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Tjoc (view source)

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==Alphabet==
==Alphabet==


Tjoc alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 24 characters:
Tjoc alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters:


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
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|[y:]
|[y:]
|long 'u'
|long 'u'
|-
|v
|[v]
| -
|-
|-
|w
|w
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The short vowels 'a' [a], 'i' [i] and 'u' [ø] have got a long counterpart: 'å' [o:], 'y' [εi̯] and 'ů' [y:].
The short vowels 'a' [a], 'i' [i] and 'u' [ø] have got a long counterpart: 'å' [o:], 'y' [εi̯] and 'ů' [y:].
Also the vowels 'e' and 'o' can be either short or long, but they are written always in one way.
Also the vowels 'e' and 'o' can be either short or long, but they are written always in one way.
Actually there are words that differ in the pronunciation of these vowels, such as ''wjor'', that means both "far", when it is pronounced ['vjɔr], and "four", when it is pronounced ['vju:r]. It is important to know how to pronounce these two vowels, because it allows to distinguish words that are spelled the same.
Actually there are words that differ in the pronunciation of these vowels, such as ''vjor'', that means both "far", when it is pronounced ['vjɔr], and "four", when it is pronounced ['vju:r]. It is important to know how to pronounce these two vowels, because it allows to distinguish words that are spelled the same.
There isn't a law that regulates the length of 'e' and 'o', but, usually, when these two vowels are unstressed, they are always short, wheres if they are stressed, they can be either short or long. If the stressed 'e' or 'o' are followed by one consonant or none at all, then thay are usually pronounced as long, that is [e:] and [u:] respectively. Otherwise they are pronounced short, [ε] and [ɔ] respectively. Of course this doesn't happen regularly, as we have seen for the word ''wjor'' ("far"), in which the 'o' is pronounced short. There are, however, clues that can help us, for exemple the comparative of the word is ''wjorre'', it confirms the short pronunciation of the root vowel.
There isn't a law that regulates the length of 'e' and 'o', but, usually, when these two vowels are unstressed, they are always short, wheres if they are stressed, they can be either short or long. If the stressed 'e' or 'o' are followed by one consonant or none at all, then thay are usually pronounced as long, that is [e:] and [u:] respectively. Otherwise they are pronounced short, [ε] and [ɔ] respectively. Of course this doesn't happen regularly, as we have seen for the word ''vjor'' ("far"), in which the 'o' is pronounced short. There are, however, clues that can help us, for exemple the comparative of the word is ''vjorre'', it confirms the short pronunciation of the root vowel.


==Diphthongs and digraphs==
==Diphthongs and digraphs==
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|}
|}


Also the letter 'y' is pronounced as a diphthong, as we have seen. Tjoc has got a digraph: <hw>, that is pronounced [kv].
Also the letter 'y' is pronounced as a diphthong, as we have seen. Tjoc has got two digraphs: <hw>, that is pronounced [kv], and <hj>, that is pronounced [ʃ]. Also the only trigraph, <skj>, is pronounced as [ʃ].
The cluster <sk> maintains the sound [sk] in front of the vowels ''a'', ''å'', ''o'', ''u'' and ''ů'', but in front of the vowels ''e'', ''i'', ''j'' and ''y'' it behaves as a digraph and is pronounced [ʃ].
The cluster <sk> maintains the sound [sk] in front of the vowels ''a'', ''å'', ''o'', ''u'' and ''ů'', but in front of the vowels ''e'', ''i'', ''j'' and ''y'' it behaves as a digraph and is pronounced [ʃ].


