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Thezhmic: Difference between revisions
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'''Thezhmic''' (/ˈθɛʒmɪk/, Native: ''Ŧəźmikós'' /θəʒmiˈkos | '''Thezhmic''' (/ˈθɛʒmɪk/, Native: ''Ŧəźmikós'' /θəʒmiˈkos/) is an Indo-European language. | ||
{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|name = Thezhmic | |name = Thezhmic | ||
| Line 410: | Line 410: | ||
'''Examples:''' | '''Examples:''' | ||
*''' | *'''wə́lqos, -ōs (m.):''' wolf | ||
*'''nizdós, -ōs (m.):''' nest | *'''nizdós, -ōs (m.):''' nest | ||
*'''wérjom, -ōs (n.):''' work | *'''wérjom, -ōs (n.):''' work | ||
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*'''þōnā́, -ā́s (f.):''' grain | *'''þōnā́, -ā́s (f.):''' grain | ||
*'''ġnā́, -ā́s (f.):''' woman | *'''ġnā́, -ā́s (f.):''' woman | ||
*''' | *'''wəlqī́, wəlqyā́s (f.):''' she-wolf | ||
====I-stems==== | ====I-stems==== | ||
| Line 465: | Line 464: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| -is || rowspan="3"| -i || rowspan="3"| -ī || rowspan="2"| -ēis || rowspan="3"| -ī | | -is || rowspan="3"| -i || rowspan="3"| -ī; -i¹ || rowspan="2"| -ēis; -yes¹ || rowspan="3"| -ī; -i¹ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Vocative | ! Vocative | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Instrumental | ! Instrumental | ||
| colspan="2"| -ī || rowspan="3"| -ivom || colspan="2"| -ivis | | colspan="2"| -ī; -i¹ || rowspan="3"| -ivom || colspan="2"| -ivis | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| colspan="2"| -ēi || colspan="2" rowspan="2"| -ivos | | colspan="2"| -ēi; -i¹ || colspan="2" rowspan="2"| -ivos | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Ablative | ! Ablative | ||
| colspan="2"| -eit | | colspan="2"| -eit; -it¹ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| colspan="2"| -eis || rowspan="2"| -izous || colspan="2"| -izōm | | colspan="2"| -eis; -is¹ || rowspan="2"| -izous || colspan="2"| -izōm | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Locative | ! Locative | ||
| colspan="2"| -ēi || colspan="2"| -izu | | colspan="2"| -ēi; -i¹ || colspan="2"| -izu | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
'''Notes:''' | |||
¹ After vowels | |||
'''Examples:''' | '''Examples:''' | ||
*'''méntis, mə̃téis (f.):''' mind, intellect | *'''méntis, mə̃téis (f.):''' mind, intellect | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| -us || rowspan="3"| -u || rowspan="3"| -ū || rowspan="2"| -ewes || rowspan="3"| -ū | | -us || rowspan="3"| -u || rowspan="3"| -ū; -u¹ || rowspan="2"| -ewes; -wes¹ || rowspan="3"| -ū; -u¹ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Vocative | ! Vocative | ||
| Line 509: | Line 512: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Accusative | ! Accusative | ||
| - | | -um; -m¹ || -uns | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Instrumental | ! Instrumental | ||
| colspan="2"| -ū || rowspan="3"| -uvom || colspan="2"| -uvis | | colspan="2"| -ū; -u¹ || rowspan="3"| -uvom || colspan="2"| -uvis | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| colspan="2"| -ewei || colspan="2" rowspan="2"| -uvos | | colspan="2"| -ewei; -wei¹ || colspan="2" rowspan="2"| -uvos | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Ablative | ! Ablative | ||
| colspan="2"| -eut | | colspan="2"| -eut; -ut¹ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| colspan="2"| -eus || rowspan="2"| -uzous || colspan="2"| -uzōm | | colspan="2"| -eus; -us¹ || rowspan="2"| -uzous || colspan="2"| -uzōm | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Locative | ! Locative | ||
