Zanahi: Difference between revisions

|familycolor = Indo-European

|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]

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|ancestor2 = Old Zanahi

! Grapheme !! Scientific transliteration !! Alternative transliterations !! IPA !! Name !! Remarks

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===Prosody===

====Stress====

In traditional poetry, usual word stress is forgone and instead is determined by meter.

*CV̄CC (word-finally only, rare)

Note that in traditional poetry, word-final CV̆C and CV̄ syllables are treated as heavy, and only CV̆ syllables are considered light regardless of position.

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This is due to the historical sound changes ''ayV#'' > ''ē'' and ''awV#'' > ''ō''-->

====Vowel shortening====

When followed by two consonants, a long vowel is shortened.

Nouns do not decline for case.

There are two genders: masculine and feminine.The feminine is most often marked with the ending ''-ā''<!-- (which becomes ''-at'' in the construct case)-->.

Adjectives agree with the noun they modify in gender and definiteness.

There is no indefinite article.

====Adverbs====

====Numerals====

{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"

|+ Zanahi numerals

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! masc. !! fem.

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! 0

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! 1

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! 2

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! 3

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! 4

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! 5

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! 6

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! 7

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! 8

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! 9

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! 10

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! 11

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! 12

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! 13

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! 14

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! 20

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! 21

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! 30

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! 40

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! 100

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! 200

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! 1000

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! 2000

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===Verbs===

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! 2 !! Triliteral root verb

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! 3 !! Quadriliteral root verbs

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{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"

|+ Zanahi verb conjugation

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! 1S

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! 2SM

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! 3SM

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! 3SF

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! 1P

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! 2PM

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! 3PM

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! 3PF

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<small>¹</small> The prefix vowel is changed to ''-u-'' instead of ''-a-'' in Arabic-style passives.

====Passive====

The passive of a verb is formed by adding the suffix ''-(a)m-'' to the stem. The addition or ommission of the ''-(a)-'' depends on phonotactics: it is added whenever necessary and dropped otherwise (which may vary even between forms with the same stem).

====Participles====

There is also a rare future passive participle formed with the suffix ''-(a)mant'' (feminine: ''-(a)mantā'') added to the perfect stem. However, this ending is more often used to form derived nouns.

====Infinitive====

The infinitive/verbal noun is formed by adding the following ending to the nominal stem: ''-tīḵ/ṯīḵ''.

| Reciprocal or reflexive of above || تفاعل

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! 6 !! Causative

| 1a2-dā/ḏā- || -1i2-dā/ḏā- || 1a2a3-dā/ḏā- || -12i3-dā/ḏā- || 1a23a4-dā/ḏā- || -1a23i4-dā/ḏā- || Causative || أفعل

! 7 !! Middle causative

| ha-1a2-dā/ḏā- || -ha-1i2-dā/ḏā- || ha-1a2a3-dā/ḏā- || -ha-12i3-dā/ḏā- || ha-1a23a4-dā/ḏā- || -ha-1a23i4-dā/ḏā- || Middle, autobenefactive, reflexive, or anticausative of above; requestative || (استفعل)

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====Suffixed verbs====

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! 2 !! Intensive

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! 3 !! Middle intensive

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! 4 !! Associative

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! 5 !! Reciprocal

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| colspan="2"| -S-ē-ḏā-

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| colspan="2"| -ha-S-ē-ḏā-

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'''Notes:'''

====Borrowed verbs====

Verbs borrowed from Arabic generally conjugate as root verbs keeping their Arabic perfect and imperfect stems (as they occur in the 3rd person masculine singular). However, causative verbs (i.e. those with the form أفعل) keep their initial glottal stop in the imperfect stem and therefore conjugate identically to quadriliteral verbs. Verbs whose perfect stems begin in a ''-w-'' that is dropped in the Arabic also do not drop it in Zanahi.

These Arabic-derived verbs have alternative formations of the passive<!-- and participles-->: in addition to the regular formations, they can also be formed in the Arabic way. This means that the passive stems are taken from the 3rd person masculine singular, and the prefix vowel is also changed to ''-u-'' (instead of the regular ''-a-'' which always occurs in the active). Like in the active, the stem-initial glottal stop in أفعل verbs is maintained.

<!--** The active and passive participles are formed as they are in Arabic. Non-derived verbs use the patterns ''1ā2i3-'' and ''ma12ūl-'' (and/or their variants) respectively while derived and quadriliteral verbs use the prefix ''mu-'' identically to Arabic (including the dropping of the glottal stop in أفعل verbs).-->

Verbs borrowed from Semitic languages besides Arabic are usually early borrowings that have been fully nativized. This means that they decline identically to native Zanahi verbs.

===Particles===

====Prefixed particles====

**Becomes ''ṯa-'' when used possessively and immediately preceded by the vowel-final possessed noun.

*''wa-'': "and"

====Independent particles====

*''’aw'': "or"

==Syntax==

===Constituent order===

===Noun phrase===

===Verb phrase===

===Sentence phrase===

==Dialectal features==

===Phonology===

===Morphology===

===Syntax===

==Example texts==

<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->

===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===

====Standard Zanahi====

'''Native script approximated with Syriac letters and Arabic diacritics:'''

<p dir="rtl">

</p>

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'''Gloss:''' all of-the-people they_are_born free_PL and equal_PL in the-dignity and the-rights. Allah gave-them reason and conscience, and it_is_obligatory on-them that-they_mutually_act_with_each_other in-the-spirit of-the-brotherhood.

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====Arabized Zanahi====

==Other resources==