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The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:
The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:


* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective, ex.: ''warjewels'', "forgiveness", is read as [var'jɛvɛls]. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately, ex.: ''lerstof'', "school", is read as ['le:r 'stu(f)];
* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective, ex.: ''varjevels'', "forgiveness", is read as [var'jɛvɛls]. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately, ex.: ''lerstof'', "school", is read as ['le:r 'stu(f)];


* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''iwacan'', "to wake up", is read as [ɪ'vatʃan].
* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''iwacan'', "to wake up", is read as [ɪ'vatʃan].
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|uter
|uter
|stone
|stone
!wot
!vot
|wet
|vet
|uter
|uter
|foot
|foot
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|neuter
|neuter
|land
|land
!skjoun
!hjoun
|skjoune
|hjoune
|uter
|uter
|sky, heaven
|sky, heaven
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|book
|book
|-
|-
!frywe
!fryve
| -
| -
|uter
|uter
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|woman
|woman
|-
|-
!skjort
!hjort
|skjort
|hjort
|neuter
|neuter
|heart
|heart
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|neuter
|neuter
|star
|star
!jaw
!jav
|jawen
|javen
|uter
|uter
|eye
|eye
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|friend
|friend
|-
|-
!wjond
!vjond
|wynd
|vynd
|uter
|uter
|enemy
|enemy
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* ''lerend'' - ''lerendstre'';
* ''lerend'' - ''lerendstre'';
* ''frjond'' - ''fryndstre'';
* ''frjond'' - ''fryndstre'';
* ''wjond'' - ''wyndstre'';
* ''vjond'' - ''vyndstre'';
* ''lind'' - ''lindstre''.
* ''lind'' - ''lindstre''.


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|go (!)
|go (!)
|good
|good
!iwel
!ivel
|iwele
|ivele
|bad
|bad
|-
|-
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|sad
|sad
|-
|-
!skjå
!hjå
|skjå (!)
|hjå (!)
|tall / high
|tall / high
!skam
!skam
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|skene
|skene
|beautiful / goodlooking
|beautiful / goodlooking
!unfawer
!unfaur
|unfawre (!)
|unfaure
|ugly
|ugly
|-
|-
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|near / close
|near / close
|-
|-
!wjor
!vjor
|wjorre
|vjorre
|far / distant
|far / distant
!moi
!moj
|moi
|moje
|tired
|tired
|}
|}
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|beter
|beter
|betre
|betre
!iwel
!ivel
|wyrs
|wyrs
|wyrse
|wyrse
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|yngre
|yngre
|-
|-
!skjå
!hjå
|skyr
|hyr
|skyrre
|hyrre
!strong
!strong
|strenger
|strenger
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|nyr
|nyr
|nyrre
|nyrre
!wjor
!vjor
|wyr
|vyr
|wyrre
|vyrre
|}
|}


Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:
Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:


* ''Tů jart skyr als y (jom)'' - You are taller than I (am).
* ''Tů jart hyr als y (jom)'' - You are taller than I (am).


===Superlative===
===Superlative===
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The superlative degree is formed with the suffix '-ast' (some irregular adjectives form it with '-est'). The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it is preceded by the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with ''i + dative case'', ex.:
The superlative degree is formed with the suffix '-ast' (some irregular adjectives form it with '-est'). The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it is preceded by the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with ''i + dative case'', ex.:


* ''Se skenaste blosne i tem werl'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.
* ''Se skenaste blosne i tem worull'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.


====Adjectives with an irregular superlative====
====Adjectives with an irregular superlative====
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|best
|best
|beste
|beste
!iwel
!ivel
|wyst
|wyst
|wyste
|wyste
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|yngste
|yngste
|-
|-
!skjå
!hjå
|skyst
|hyst
|skyste
|hyste
!strong
!strong
|strengst
|strengst
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|nyrst
|nyrst
|nyrste
|nyrste
!wjor
!vjor
|wyrst
|vyrst
|wyrste
|vyrste
|}
|}


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!1
!1
|ån
|ån
|wirst
|virst
|-
|-
!2
!2
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|-
|-
!4
!4
|wjor
|vjor
|wjort
|vjort
!5
!5
|wy
|vy
|wift
|vift
|-
|-
!6
!6
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|-
|-
!14
!14
|wjortin
|vjortin
|wjortint
|vjortint
!15
!15
|wiftin
|viftin
|wiftint
|viftint
|-
|-
!16
!16
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!21
!21
|twejnti-ån
|twejnti-ån
|twejnti-wirst
|twejnti-virst
|-
|-
!22
!22
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!31
!31
|tryti-ån
|tryti-ån
|tryti-wirst
|tryti-virst
!40
!40
|wjorti
|vjorti
|wjortit
|vjortit
|-
|-
!50
!50
|wifti
|vifti
|wiftit
|viftit
!60
!60
|systi
|systi
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|}
|}