| colspan="2"| -ēu || colspan="2"| -uzu | | colspan="2"| -ēu; -wi¹ || colspan="2"| -uzu | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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'''Notes:''' | '''Notes:''' | ||
¹ | ¹ After a vowel. In the singular m./f. accusative, the preceding vowel to be lengthened if short. | ||
'''Examples:''' | '''Examples:''' | ||
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³ ''-S-'' becomes ''-C-'' after a vowel. | ³ ''-S-'' becomes ''-C-'' after a vowel. | ||
'''Examples:'' | '''Examples:''' | ||
*'''pátēr, patrés (m.):''' father | *'''pátēr, patrés (m.):''' father | ||
*'''ŧéźōm, ŧəźmés (f.):''' homeland | *'''ŧéźōm, ŧəźmés (f.):''' homeland | ||
*'''ənómə̃, ənémnes (n.):''' name | *'''ənómə̃, ənémnes (n.):''' name | ||
*'''ścũmṓn, ścũnés (m.):''' | *'''ścũmṓn, ścũnés (m.):''' human | ||
*'''wódər, wédōr, udnés (n.):''' water | *'''wódər, wédōr, udnés (n.):''' water | ||
*'''sṓwəl, saunés (n.):''' sun | *'''sṓwəl, saunés (n.):''' sun | ||
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'''Examples:''' | '''Examples:''' | ||
*''' | *'''pṓts, pódes, pedés (m.):''' foot | ||
*'''nóqs, nóqtes, néqtes (f.):''' night | *'''nóqs, nóqtes, néqtes (f.):''' night | ||
*'''névos, névōs, névezes (n.):''' cloud | *'''névos, névōs, névezes (n.):''' cloud | ||
*'''mḗns, mḗnzes (m.):''' moon | *'''mḗns, mḗnzes (m.):''' moon | ||
==== | ====Vowel-stems==== | ||
These comprise nouns whose stems end in a vowel that are not o-, ā-, or i-stems. They most often end in long vowels, but not always. | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
! | |+ Vowel-stem declension | ||
! rowspan="2"| Case !! colspan="2"|Singular !! Dual !! colspan="2"|Plural | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! m./f. !! n. !! m./f./n. !! m./f. !! n. | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Nominative | ||
| | | -s || rowspan="3"| - || rowspan="3"| - || rowspan="2"| -s || rowspan="3"| - | ||
|- | |- | ||
! i- | ! Vocative | ||
| | | - | ||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| -m || -ns | |||
|- | |||
! Instrumental | |||
| colspan="2"| -¹ || rowspan="3"| -vom || colspan="2"| -vis | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| colspan="2"| -i || colspan="2" rowspan="2"| -vos | |||
|- | |||
! Ablative | |||
| colspan="2"| -t | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| colspan="2"| -s || rowspan="2"| -zous || colspan="2"| -zōm | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Locative | ||
| | | colspan="2"| -i || colspan="2"| -zu | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
'''Notes:''' | '''Notes:''' | ||
¹ | ¹ A final short vowel is lengthened. | ||
'''Examples:''' | |||
*'''də̃źū́s, də̃źwā́s (f.):''' tongue | |||
*'''méjas, ũjás (m.):''' big one | |||
====Mixed consonant-vowel stems==== | |||
These are nouns where strong stem and weak stems forms differ in declension such that one of them is declined as a consonant stem and the other is declined as a vowel stem. | |||
'''Examples:''' | |||
*'''póntōs, póntōs, pə̃tés (m.):''' road, path | |||
====Weak stem patterns==== | |||
* | Nouns with weak stems that differ from their strong stems tend to follow certain trends. Common ways to derive the weak stem from the strong stem include (note that multiple ways may co-occur): | ||
*Shift of accent from the root to the ending. | |||
*Shortening a long vowel. | |||
*Change of ''-o-'' to ''-e-''. | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | *Dropping the nucleus vowel (usually ''-o-'' or ''-e-''). | ||
! | **If this results in a forbidden consonant cluster: | ||
