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Carpathian language: Difference between revisions
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'''Carpathian''', (''Karpātiska tāra'' [kɑr.ˈpɑ̄ː.tis.kɑ. ˈtɑ̄ː.rɑ]) forms an independent branch of the [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European languages]], closely related to [[w:Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic languages]]. It is spoken in the [[w:Carpathian Mountains|Carpathian]] region of Poland, Slovakia and Ukraine. Carpathian is written in the Latin alphabet, although Cyrillic had also been used during the Soviet period. The total number of Carpathian speakers worldwide is estimated between 160 and 200 thousand, including the Carpathian-speaking diaspora. | '''Carpathian''', (Western: ''Karpātiška tāra'' [kar.ˈpāː.tiʂ.ka. ˈtāː.ra]; Eastern: ''Karpātiska tāra'' [kɑr.ˈpɑ̄ː.tis.kɑ. ˈtɑ̄ː.rɑ]) forms an independent branch of the [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European languages]], closely related to [[w:Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic languages]]. It is spoken in the [[w:Carpathian Mountains|Carpathian]] region of Poland, Slovakia and Ukraine. Carpathian is written in the Latin alphabet, although Cyrillic had also been used during the Soviet period. The total number of Carpathian speakers worldwide is estimated between 160 and 200 thousand, including the Carpathian-speaking diaspora. | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
===Classification and origins=== | ===Classification and origins=== | ||
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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
The sound system of Carpathian resembles the neighbouring Slavic languages: Ukrainian and Slovak. Some considerable variation exists among the Western and Eastern varieties. | The sound system of Carpathian resembles the neighbouring Slavic languages: Ukrainian and Slovak. Some considerable variation exists among the Western and Eastern varieties. | ||
===Consonants=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
! | |||
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]] | |||
! [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]] | |||
! [[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]] | |||
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]] | |||
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]] | |||
! [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]] | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Nasal stop|Nasal]] | |||
| m | |||
| n | |||
| | |||
| ɲ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Stop consonant|Stop]] | |||
| p b | |||
| t d | |||
| (t͡ʂ) (d͡ʐ) | |||
| c ɟ | |||
| k g | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]] | |||
| (f) | |||
| s z | |||
| ʂ ʐ | |||
| ɕ ʑ | |||
| | |||
| h ~ ɦ | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]] | |||
| ʋ ~ w | |||
| l | |||
| | |||
| ʎ j | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! [[Trill consonant|Trill]] | |||
| | |||
| r | |||
| rʲ† | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
Phonetic details: | |||
*There is no complete agreement about the phonetic nature of /ɦ/. According to some linguists, it can be voiceless [h] at least word-initially, while according to others, it is always voiced [ɦ]. In dialects it may disappear completely, which is common before /w/, after /r/ or between vowels. It disappeared after /l/ even in the standard — ''gèlhandis'' → Western ''gelandis'' “acorn” (the former spelling is allowed in the Eastern variety). In some dialects combinations "hw", "rh" and "lh" may be pronounced as [ʍ], [r̥] and [l̥], for example [wɛ̀.l̥is] ''welhis'' “ghost”. | |||
*/w/ is most commonly bilabial [β̞] in the Eastern Carpathian and labiodental [ʋ] in Western Carpathian (although bilabial or labiovelar pronunciation is possible in both varieties). If /w/ occurs after /h/, the voiceless articulation [ʍ] is also possible in some varieties. | |||
*/r/ is sometimes realized as a single tap [ɾ], particularly in fast speech. Its palatalised counterpart [rʲ] is obsolete in most dialects, where it either became [r] or broke into [rj], the former being a more common outcome. [rʲ] is still preserved in some remote Eastern dialects and is still the recommended pronunciation — ''giriā'' [gi.ˈrʲɑ̂ː], usually pronounced [gi.ˈrɑ̂ː] instead. | |||
*The consonants [t͡ʂ], [d͡ʐ] and [f], written "č" "dž" and "f" respectively, are not native to Carpathian. Some Western dialects, mostly those spoken in Poland and Eastern Slovakia | |||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||