Units are written linked to the tens with a hyphen, while tens and hundreds are written detached, ex.: 195 ''hůdre nejnti-wy''.
Units are written linked to the tens with a hyphen, while tens and hundreds are written detached, ex.: 195 ''hůdre nejnti-vy''.


From 100 on, numerals are formed with a suffix '-od': 200 ''twåod'', 300 ''tryod'', 400 ''wjorod'', 500 ''wyod'', 600 ''sysod'', 700 ''sjounod'', 800 ''jåtod'', 900 ''nejnod''. This form is the evolution of a former juxtaposition, ex.: ''try hůd > tryod''.
From 100 on, numerals are formed with a suffix '-od': 200 ''twåod'', 300 ''tryod'', 400 ''vjorod'', 500 ''vyod'', 600 ''sysod'', 700 ''sjounod'', 800 ''jåtod'', 900 ''nejnod''. This form is the evolution of a former juxtaposition, ex.: ''try hůd > tryod''.


Please note that the numeral 200 is irregular, because an alternative form of 2, that is ''twå'', is used. Also the form for hundred in compounds is irregular: ''hůd'', this form is quite archaic nowadays.
Please note that the numeral 200 is irregular, because an alternative form of 2, that is ''twå'', is used. Also the form for hundred in compounds is irregular: ''hůd'', this form is quite archaic nowadays.
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The ordinals of the numbers from 200 to 900 are obtained by substituting the final '-d' for '-t', ex.: 200 ''twåod'' > 200th ''twåot''.
The ordinals of the numbers from 200 to 900 are obtained by substituting the final '-d' for '-t', ex.: 200 ''twåod'' > 200th ''twåot''.


A thousand is said ''tusenn'' and its ordinal form is ''tusent''. The numbers from 1000 on are expressed with a hypen, ex.: 2000 ''twejn-tůsenn'', 5000 ''wy-tůsenn'', 9000 ''nejn-tůsenn'' and so on.
A thousand is said ''tusenn'' and its ordinal form is ''tusent''. The numbers from 1000 on are expressed with a hypen, ex.: 2000 ''twejn-tůsenn'', 5000 ''vy-tůsenn'', 9000 ''nejn-tůsenn'' and so on.


The word for a million is ''miklenn'' (< O.E. ''miclung'', "greatness" × Ti. ''tůsenn'') and it behaves as ''tůsenn''.
The word for a million is ''miklenn'' (< O.E. ''miclung'', "greatness" × Ti. ''tůsenn'') and it behaves as ''tůsenn''.
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|-
|-
!'''Accusative'''
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|mek
|colspan="2"|mec
|colspan="2"|ůs
|colspan="2"|ůs
|-
|-
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|-
|-
!'''Accusative'''
!'''Accusative'''
|colspan="2"|tek
|colspan="2"|tec
|colspan="2"|jou
|colspan="2"|jou
|-
|-
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* ''Y gå tat hůs jonner'' means "I go to that house over there" without using ''to'' (= to).  
* ''Y gå tat hůs jonner'' means "I go to that house over there" without using ''to'' (= to).  


But it is true that these three sentences show a particularly refined language, colloquially speaking, these sentences become respectively:
But it is true that these three sentences show a particularly refined language. Colloquially speaking, these sentences become respectively:


* ''Y jom i tem hůs her'';
* ''Y jom i tem hůs her'';
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* ''Ůr djor > Tat ůr'' - Our animal > Ours;
* ''Ůr djor > Tat ůr'' - Our animal > Ours;
* ''Jower frjond > Se jower'' - Your friend > Yours;
* ''Jower frjond > Se jower'' - Your friend > Yours;
* ''Heras skjort > Tat heras'' - Their heart > Theirs.  
* ''Heras hjort > Tat heras'' - Their heart > Theirs.  