***If one of the consonants in that cluster is a liquid (''r, l''), a nasal (''n, m''), or a glide (''y, w''), it is converted to its syllabic counterpart. | |||
***Otherwise, the cluster is broken with ''-ə-''. | |||
Note that even if one or more of the above changes are possible, they may not occur in a given noun. Unpredictable changes can also occur. | |||
===Adjectives=== | |||
Adjectives are declined as the noun classes; however, in constrast to the masculine and neuter, the feminine almost always falls under the ā-stem class. | |||
The formation of the feminine generally depends on the masculine and neuter class as per the table below: | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
! Name of adjective class !! Masculine and neuter class !! Formation of feminine | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! o/ā-stem | ||
| | | o-stem || masc./neut. weak stem + ''-ā, -ās'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! u-stem | ||
| | | u-stem || masc./neut. weak stem + ''-(e)wī, -uyās'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! i-stem | ||
| | | i-stem || masc./neut. weak stem + ''-ī, -yās'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! liquid/nasal-stem | ||
| | | liquid/nasal-stem || masc./neut. weak stem + ''-Cī, -Cyās''¹ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! consonant-stem | ||
| | | consonant-stem || masc./neut. weak stem + ''-ī, -yās'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! vowel-stem | ||
| | | vowel-stem || masc./neut. weak stem + ''-i, -yās'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! mixed-stem | ||
| | | mixed-stem || masc./neut. weak stem + ''-ī/i, -yās'' (when weak stem is a consonant-stem/vowel-stem respectively) | ||
|} | |||
<!-- | |||
'''Notes:''' | |||
¹ The feminine weak stem may end in a palatalized consonant instead of ''-y-''. However, cases where this would occur have mostly been reversed by anology. | |||
--> | |||
The citation form of adjectives is: ''masculine singular nominative, neuter singular nominative, (masculine/neuter singular genitive), (feminine singular nominative), (feminine singular genitive)''. | |||
*The genitive(s) can be dropped when the adjective is declined regularly. This most often happens with ō/ā-stem adjectives. | |||
*The feminine singular nominative is dropped when feminine forms are identical to the masculine. This occurs in a few adjectives (never o/ā-class), the most notable of which are the cardinal numbers 3 and 4. | |||
Like nouns, adjectives have weak stems. These are formed similarly as those of nouns. | |||
===Numerals=== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
! Number !! Cardinal !! Ordinal <!--!! Prefix !! Adverbial !! Fractional--> | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! 1 | ||
| | | sḗm, sém, smés, smī́, smyā́s || parwós, -óm, -ā́ <!--|| sũ(m)- || ||--> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!9 | !2 | ||
| dwṓ, dwṓ, dwā́i || ħánteros, -om, -ā <!--|| dwi(y)- || dwis || sēmi--> | |||
|- | |||
!3 | |||
| trḗis, trī́, trizṓm || tritós, -óm, -ā́ <!--|| tri(y)- --> | |||
|- | |||
!4 | |||
| qetwóres, qetwṓr, qeturṓm || qeturtós, -óm, -ā́ <!--|| qetur- --> | |||
|- | |||
!5 | |||
| pénqe, -zōm, -vis || penqtós, -óm, -ā́ | |||
|- | |||
!6 | |||
| swékś, -ōm, -fis || sweśtós, -óm, -ā́ | |||
|- | |||
!7 | |||
| septṹ, -zōm, -vis || septũmós, -óm, -ā́ | |||
|- | |||
!8 | |||
| ʕośtṓu, -zōm, -vis || ʕośtowós, -óm, -ā́ | |||
|- | |||
!9 | |||
| ənéwə̃, -zōm, -vis || ənewə̃nós, -óm, -ā́ | | ənéwə̃, -zōm, -vis || ənewə̃nós, -óm, -ā́ | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2"|Nominative | ! colspan="2"|Nominative | ||
| rowspan="2"| | | rowspan="2"| éj | ||
| rowspan="2"| wḗ | | rowspan="2"| wḗ | ||
| rowspan="2"| wḗis | | rowspan="2"| wḗis | ||
| Line 969: | Line 1,025: | ||
