ɪʃ/ [ən 'jɪd̪ɪʃ] or אן אידיש ''ăn Idiș'', historically א קֿאָלצש תּאק נא יידיהּ ''ă Gholģ (tăg nă Yidih)'' /ə ' | In [[Verse:Irta|Irta]], '''Ăn Yidiș''' (natively אן ייִדיש ''ăn Yidiș'' /ən 'jɪt̪ɪʃ/ [ən 'jɪd̪ɪʃ] or אן אידיש ''ăn Idiș'', historically א קֿאָלצש תּאק נא יידיהּ ''ă Gholģ (tăg nă Yidih)'' /ə 'ɣoltʃ (t̪ʰək nə jit̪ih)/ '(Judeo-)Gaelic'; in-universe Hebrew: יידיש ''yidiš''; in-universe Standard Irish: ''an Īdysı'' /ən̠ʲ ˈiːd̪ˠɪʃ/) is a Goidelic language which is the historical vernacular of the Tsarfati (= our France) Jews (נא צרפתיהּ ''nă Zărfósih''). Today it is the main vernacular of major (often Hasidic) Jewish communities in Europe, Britain, Ireland, Eastern North America, Korea and Japan. With over 13 million speakers, ~70% of whom live in North America, it is the second most spoken Celtic language after Irish and the most spoken Jewish language in Irta. Ăn Yidiș is a possible answer to "What if Yiddish were Goidelic?" and is called "Yiddish" (or sometimes "Nithish" /nɪðɪʃ/, "Yithish" or "Ithish") in in-universe English. | ||
Among Ăn Yidiș speakers, Riphean, Hebrew, English and Irish are common second languages (religious Jews learn Hebrew for worship and prayer and Aramaic for study of rabbinic texts such as the Talmud). | Among Ăn Yidiș speakers, Riphean, Hebrew, English and Irish are common second languages (religious Jews learn Hebrew for worship and prayer and Aramaic for study of rabbinic texts such as the Talmud). | ||
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* some Slavic-like and Polish-like sound changes, like Old Irish palatalized c > /tʃʰ/, etc. | * some Slavic-like and Polish-like sound changes, like Old Irish palatalized c > /tʃʰ/, etc. | ||
* almost complete loss of the fortis-lenis distinction in resonants in most dialects. | * almost complete loss of the fortis-lenis distinction in resonants in most dialects. | ||
** The now almost extinct conservative Alpine dialect preserves Old Irish fortis unpalatalized ''n'' /n̪ˠ/, fortis unpalatalized r /rˠ/ and palatalized ''l'' /ʎ/, written as נּ רּ לּ. These are found word-initially in native but not Semitic vocabulary, e.g. נּאי /n̪ˠʌj/ 'nine' (Standard נעי /n{{den}}ej/ ''ney''), and are retained non-initially in Semitic words as well: חנּה /'xaun̪ˠə/ 'Chana (Hannah)' (Standard /' | ** The now almost extinct conservative Alpine dialect preserves Old Irish fortis unpalatalized ''n'' /n̪ˠ/, fortis unpalatalized r /rˠ/ and palatalized ''l'' /ʎ/, written as נּ רּ לּ. These are found word-initially in native but not Semitic vocabulary, e.g. נּאי /n̪ˠʌj/ 'nine' (Standard נעי /n{{den}}ej/ ''ney''), and are retained non-initially in Semitic words as well: חנּה /'xaun̪ˠə/ 'Chana (Hannah)' (Standard /'xanə/ ''Chană''), תּפילּה [t{{den}}fːiʎə] 'prayer' (Standard ''tfilă'' [t{{den}}fːɪlə]). In these dialects, כּלּה /ˈkʰaʎə/ 'bride' does not sound like the reflex of the Irish word ''caile'' 'maidservant' which has ''l'' /l/ instead. | ||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| || [ʂ] | | || [ʂ] | ||
| '''ș, c̦h''' ʃ | | '''ș, c̦h''' ʃ | ||