Plural forms:
Plural forms:
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* ''Ůre djor > Te ůre'' - Our animals > Ours;
* ''Ůre djor > Te ůre'' - Our animals > Ours;
* ''Jowre frynd > Te jowre'' - Your friends > Yours;
* ''Jowre frynd > Te jowre'' - Your friends > Yours;
* ''Heras skjort > Te heras'' - Their hearts > Theirs.
* ''Heras hjort > Te heras'' - Their hearts > Theirs.


===Relatives and 'interro-exclamatories'===
===Relatives and 'interro-exclamatories'===
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* ''Hwas is se bok her?'' - Whose is this book?
* ''Hwas is se bok her?'' - Whose is this book?
* ''Hwam hafstů isagd het?'' - Whom have you said it to?
* ''Hwam hafstů isagd het?'' - Whom have you said it to?
* ''Se jon is se wyf hwan y frjowe'' - That there is the woman whom I love.
* ''Se jon is se wyf hwan y frjove'' - That there is the woman whom I love.


Instrumental case ''hwy'' corresponds perfectly to English "why" (but also to the English "because"!), ex.:
Instrumental case ''hwy'' corresponds perfectly to English "why" (but also to the English "because"!), ex.:
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When an adjective ends with a vowel, than the adverbial ending ''-i'' isn't added. In some adjectives this suffix causes a mutation of the root vowel.
When an adjective ends with a vowel, than the adverbial ending ''-i'' isn't added. In some adjectives this suffix causes a mutation of the root vowel.


Some adverbs have got suppletive forms, ex.: ''go > jarwe''; ''iwel > lyter''.
Some adverbs have got suppletive forms, ex.: ''go > jarwe''; ''ivel > lyter''.


Adverbs can be positioned wherever we want, but it is necessary to remember these rules:
Adverbs can be positioned wherever we want, but it is necessary to remember these rules:
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* ''nů'' - now;
* ''nů'' - now;
* ''tann'' - then;
* ''tann'' - then;
* ''iworn'' - before;
* ''ivorn'' - before;
* ''eften'' - after;
* ''eften'' - after;
* ''ålhwon'' - some times;
* ''ålhwon'' - some times;
* ''injaklic'' - usually;
* ''injakli'' - usually;
* ''jaltyd'' - always;
* ''jaltyd'' - always;
* ''åfre'' - ever;
* ''åfre'' - ever;
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* ''twejn > twejnnes'' - twice;
* ''twejn > twejnnes'' - twice;
* ''try > trynes'' - thrice;
* ''try > trynes'' - thrice;
* ''wjor > wjornes'' - four times;
* ''vjor > vjornes'' - four times;
* ''wy > wifnes'' (!) - five times;
* ''vy > vifnes'' (!) - five times;
* ''sys > sysnes'' - six times...  
* ''sys > sysnes'' - six times...  


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===Manner adverbs===
===Manner adverbs===


Manner adverbs are created from adjectives with the suffix ''-lic''. The interrogative and relative manner adverb is ''hů'', "how". Some times manner adverbs inflect and have a higher degree comparative and a superlative, ex.:
Manner adverbs are created from adjectives with the suffix ''-i''. The interrogative and relative manner adverb is ''hů'', "how". Some times manner adverbs inflect and have a higher degree comparative and a superlative, ex.:


* ''glåjlic - glåjlicar - glåjlicast'' (happily - happilier - happiliest);
* ''glå - glår - glåst'' (happily - happilier - happiliest);
* ''strenglic - strenglicar - strenglicast'' (strongly - stronglier - strongliest).  
* ''strengi - strengir - strenglist'' (strongly - stronglier - strongliest).  


Some adverbs have an irregular comparative and superlative form:
Some adverbs have an irregular comparative and superlative form:
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* ''(an) lit / liten - lass - last'' (little - less - least).  
* ''(an) lit / liten - lass - last'' (little - less - least).  