====Demonstrative pronouns==== | ====Demonstrative pronouns==== | ||
There are three demonstratives: | There are three demonstratives: | ||
*The neutral demonstrative '' | *The neutral demonstrative ''tós, -ót, -ā́'' "this, that" (declension in the table below). | ||
*The near demonstrative '' | *The near demonstrative ''cís, -ít, -ī́'' "this" (declined as the third person pronoun ''is''). | ||
*The far demonstrative ''énos, -ot, -ā'' "that" (declined as the neutral demonstrative ''tos''). | *The far demonstrative ''énos, -ot, -ā'' "that" (declined as the neutral demonstrative ''tos''). | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
| Line 1,015: | Line 1,071: | ||
====Other pronouns==== | ====Other pronouns==== | ||
*''ħályos, -ot, -ā'' "other, another" (declined as ''tos'') | *''ħályos, -ot, -ā'' "other, another" (declined as ''tos'') | ||
*''pélus, pélu, pléus, pléwī, pluyā́s'' "all" (declined as a u-stem adjective) | |||
===Derivation=== | ===Derivation=== | ||
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Each of these stems may have strong and weak variants. | Each of these stems may have strong and weak variants. | ||
These stems are given by the principal parts. For most verbs, the neutral stem is not directly given in a principal part but instead can be regularly derived from the present or future stem by the following rules: | |||
#If one of the two stems is derived from the other by adding something (a suffix, infix, prefix, etc.), the simpler stem (i.e. the one that does not have the addition) is used. | #If one of the two stems is derived from the other by adding something (a suffix, infix, prefix, etc.), the simpler stem (i.e. the one that does not have the addition) is used. | ||
#If the stems are suppletive, the perfect stem is used. | #If the stems are suppletive, the perfect stem is used. | ||
In cases where the above rules do not apply, the neutral stem is directly provided in the principal parts. | |||
Regardless of which stem is used, the neutral stem inherits both the strong and weak variants from its parent stem. | Regardless of which stem is used, the neutral stem inherits both the strong and weak variants from its parent stem. | ||
| Line 1,040: | Line 1,099: | ||
*The 1S perfect indicative | *The 1S perfect indicative | ||
*The 1P perfect indicative (if the perfect weak stem is different than the strong stem) | *The 1P perfect indicative (if the perfect weak stem is different than the strong stem) | ||
*The singular nominative action noun (if the neutral stem is irregular) | |||
*The singular genitive action noun (if the weak neutral stem is irregular and different than the strong netral stem) | |||
For example, the citation form of the verb "to be" is ''ézmi, əzmés, fū́mi, fevū́ħa''. Note that the 1P future and perfect forms are excluded since the weak stems are identical to the corresponding strong stems. | For example, the citation form of the verb "to be" is ''ézmi, əzmés, fū́mi, fevū́ħa''. Note that the 1P future and perfect forms are excluded since the weak stems are identical to the corresponding strong stems. | ||
| Line 1,628: | Line 1,689: | ||
====Non-nominal adverbs==== | ====Non-nominal adverbs==== | ||
These are adverbs that are not transparently derived from nouns or adjectives, although they may be related. | These are adverbs that are not transparently derived from nouns or adjectives, although they may be related. These include: | ||
*''cóm'' "along, together" | |||
*''én'' "in" | |||
===Postpositions=== | ===Postpositions=== | ||
Postpositions follow the words they modify. They may govern any case other than the nominative. | |||
Many postpositions are identical to adverbs but unaccented. | |||