| '''ch''' | | '''ch''' x | ||
| '''h, th, țh''' h | | '''h, th, țh''' h | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| || | | || | ||
| [ʒ] | | [ʒ] | ||
| '''gh, dh''' | | '''gh, dh''' ɣ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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* /t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ ʃ/ are not labialized unlike in English. They may be alveolopalatal [t͡ɕ t͡ɕʰ ɕ]. | * /t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ ʃ/ are not labialized unlike in English. They may be alveolopalatal [t͡ɕ t͡ɕʰ ɕ]. | ||
* ''r'' is most commonly an alveolar or retroflex approximant (not labialized or pharyngealized, so more like Hiberno-English r than American r). It may also be a retracted alveolar flap [ɾ̠] or trill [r̠]. | * ''r'' is most commonly an alveolar or retroflex approximant (not labialized or pharyngealized, so more like Hiberno-English r than American r). It may also be a retracted alveolar flap [ɾ̠] or trill [r̠]. | ||
** The sequences /rn rl rtʰ rt⁼ rt͡sʰ rt͡s⁼ rs/ are realized as retroflex [ɳ ɭ ʈʰ ʈ⁼ ʈ͡ʂʰ ʈ͡ʂ ʂ], even across word boundaries: נאך אפֿשר לעט ''năch efșăr led'' [n{{den}} | ** The sequences /rn rl rtʰ rt⁼ rt͡sʰ rt͡s⁼ rs/ are realized as retroflex [ɳ ɭ ʈʰ ʈ⁼ ʈ͡ʂʰ ʈ͡ʂ ʂ], even across word boundaries: נאך אפֿשר לעט ''năch efșăr led'' [n{{den}}əx e{{lowered}}fʃə ɭe{{lowered}}t{{den}}] 'can't you?' | ||
* Stop + fricative clusters are distinct from affricates: some minimal pairs are טשעוואר ''dșevăr'' /tʃevər/ 'sister' and צשעוואר ''ģevăr'' /t͡ʃevər/ 'winter'; תּשי ''tși'' /tʰʃɪ/ '3' and ת׳שי ''c̦i'' /t͡ʃʰɪ/ 'at her'. | * Stop + fricative clusters are distinct from affricates: some minimal pairs are טשעוואר ''dșevăr'' /tʃevər/ 'sister' and צשעוואר ''ģevăr'' /t͡ʃevər/ 'winter'; תּשי ''tși'' /tʰʃɪ/ '3' and ת׳שי ''c̦i'' /t͡ʃʰɪ/ 'at her'. | ||
** /s {{sh}}/ are held longer after aspirated stops after unaspirated stops: קשיען ''gșien'' ['k{{sh}}iən] 'sun', כּשיכנאך ''cșichnăch'' ['k{{sh}}: | ** /s {{sh}}/ are held longer after aspirated stops after unaspirated stops: קשיען ''gșien'' ['k{{sh}}iən] 'sun', כּשיכנאך ''cșichnăch'' ['k{{sh}}:ɪxnəx] 'to finish'. After a voiced fricative /ʃ/ is realized as [ʒ]: ''bhșeagh'' /vʒeəɣ/ 'beautiful (f. sg. attr.)'. | ||
* /h/ is always pronounced clearly. It is usually [h~ɦ] but is [ç] after /ɪ/. Word-finally it is always [ħ̞] unless preceded by /ɪ/ | * /h/ is always pronounced clearly. It is usually [h~ɦ] but is [ç] after /ɪ/. Word-finally it is always [ħ̞] unless preceded by /ɪ/ | ||
* /n/ assimilates to [ŋ] before /k kʰ/. | * /n/ assimilates to [ŋ] before /k kʰ/. | ||
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*Lenitions: | *Lenitions: | ||