Both ''gryllic'' and ''micel'' can be used to mean "very", ex.: ''tů jart gryllic'' / ''micel sken'' - You are very beautiful.
Both ''gryti'' and ''micel'' can be used to mean "very", ex.: ''tů jart gryti'' / ''micel sken'' - You are very beautiful.


==Verbs==
==Verbs==
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If one observes the conjugation of the verb ''lyrne'', he will see that in the 2nd and the 3rd person singular the root undergoes a vowel change: ''-y-'' becomes ''-jo-''. This irregularity is found in all the so called '''-je verbs''', that is verbs that had in Anglo-Saxon a conjugation with ''-i-'' in some endings and without it in others (such as the 2nd and the 3rd person singular of present indicative). This ''-i-'' has disappeared in the endings, but, before, has changed the root vowel; not all the vowels undergo this change though: only ''o'' and ''u'' / ''ů'' undergo this change and become respectively ''e'' and ''i'' / ''y'', the diphthong ''jo'' becomes ''y'' instead.
If one observes the conjugation of the verb ''lyrne'', he will see that in the 2nd and the 3rd person singular the root undergoes a vowel change: ''-y-'' becomes ''-jo-''. This irregularity is found in all the so called '''-je verbs''', that is verbs that had in Anglo-Saxon a conjugation with ''-i-'' in some endings and without it in others (such as the 2nd and the 3rd person singular of present indicative). This ''-i-'' has disappeared in the endings, but, before, has changed the root vowel; not all the vowels undergo this change though: only ''o'' and ''u'' / ''ů'' undergo this change and become respectively ''e'' and ''i'' / ''y'', the diphthong ''jo'' becomes ''y'' instead.


Here are the verbs ''lyrne'', ''behewe'', "to be necessary", and ''kinne'', "to experience":
Here are the verbs ''lyrne'', ''beheve'', "to be necessary", and ''kinne'', "to experience":


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Person'''
!'''Lyrne'''
!'''Lyrne'''
!'''Behewe'''
!'''Beheve'''
!'''Kinne'''
!'''Kinne'''
|-
|-
!'''y'''
!'''y'''
|lyrne
|lyrne
|behewe
|beheve
|kinne
|kinne
|-
|-
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!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
|lyrna
|lyrna
|behewa
|beheva
|kinna
|kinna
|}
|}
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|l'''y'''rne
|l'''y'''rne
!behōf'''i'''an
!behōf'''i'''an
|beh'''e'''we
|beh'''e'''ve
!cunn'''i'''an
!cunn'''i'''an
|k'''i'''nne
|k'''i'''nne
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|l'''y'''rna
|l'''y'''rna
!behōf'''i'''aþ
!behōf'''i'''aþ
|beh'''e'''wa
|beh'''e'''va
!cunn'''i'''aþ
!cunn'''i'''aþ
|k'''i'''nna
|k'''i'''nna
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The form ''såt'' for ''sagt'' is mostly found in the spoken language.
The form ''såt'' for ''sagt'' is mostly found in the spoken language.


''Do'' and ''skå'' both mean "to do", but they are different just like to do and to make in English. The verb ''skå'' means "to create material things", it is used in such expressions as: ''skå tat bed'', "to make the bed", ''skå an klåwje'', "to make a sandwich", but also ''skå se såmwys'', "to act dumb". ''Do'' refers to a mental or immaterial activity, such as ''do an enhwil'', "to do a research", ''do an skrůting'', "to do an exam", but also ''do an minid'', "to make a gesture".
''Do'' and ''skå'' both mean "to do", but they are different just like to do and to make in English. The verb ''skå'' means "to create material things", it is used in such expressions as: ''skå tat bed'', "to make the bed", ''skå an klåvje'', "to make a sandwich", but also ''skå se såmwys'', "to act dumb". ''Do'' refers to a mental or immaterial activity, such as ''do an enhwil'', "to do a research", ''do an skrůting'', "to do an exam", but also ''do an minid'', "to make a gesture".