Some postpositions include; | |||
*''com'' "with" (governs instrumental) | |||
*''en'' "in" (governs locative); "into" (governs accusative) | |||
*''pontō'' "like" (governs genitive) | |||
===Conjunctions=== | ===Conjunctions=== | ||
| Line 1,662: | Line 1,733: | ||
<!-- etc. etc. --> | <!-- etc. etc. --> | ||
==Example texts== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
===Time - ''Wétos''=== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Seasons - ''Yēnés wétōs'' | |||
! English !! Thezhmic | |||
|- | |||
| spring || wózər, wézōr, wéznes (n.) | |||
|- | |||
| summer || samṓr, samrés (m.) | |||
|- | |||
| fall || sózər, sézōr, séznes (n.) | |||
|- | |||
| winter || śimṓr, śimrés (m.) | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Gregorian months - '' '' | |||
! English !! Thezhmic | |||
|- | |||
| January || | |||
|- | |||
| February || | |||
|- | |||
| March || | |||
|- | |||
| April || | |||
|- | |||
| May || | |||
|- | |||
| June || | |||
|- | |||
| July || | |||
|- | |||
| August || | |||
|- | |||
| September || | |||
|- | |||
| October || | |||
|- | |||
| November || | |||
|- | |||
| December || | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Days of the week - ''Septṹmās ħáźōr'' | |||
! English !! Thezhmic | |||
|- | |||
| Sunday || | |||
|- | |||
| Monday || | |||
|- | |||
| Tuesday || | |||
|- | |||
| Wednesday || | |||
|- | |||
| Thursday || | |||
|- | |||
| Friday || | |||
|- | |||
| Saturday || | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Parts of the day - '' '' | |||
! English !! Thezhmic | |||
|- | |||
| day (daytime) || ħā́mər, ħā́mōr, ħamnés (n.) | |||
|- | |||
| dawn || | |||
|- | |||
| morning || | |||
|- | |||
| noon || | |||
|- | |||
| afternoon || | |||
|- | |||
| evening || | |||
|- | |||
| dusk || | |||
|- | |||
| night || nóqs, nóqtes, néqtes (f.) | |||
|- | |||
| midnight || | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Units of time - '' '' | |||
! English !! Thezhmic | |||
|- | |||
| second || ħánterā, -ās (f.) | |||
|- | |||
| minute || páwī, pauyā́s (f.) | |||
|- | |||
| hour || mḗlā, -ās (f.) | |||
|- | |||
| day || ħáźər, ħáźōr, ħaźnés (n.) | |||
|- | |||
| week || septṹmā, -ās (f.) | |||
|- | |||
| month || mēnśā́, -ā́s (f.) | |||
|- | |||
| season || wétos, wétōs, wétezes (n.) | |||
|- | |||
| year || yṓr, yéʕōr, yēnés (n.) | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Time adverbs - '' '' | |||
! English !! Thezhmic | |||
|- | |||
| now || | |||
|- | |||
| then || | |||
|- | |||
| recently, a short time ago || | |||
|- | |||
| earlier || | |||
|- | |||
| soon, shortly || | |||
|- | |||
| later || | |||
|- | |||
| always || | |||
|- | |||
| often || | |||
|- | |||
| sometimes || | |||
|- | |||
| rarely || | |||
|- | |||
| never || | |||
|- | |||
| ever || | |||
|- | |||
| still, yet || | |||
|- | |||
| already || | |||
|- | |||
| today || | |||
|- | |||
| tonight || | |||
|- | |||
| yesterday || | |||
|- | |||
| last night || | |||
|- | |||
| tomorrow || | |||
|- | |||
| tomorrow night || | |||
|- | |||
| before yesterday || | |||
|- | |||
| two nights ago || | |||
|- | |||
| after tomorrow || | |||
|- | |||
| this week || | |||
|- | |||
| last week || | |||
|- | |||
| next week || | |||
|- | |||
| this year || | |||
|- | |||
| last year || péruti | |||
|- | |||
| next year || | |||
|} | |||
==Example texts== | |||
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. --> | <!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. --> | ||
==Other resources== | ==Other resources== | ||
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --> | <!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --> | ||