**b /p/ > bh /v/ | **b /p/ > bh /v/ | ||
**d /t/ > dh / | **d /t/ > dh /ɣ/ | ||
**z /ts/ > zh /j/ | **z /ts/ > zh /j/ | ||
**f /f/ > fh /0/ | **f /f/ > fh /0/ | ||
**g /k/ > gh / | **g /k/ > gh /ɣ/ | ||
**ģ /tʃ/ > ģh /j/ | **ģ /tʃ/ > ģh /j/ | ||
**c /kʰ/ > ch / | **c /kʰ/ > ch /x/ | ||
**c̦ /tʃʰ/ > c̦h /ʃ/ | **c̦ /tʃʰ/ > c̦h /ʃ/ | ||
**m /m/ > mh /v/ | **m /m/ > mh /v/ | ||
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''s'' and ''ș'' never lenite unlike their corresponding Irish sounds. | ''s'' and ''ș'' never lenite unlike their corresponding Irish sounds. | ||
Initial /h/ from lenition is deleted whenever it would form a forbidden consonant cluster. For example, ''tchină'' / | Initial /h/ from lenition is deleted whenever it would form a forbidden consonant cluster. For example, ''tchină'' /tʰxinə/ lenites to ''thchină'' (/xinə/ instead of */hxinə/). | ||
==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
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Assume no initial lenition. The consonants are spelled as follows in non-Hebrew, non-Aramaic words: | Assume no initial lenition. The consonants are spelled as follows in non-Hebrew, non-Aramaic words: | ||
* /k kʰ | * /k kʰ x ɣ/ ק כּ כ/ך ג | ||
* /tʃ tʃʰ ʃ ɲ/ צש ת׳ש ש נ׳/ן׳ | * /tʃ tʃʰ ʃ ɲ/ צש ת׳ש ש נ׳/ן׳ | ||
* /ts tsʰ s/ צ/ץ ת׳ ס | * /ts tsʰ s/ צ/ץ ת׳ ס | ||
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Final /h/ is always written הּ in vowel-pointed spelling. | Final /h/ is always written הּ in vowel-pointed spelling. | ||
גּ, דּ, ד in Hebrew and Aramaic loans are unaspirated /k/, /t/, /t/. ח in Hebrew loans represents / | גּ, דּ, ד in Hebrew and Aramaic loans are unaspirated /k/, /t/, /t/. ח in Hebrew loans represents /x/. | ||
Rafe (רפה ''rofă'') is used for initial lenition: בֿ גֿ צֿש דֿ צֿ טֿ כֿ מֿ פּֿ פֿ ת' ת'ש קֿ תֿ for bh gh ģh dh zh dh ch mh sh ph fh țh c̦h gh th /v | Rafe (רפה ''rofă'') is used for initial lenition: בֿ גֿ צֿש דֿ צֿ טֿ כֿ מֿ פּֿ פֿ ת' ת'ש קֿ תֿ for bh gh ģh dh zh dh ch mh sh ph fh țh c̦h gh th /v ɣ j ɣ j h x v h f 0 h ʃ x h/ | ||
/j/ between two vowels is written יי. | /j/ between two vowels is written יי. | ||
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=====Inflection===== | =====Inflection===== | ||
The following forms are used when the predicate is definite. The interrogative forms below also serve as tag questions for copular sentences: | The following forms are used when the predicate is definite. The interrogative forms below also serve as tag questions for copular sentences: | ||
{{Gloss/indexable|phrase = {{rtl|כנע אך פיעך אחד א ה-אָן, אַן ע.}}|translit = Chne ăch fiech echăd ă h-ołn, an e? |IPA = / | {{Gloss/indexable|phrase = {{rtl|כנע אך פיעך אחד א ה-אָן, אַן ע.}}|translit = Chne ăch fiech echăd ă h-ołn, an e? |IPA = /xan e əx fiəx 'ehəd ə hown, an 'e/ | morphemes = | gloss = NEG.COP anything_but raven one 3SG.M, Q 3SG.M| translation = It's just one raven, isn't it?|index=3}} | ||
(Both clauses have falling intonation, as in Scottish Gaelic!) | (Both clauses have falling intonation, as in Scottish Gaelic!) | ||