Other specialized verbs are:
Other specialized verbs are:
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{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Person'''
!'''Åwe'''
!'''Åve'''
!'''Hå'''
!'''Hå'''
!'''Wille'''
!'''Wille'''
!'''Mawe'''
!'''Mave'''
!'''Kunne'''
!'''Kunne'''
!'''Mote'''
!'''Mote'''
Line 1,603: Line 1,607:
|-
|-
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
|åwon
|åvon
|hå
|hå
|willa
|willa
|mawon
|mavon
|kunnon
|kunnon
|moton
|moton
|}
|}


Both ''åwe'' and ''hå'' mean "to have", but the former is used to mean "to owe" and indicates a rather material possession, even if it can be used also to indicate an immaterial possession, such as feelings, ideas, and so forth. Moreover ''åwe'' cannot ever be used as auxiliary verb. ''Hå'' indicates an immaterial possession, but it is not compulsory and it can indicate also a material possession, such as things, animals, etc. The greatest difference between ''åwe'' and ''hå'' is that the latter is the only one that can function as auxiliary.
Both ''åve'' and ''hå'' mean "to have", but the former is used to mean "to owe" and indicates a rather material possession, even if it can be used also to indicate an immaterial possession, such as feelings, ideas, and so forth. ''Hå'' indicates an immaterial possession, but it is not compulsory and it can indicate also a material possession, such as things, animals, etc. The greatest difference between ''åve'' and ''hå'' is that the latter is the only one that can function as auxiliary.


''Wille'' and ''mawe'' both have the meaning of "to want, to desire", but the former is more peremptory in his meaning and has a nuance of pretension. ''Mawe'' is closer to the English to wish and is considered more polite. Note the expressions ''y will tek'', "I love you, I hanker after you" (it has a carnal nuance) and ''y mag tek'', "I like you, I heart you".
''Wille'' and ''mave'' both have the meaning of "to want, to desire", but the former is more peremptory in his meaning and has a nuance of pretension. ''Mave'' is closer to the English to wish and is considered more polite. Note the expressions ''y will tec'', "I love you, I hanker after you" (it has a carnal nuance) and ''y mag tec'', "I like you, I heart you".


''Kunne'' and ''mote'' are quite differentiated, because the former means "can, to be able to do something", and the latter means "to be allowed to do something, to have the permission to do something".
''Kunne'' and ''mote'' are quite differentiated, because the former means "can, to be able to do something", and the latter means "to be allowed to do something, to have the permission to do something".


Two very important specialized verbs are ''gå'' and ''ware''. They both mean "to go", but the first is used when the act of going is done on foot; ''ware'' is used when the act of going is done by a mean of transport, such as bike, car, train, and so forth.
Two very important specialized verbs are ''gå'' and ''vare''. They both mean "to go", but the first is used when the act of going is done on foot; ''vare'' is used when the act of going is done by a mean of transport, such as bike, car, train, and so forth.


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Person'''
!'''Gå'''
!'''Gå'''
!'''Ware'''
!'''Vare'''
|-
|-
!'''y'''
!'''y'''
|gå
|gå
|ware
|vare
|-
|-
!'''tů''' / '''he'''
!'''tů''' / '''he'''
|gåt
|gåt
|wert
|vert
|-
|-
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
|gå
|gå
|wara
|vara
|}
|}


Ex.:
Ex.:


* ''Y gå to se lerstof by wet'' - I go to school on foot;
* ''Y gå to se lerstof by vet'' - I go to school on foot;
* ''Tů wert to se lerstof by twihwjol'' - You go to school by bike.
* ''Tů vert to se lerstof by twihwjol'' - You go to school by bike.


===Past indicative===
===Past indicative===
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As for the present, the "-je verbs" show a modified vowel root in this tense. While in the present indicative only the 2nd and the 3rd singular person show this change, in the past indicative all the verbal voices show this mutation.
As for the present, the "-je verbs" show a modified vowel root in this tense. While in the present indicative only the 2nd and the 3rd singular person show this change, in the past indicative all the verbal voices show this mutation.


