Tjoc: Difference between revisions

==Alphabet==

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

|[y:]

|long 'u'

|-

|w

The short vowels 'a' [a], 'i' [i] and 'u' [ø] have got a long counterpart: 'å' [o:], 'y' [εi̯] and 'ů' [y:].

Also the vowels 'e' and 'o' can be either short or long, but they are written always in one way.

==Diphthongs and digraphs==

|}

The cluster <sk> maintains the sound [sk] in front of the vowels ''a'', ''å'', ''o'', ''u'' and ''ů'', but in front of the vowels ''e'', ''i'', ''j'' and ''y'' it behaves as a digraph and is pronounced [ʃ].

The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:

* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''iwacan'', "to wake up", is read as [ɪ'vatʃan].

|uter

|stone

|uter

|foot

|neuter

|land

|uter

|sky, heaven

|book

|-

| -

|uter

|woman

|-

|neuter

|heart

|neuter

|star

|uter

|eye

|friend

|-

|uter

|enemy

* ''lerend'' - ''lerendstre'';

* ''frjond'' - ''fryndstre'';

* ''lind'' - ''lindstre''.

|go (!)

|good

|bad

|-

|sad

|-

|tall / high

!skam

|skene

|beautiful / goodlooking

|ugly

|-

|near / close

|-

|far / distant

|tired

|}

|beter

|betre

|wyrs

|wyrse

|yngre

|-

!strong

|strenger

|nyr

|nyrre

|}

Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:

===Superlative===

The superlative degree is formed with the suffix '-ast' (some irregular adjectives form it with '-est'). The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it is preceded by the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with ''i + dative case'', ex.:

====Adjectives with an irregular superlative====

|best

|beste

|wyst

|wyste

|yngste

|-

!strong

|strengst

|nyrst

|nyrste

|}

!1

|ån

|-

!2

|-

!4

!5

|-

!6

|-

!14

!15

|-

!16

!21

|twejnti-ån

|-

!22

!31

|tryti-ån

!40

|-

!50

!60

|systi

|}

Please note that the numeral 200 is irregular, because an alternative form of 2, that is ''twå'', is used. Also the form for hundred in compounds is irregular: ''hůd'', this form is quite archaic nowadays.

The ordinals of the numbers from 200 to 900 are obtained by substituting the final '-d' for '-t', ex.: 200 ''twåod'' > 200th ''twåot''.

The word for a million is ''miklenn'' (< O.E. ''miclung'', "greatness" × Ti. ''tůsenn'') and it behaves as ''tůsenn''.

|-

!'''Accusative'''

|colspan="2"|ůs

|-

|-

!'''Accusative'''

|colspan="2"|jou

|-

* ''Y gå tat hůs jonner'' means "I go to that house over there" without using ''to'' (= to).  

* ''Y jom i tem hůs her'';

* ''Ůr djor > Tat ůr'' - Our animal > Ours;

* ''Jower frjond > Se jower'' - Your friend > Yours;

Plural forms:

* ''Ůre djor > Te ůre'' - Our animals > Ours;

* ''Jowre frynd > Te jowre'' - Your friends > Yours;

===Relatives and 'interro-exclamatories'===

* ''Hwas is se bok her?'' - Whose is this book?

* ''Hwam hafstů isagd het?'' - Whom have you said it to?

Instrumental case ''hwy'' corresponds perfectly to English "why" (but also to the English "because"!), ex.:

When an adjective ends with a vowel, than the adverbial ending ''-i'' isn't added. In some adjectives this suffix causes a mutation of the root vowel.

Adverbs can be positioned wherever we want, but it is necessary to remember these rules:

* ''nů'' - now;

* ''tann'' - then;

* ''eften'' - after;

* ''ålhwon'' - some times;

* ''jaltyd'' - always;

* ''åfre'' - ever;

* ''twejn > twejnnes'' - twice;

* ''try > trynes'' - thrice;

* ''sys > sysnes'' - six times...  

===Manner adverbs===

Some adverbs have an irregular comparative and superlative form:

* ''(an) lit / liten - lass - last'' (little - less - least).  

==Verbs==

If one observes the conjugation of the verb ''lyrne'', he will see that in the 2nd and the 3rd person singular the root undergoes a vowel change: ''-y-'' becomes ''-jo-''. This irregularity is found in all the so called '''-je verbs''', that is verbs that had in Anglo-Saxon a conjugation with ''-i-'' in some endings and without it in others (such as the 2nd and the 3rd person singular of present indicative). This ''-i-'' has disappeared in the endings, but, before, has changed the root vowel; not all the vowels undergo this change though: only ''o'' and ''u'' / ''ů'' undergo this change and become respectively ''e'' and ''i'' / ''y'', the diphthong ''jo'' becomes ''y'' instead.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!'''Person'''

!'''Lyrne'''

!'''Kinne'''

|-

!'''y'''

|lyrne

|kinne

|-

!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''

|lyrna

|kinna

|}

|l'''y'''rne

!behōf'''i'''an

!cunn'''i'''an

|k'''i'''nne

|l'''y'''rna

!behōf'''i'''aþ

!cunn'''i'''aþ

|k'''i'''nna

The form ''såt'' for ''sagt'' is mostly found in the spoken language.

Other specialized verbs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!'''Person'''

!'''Hå'''

!'''Wille'''

!'''Kunne'''

!'''Mote'''

|-

!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''

|hå

|willa

|kunnon

|moton

|}

''Kunne'' and ''mote'' are quite differentiated, because the former means "can, to be able to do something", and the latter means "to be allowed to do something, to have the permission to do something".

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!'''Person'''

!'''Gå'''

|-

!'''y'''

|gå

|-

!'''tů''' / '''he'''

|gåt

|-

!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''

|gå

|}

Ex.:

===Past indicative===

As for the present, the "-je verbs" show a modified vowel root in this tense. While in the present indicative only the 2nd and the 3rd singular person show this change, in the past indicative all the verbal voices show this mutation.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!'''Person'''

!'''Lyrne'''

!'''Kinne'''

|-

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!'''Person'''

!'''Hå'''

!'''Wille'''

!'''Kunne'''

!'''Mote'''

!'''Person'''

!'''Gå'''

|-

!'''y''' / '''tů''' / '''he'''

|jode

|-

!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''

|jodon

|}

* ''I: byte - byt - båt - biton'' (to bite - you bite - I bit - we bit);

* ''VII: låte - låt - let - leton'' (to let - you let - I let - we let).  

===The "w-verbs"===

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

!'''Person'''

|-

!'''y'''

|-

!'''tů''' / '''he'''

|-

!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''

|}

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"

|-

!'''bēode'''

!'''giefe'''

!'''sīge'''

|-

!'''bīett'''

|-

!'''bēodaþ'''

!'''giefaþ'''

!'''sīgaþ'''

|}

Things change again in the past tense:  

|-

!'''budon'''

!'''gēafon'''

!'''sigon'''

|}

===Present perfect and participle II===

Here is the present perfect of the verbs ''bjo'', ''lyrne'', ''wenne'' and ''lyce'':