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Double-marking possessives, e.g. ווע אהרן א-טֿשאָר תּאצש משה ''V'e Ăharăn '''ă-dhșor tăģ Mușă'''.'' 'Aaron was Moses' brother' (lit. his brother of Moses) are used for nouns where possessive suffixes are still used. Possessive prefixes are considered ''[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Filichdiș|Filichdiș]]'' for other nouns. | Double-marking possessives, e.g. ווע אהרן א-טֿשאָר תּאצש משה ''V'e Ăharăn '''ă-dhșor tăģ Mușă'''.'' 'Aaron was Moses' brother' (lit. his brother of Moses) are used for nouns where possessive suffixes are still used. Possessive prefixes are considered ''[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Filichdiș|Filichdiș]]'' for other nouns. | ||
* ''mă-dhșor '' / | * ''mă-dhșor '' /məɣˈʒor/ 'my brother'; ''m-ar'' /mar/ 'my father' | ||
* ''dă-dhșor '' / | * ''dă-dhșor '' /təɣˈʒor/ 'thy brother'; ''d-ar'' /tar/ 'thy father' | ||
* ''ă-dhșor'' / | * ''ă-dhșor'' /əɣˈʒor/ 'his brother'; ''ar'' /ar/ 'his father' | ||
* ''ă-dșor'' /ətˈʃor/ 'her brother'; ''ă-h-ar'' /əˈhar/ 'her father' | * ''ă-dșor'' /ətˈʃor/ 'her brother'; ''ă-h-ar'' /əˈhar/ 'her father' | ||
* ''orn-dșor'' /orntˈʃor/ 'our brother'; ''orn-ar'' /oɾˈnar/ 'our father' | * ''orn-dșor'' /orntˈʃor/ 'our brother'; ''orn-ar'' /oɾˈnar/ 'our father' | ||
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|| {{rtl|{{Heb|נוֹאר תּא ציע נ׳עי תּאסאך א כֿרוֹהאך נא נ׳עווא איס נא תּאַל׳וֹן —}}}} | || {{rtl|{{Heb|נוֹאר תּא ציע נ׳עי תּאסאך א כֿרוֹהאך נא נ׳עווא איס נא תּאַל׳וֹן —}}}} | ||
||''Nuar tă Zie ņey tăsăch ă chruhăch nă ņevă is nă tałun —'' | ||''Nuar tă Zie ņey tăsăch ă chruhăch nă ņevă is nă tałun —'' | ||
|| [nuər tʰə tsiə nej | || [nuər tʰə tsiə nej ˈtʰəsəx ˈkʰrʊhəx nə nevə ɪs nə tʰa(w)un] | ||
||''**Nuair a tha Dia an dèidh toiseach a' chruthachadh na nèimh agus na talmhainn —'' | ||''**Nuair a tha Dia an dèidh toiseach a' chruthachadh na nèimh agus na talmhainn —'' | ||
||''When God began creating the heaven and the earth —'' | ||''When God began creating the heaven and the earth —'' | ||
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|| {{rtl|{{Heb|וו אן תּאַל׳ קאַן פֿעראמאָל איס פאָל׳, איס ווא טאכאטיס א כּוֹטאך אן תּהוֹם, איס וו אן שבּיראט תּאק ציע א סנאָוו אשצשיען נא ה־אישצשאן —}}}} | || {{rtl|{{Heb|וו אן תּאַל׳ קאַן פֿעראמאָל איס פאָל׳, איס ווא טאכאטיס א כּוֹטאך אן תּהוֹם, איס וו אן שבּיראט תּאק ציע א סנאָוו אשצשיען נא ה־אישצשאן —}}}} | ||
||''v' ăn tał gan fherămăl is foł, is vă dăchădis ă cudăch ăn tăhum, is v' ăn șbirăd tăg Zie ă snov ășģien nă h-ișģăn —'' | ||''v' ăn tał gan fherămăl is foł, is vă dăchădis ă cudăch ăn tăhum, is v' ăn șbirăd tăg Zie ă snov ășģien nă h-ișģăn —'' | ||
|| [v‿ən tʰaw gan ˈerəmol ɪs ˈfow, ɪs və | || [v‿ən tʰaw gan ˈerəmol ɪs ˈfow, ɪs və ˈtəxədɪs ə ˈkʰudəx ən ˈtʰəhum, ɪs v‿ən ˈʃpɪrəd ək tsiə ə snov əʃˈtʃiən nə ˈhɪʃtʃən] | ||