Here are the verbs ''lyrne'', ''behewe'' and ''kinne'':
Here are the verbs ''lyrne'', ''beheve'' and ''kinne'':


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Person'''
!'''Lyrne'''
!'''Lyrne'''
!'''Behewe'''
!'''Beheve'''
!'''Kinne'''
!'''Kinne'''
|-
|-
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{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Person'''
!'''Åwe'''
!'''Åve'''
!'''Hå'''
!'''Hå'''
!'''Wille'''
!'''Wille'''
!'''Mawe'''
!'''Mave'''
!'''Kunne'''
!'''Kunne'''
!'''Mote'''
!'''Mote'''
Line 1,768: Line 1,772:
!'''Person'''
!'''Person'''
!'''Gå'''
!'''Gå'''
!'''Ware'''
!'''Vare'''
|-
|-
!'''y''' / '''tů''' / '''he'''
!'''y''' / '''tů''' / '''he'''
|jode
|jode
|wor
|vor
|-
|-
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
|jodon
|jodon
|woron
|voron
|}
|}


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* ''I: byte - byt - båt - biton'' (to bite - you bite - I bit - we bit);
* ''I: byte - byt - båt - biton'' (to bite - you bite - I bit - we bit);
* ''II: bjowe - byt - bjåg - buwon'' (to bid - you bid - I bade - we bade);
* ''II: bjove - byt - bjåg - buvon'' (to bid - you bid - I bade - we bade);
* ''V: jewe - jeft - jaf - jåwon'' (to give - you give - I gave - we gave);
* ''V: jeve - jeft - jaf - jåvon'' (to give - you give - I gave - we gave);
* ''VI: ware - wert - wor - woron'' (to go - you go - I went - we went);
* ''VI: vare - vert - vor - voron'' (to go - you go - I went - we went);
* ''VII: låte - låt - let - leton'' (to let - you let - I let - we let).  
* ''VII: låte - låt - let - leton'' (to let - you let - I let - we let).  


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===The "w-verbs"===
===The "w-verbs"===


As it has been seen, the 1st person singular of the past indicative of the verb ''bjowe'' is ''y bjåg'' (and NOT **''y bjåf''), whereas the same person of the same tense of the verb ''jewe'' is ''y jaf'' (and NOT **''y jag'').
As it has been seen, the 1st person singular of the past indicative of the verb ''bjove'' is ''y bjåg'' (and NOT **''y bjåf''), whereas the same person of the same tense of the verb ''jeve'' is ''y jaf'' (and NOT **''y jag'').
This is the particularity of the so called "w-verbs", that is verbs whose roots ends in '-w' in the infinitive form. If that 'w' will turn into an 'f' or into a 'g' depends on the verb itself. This particularity is found not only in the past tense, but also in the 2nd and 3rd persons singular of the present tense.
This is the particularity of the so called "v-verbs", that is verbs whose roots ends in '-v' in the infinitive form. If that 'v' will turn into an 'f' or into a 'g' depends on the verb itself. This particularity is found not only in the past tense, but also in the 2nd and 3rd persons singular of the present tense.
The following example shows the present of the verbs ''bjowe'', ''jewe'' and ''sywe'', "to fall down, to descend":
The following example shows the present of the verbs ''bjove'', ''jeve'' and ''syve'', "to fall down, to descend":


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Person'''
!'''Bjowe'''
!'''Bjove'''
!'''Jewe'''
!'''Jeve'''
!'''Sywe'''
!'''Syve'''
|-
|-
!'''y'''
!'''y'''
|bjowe
|bjove
|jewe
|jeve
|sywe
|syve
|-
|-
!'''tů''' / '''he'''
!'''tů''' / '''he'''
Line 1,920: Line 1,924:
|-
|-
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
|bjowa
|bjova
|jewa
|jeva
|sywa
|syva
|}
|}


