Zanahi: Difference between revisions

|familycolor = Indo-European

|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]

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|ancestor2 = Old Zanahi

|  || a ||  || {{IPA|/a/}} || lawšā<!--*lewH---> || Literally "opening".

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|  || ā || aa; â || {{IPA|/aː/}} || ’alpā ṭalgā || Literally "long ’alpā".

| || â || aa; ā || {{IPA|/aː/}} || lawšā ṭalgā || Literally "long opening". <br />Used in a few words.

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|  || ī || ii; ee; iy; î || {{IPA|/iː/}} || yāḏā ṭalgā || Literally "long yāḏā".

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|  || ū || uu; oo; uw; û || {{IPA|/uː/}} || wawwā ṭalgā || Literally "long wawwā".

| || C || || C || kīlā || Literally "resting". <br />Used to indicate that a consonant is not followed by a vowel.

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===Prosody===

====Stress====

For definition of light and heavy syllables, see the phonotactics section below.

====Adverbs====

====Numerals====

{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"

|+ Zanahi numerals

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! masc. !! fem.

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! 0

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! 1

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! 2

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! 3

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! 4

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! 5

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! 6

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! 7

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! 8

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! 9

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! 10

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! 11

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! 12

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! 13

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! 14

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! 20

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! 21

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! 30

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! 40

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! 100

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! 200

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! 1000

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! 2000

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===Verbs===

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! 2 !! Triliteral root verb

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! 3 !! Quadriliteral root verbs

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{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"

|+ Zanahi verb conjugation

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! 1S

<small>¹</small> The prefix vowel is changed to ''-u-'' instead of ''-a-'' in Arabic-style passives.

====Passive====

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! 7 !! Middle causative

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====Suffixed verbs====

Verbs borrowed from Arabic generally conjugate as root verbs keeping their Arabic perfect and imperfect stems (as they occur in the 3rd person masculine singular). However, causative verbs (i.e. those with the form أفعل) keep their initial glottal stop in the imperfect stem and therefore conjugate identically to quadriliteral verbs. Verbs whose perfect stems begin in a ''-w-'' that is dropped in the Arabic also do not drop it in Zanahi.

These Arabic-derived verbs have alternative formations of the passive<!-- and participles-->: in addition to the regular formations, they can also be formed in the Arabic way. This means that the passive stems are taken from the 3rd person masculine singular, and the prefix vowel is also changed to ''-u-'' (instead of the regular ''-a-'' which always occurs in the active). Like in the active, the stem-initial glottal stop in أفعل verbs is maintained.

<!--** The active and passive participles are formed as they are in Arabic. Non-derived verbs use the patterns ''1ā2i3-'' and ''ma12ūl-'' (and/or their variants) respectively while derived and quadriliteral verbs use the prefix ''mu-'' identically to Arabic (including the dropping of the glottal stop in أفعل verbs).-->

Verbs borrowed from Semitic languages besides Arabic are usually early borrowings that have been fully nativized. This means that they decline identically to native Zanahi verbs.

====Prefixed particles====

In the Latin transcription, prefixes are separated from the main word and from each other with hyphens.

**Becomes ''ṯa-'' when used possessively and immediately preceded by the vowel-final possessed noun.

*''wa-'': "and"

*''han-'': "the (definite article)"

**''-n-'' assimilates to a following non-guttural consonant.

**After a consonant-final preposition, ''h-'' is dropped.

**Note that in the native script, the ''-n-'' is always written, and the ''h-'' is only dropped after prefixes. However, the Latin transcription is as above.

====Independent particles====

*''’aw'': "or"

*''fī'': "on, upon, against"

*''maḏ'': "with, in company with"

*''’an'': "in"

==Syntax==

===Constituent order===

===Noun phrase===

===Verb phrase===

===Sentence phrase===

*Preservation of original /ɛː/ and/or /ɔː/ (merged with ''ā'' in standard language).

*Merger of original /ɛː/ and/or /ɔː/ into ''ē'' or ''ō'' respectively instead of ''ā''.

====Consonants====

*Unconditional sound change /p/ > /f/.

*Unconditional change /v/ > /b/ or /w/.

*Pronunciation of ''ḅ'' as non-emphatic /b/ or /p/.

*Lack of emphaticness in /x/.

*Spread of emphaticness to syllables adjacent to an emphatic consonant/vowel or even the whole word.

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*Preservation of glottalized consonants from original PIE voiced stops.-->

===Morphology===

===Syntax===

==Example texts==

<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->

'''Native script approximated with Syriac letters and Arabic diacritics:'''

<p dir="rtl">

</p>

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'''Transliteration:''' ''Ḥalwa ṯa-m-manō yaṣanmān muḵtīn wa-ḥamāḵīn ‘an aš-šaraf wa-n-ḥuqūq. Allāh ṭā-hān ‘aql wa-ḍamīr, wa-barā fī-hān ka-yahakarākirān sa-r-rūḥa ṯa-b-barāṯartāṯ.''

[ˈħælwæ‿θæm.ˈmænoː jæsˁɑnˈmæːn muχˈtʰiːn wæħæmæːˈχiːn ʔæn‿æʃ.ˈʃæɾˁɑf wæn.ħuˈquːq ‖ ʔæˈɫːɑːh ˈt̪ˁɑːhæːn ˈʕæql wæd͡ɮɑˈmiːɾ | wæˈbæɾˁɑː ˈfiːhæːn kæjæhækʰæˈɾˁɑːkʰiɾˁɑːn sæɾˁ.ˈɾˁuːħæ‿θæb.bæɾˁɑːθæɾˁˈt̪ʰæːθ]

'''Gloss:''' all of-the-people they_are_born free_PL and equal_PL in the-dignity and the-rights. Allah gave-them reason and conscience, and it_is_obligatory on-them that-they_mutually_act_with_each_other in-the-spirit of-the-brotherhood.

====Arabized Zanahi====

  <p dir="rtl"> يُصْنى حَلْوُ انمَّنَا أَحْرَارًا وَحَمَاخِينَ أَنِ انشَّرَفِ وَانْحُقُوقِ. طَاءَهُمْ اللهُ عَقْلًا وَضَمِيرًا، وَفِيهِمْ كَيَتَكَارَوْا سَرُوحِ انبَّرَاثَرْتَاةِ.</p>

==Other resources==