||''**bha an talamh gan fhoirmeil agus folamh, agus bha dorchadas ag còmhdach an תהום, agus bha an spiorad a th' aig Dia ag snàmh os cionn na huisgeachan —'' | ||''**bha an talamh gan fhoirmeil agus folamh, agus bha dorchadas ag còmhdach an תהום, agus bha an spiorad a th' aig Dia ag snàmh os cionn na huisgeachan —'' | ||
||''the earth was unformed (lit. without forming) and empty, and darkness was covering the deep, and the spirit of God was floating above the waters —'' | ||''the earth was unformed (lit. without forming) and empty, and darkness was covering the deep, and the spirit of God was floating above the waters —'' | ||
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|| {{rtl|{{Heb|תּאָ ציע נ׳עי פעצש אן סאָל׳אש, קוֹ וועל ע מאַהּ; איס תּאָ ציע נ׳עי צעל׳אך איצארן סאָל׳אס איס אן טאכאטיס.}}}} | || {{rtl|{{Heb|תּאָ ציע נ׳עי פעצש אן סאָל׳אש, קוֹ וועל ע מאַהּ; איס תּאָ ציע נ׳עי צעל׳אך איצארן סאָל׳אס איס אן טאכאטיס.}}}} | ||
|| ''To Zie ņey fec̦ ăn sołăș, gu vel e mah; is to Zie ņey zełăch izărn sołăs is ăn dăchădis.'' | || ''To Zie ņey fec̦ ăn sołăș, gu vel e mah; is to Zie ņey zełăch izărn sołăs is ăn dăchădis.'' | ||
|| [tʰo tsiə nej fetʃʰ ən ˈsowəs kʊ vel e mah; ɪs tʰo tsiə nej | || [tʰo tsiə nej fetʃʰ ən ˈsowəs kʊ vel e mah; ɪs tʰo tsiə nej ˈtsewəx ˈɪdzərn ˈsowəs ɪs ən ˈtəxədɪs] | ||
|| ''**Tha Dia an dèidh faic an tsolais, gu bheil e maith; agus tha Dia an dèidh dealachadh idir an tsolais agus an dorchadais.'' | || ''**Tha Dia an dèidh faic an tsolais, gu bheil e maith; agus tha Dia an dèidh dealachadh idir an tsolais agus an dorchadais.'' | ||
|| ''God saw the light, that it is good; and God separated the light and the darkness.'' | || ''God saw the light, that it is good; and God separated the light and the darkness.'' | ||
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|| {{rtl|{{Heb|תּאָ ציע נ׳עי תּאַקאר טען סאָל׳אס ל׳אַ, איס אן טאכאטיס תּ ע נ׳עי תּאַקאר טאָ עיהא. איס וו ערב אָן איס ווא מֿאַטין׳ אָן, ל׳אַ אחד.}}}} | || {{rtl|{{Heb|תּאָ ציע נ׳עי תּאַקאר טען סאָל׳אס ל׳אַ, איס אן טאכאטיס תּ ע נ׳עי תּאַקאר טאָ עיהא. איס וו ערב אָן איס ווא מֿאַטין׳ אָן, ל׳אַ אחד.}}}} | ||
|| ''To Zie ņey tagăr den sołăs ła, is ăn dăchădis t'e ņey tagăr do eyhă. Is v' erăv ołn is vă mhadiņ ołn, ła echăd.'' | || ''To Zie ņey tagăr den sołăs ła, is ăn dăchădis t'e ņey tagăr do eyhă. Is v' erăv ołn is vă mhadiņ ołn, ła echăd.'' | ||
|| [tʰo tsiə nej ˈtʰakər den ˈsowəs wa, ɪs ən | || [tʰo tsiə nej ˈtʰakər den ˈsowəs wa, ɪs ən ˈtəxətɪs tʰ‿e nej ˈtʰakər do ˈejhə. ɪs v‿ˈerəv own ɪs və ˈvadɪɲ own, wa ˈehəd] | ||
||''**Tha Dia an dèidh tagairt dhon tsolas latha, agus an dorchadas tha e an dèidh tagairt dha oidhche. Agus bha ערב ann agus bha mhadainn ann, latha אחד.'' | ||''**Tha Dia an dèidh tagairt dhon tsolas latha, agus an dorchadas tha e an dèidh tagairt dha oidhche. Agus bha ערב ann agus bha mhadainn ann, latha אחד.'' | ||
||''God called the light day, and the darkness, He called it night. And there was evening and there was morning, one day.</center> | ||''God called the light day, and the darkness, He called it night. And there was evening and there was morning, one day.</center> | ||