These verbs show different mutations of 'w': it can disappear (''bjowe''), it can be replaced with 'f' (''jewe'') or it can be replaced with 'g' (''sywe''). The answer to these phenomenon is once again the Old English:
These verbs show different mutations of 'v': it can disappear (''bjove''), it can be replaced with 'f' (''jeve'') or it can be replaced with 'g' (''syve''). The answer to these phenomenon is once again the Old English:


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
Line 1,936: Line 1,940:
|-
|-
!'''bēode'''
!'''bēode'''
|bjowe
|bjove
!'''giefe'''
!'''giefe'''
|jewe
|jeve
!'''sīge'''
!'''sīge'''
|sywe
|syve
|-
|-
!'''bīett'''
!'''bīett'''
Line 1,950: Line 1,954:
|-
|-
!'''bēodaþ'''
!'''bēodaþ'''
|bjowa
|bjova
!'''giefaþ'''
!'''giefaþ'''
|jewa
|jeva
!'''sīgaþ'''
!'''sīgaþ'''
|sywa
|syva
|}
|}


As it has been shown, three letters - 'd', 'f', and 'g' - merged into Toc 'w' in intervocalic position, when the conjugation of the verb change this parameter, the letters evolve differently: the 'd' disappears in front of '-t' of the 2nd and the 3rd person singular; the 'f' remains 'f', and the 'g' remains 'g'.
As it has been shown, three letters - 'd', 'f', and 'g' - merged into Toc 'v' in intervocalic position, when the conjugation of the verb change this parameter, the letters evolve differently: the 'd' disappears in front of '-t' of the 2nd and the 3rd person singular; the 'f' remains 'f', and the 'g' remains 'g'.
Things change again in the past tense:  
Things change again in the past tense:  


Line 1,976: Line 1,980:
|-
|-
!'''budon'''
!'''budon'''
|buwon
|buvon
!'''gēafon'''
!'''gēafon'''
|jåwon
|jåvon
!'''sigon'''
!'''sigon'''
|siwon
|sivon
|}
|}


While the change 'w' > 'f' has been preserved, the changes 'w' > 'd' and 'w' > 'g' have merged into the only change 'w' > 'g'. Probably this is due to misinterpretation.
While the change 'v' > 'f' has been preserved, the changes 'v' > 'd' and 'v' > 'g' have merged into the only change 'v' > 'g'. Probably this is due to misinterpretation.


===Present perfect and participle II===
===Present perfect and participle II===


To express an action that has happened in a period of time that is not completely finished, such as ''skjowe'', today, ''se wuke her'', this week, ''se monat her'', this month, ''tat jår her'', this year, and so on, Tjoc uses the '''present perfect''' of indicative mood. This tense is used also to talk about happenings that haven't got a precise temporal localization.
To express an action that has happened in a period of time that is not completely finished, such as ''hjoe'', today, ''se wuke her'', this week, ''se monat her'', this month, ''tat jår her'', this year, and so on, Tjoc uses the '''present perfect''' of indicative mood. This tense is used also to talk about happenings that haven't got a precise temporal localization.


The present perfect is formed with the present of either the verb ''bjo'' or ''hå'' and the participle II - that corresponds to the past participle - of the main verb. Usually the verb ''bjo'' is used with verbs that indicate movement or change, such as ''wjasse'', to grow up, ''skjorwe'', to die, ''wjorte'', to become, ''brejte'', to change, to turn oneself into, and so forth. The verb ''hå'' is used with other verbs instead.
The present perfect is formed with the present of either the verb ''bjo'' or ''hå'' and the participle II - that corresponds to the past participle - of the main verb. Usually the verb ''bjo'' is used with verbs that indicate movement or change, such as ''vjasse'', to grow up, ''skjorwe'', to die, ''wjorte'', to become, ''brejte'', to change, to turn oneself into, and so forth. The verb ''hå'' is used with other verbs instead.


Here is the present perfect of the verbs ''bjo'', ''lyrne'', ''wenne'' and ''lyce'':
Here is the present perfect of the verbs ''bjo'', ''lyrne'', ''wenne'' and ''lyce'':
Llyn
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