Carpathian ablaut: Difference between revisions

Carpathian ablaut (view source)

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 However, qualitative ablaut is still visible and productive in several derivational categories:
-*[[w:Noun|Substantives]] with an "a"-vowel in their roots, derived from verbs without suffixes with an "e"-vowel, denoting action or agent: ''rektei'' “to say” — ''rakas'' “law”, ''bergetei'' “to protect” — ''bargas'' “protection”. Some words have undergone semantic drift or became obsolete: ''garmas'' “thunder” from dial. ''germetei'' “to mutter” (the zero-grade ''girmētei'' “to thunder”, derived from the e-grade verb, still exists though); ''gadas'' “meeting, gathering” from ''*gʰedʰ-'', though the "e"-grade verb did not survive.
+*[[w:Noun|Substantives]] with an "a"-vowel in their roots, derived from verbs without suffixes with an "e"-vowel, denoting action or agent: ''r'''e'''ktei'' “to say” — ''r'''a'''kas'' “law”, ''b'''e'''rgetei'' “to protect” — ''b'''a'''rgas'' “protection”. Some words have undergone semantic drift or became obsolete: ''g'''a'''rmas'' “thunder” from dial. ''g'''e'''rmetei'' “to mutter” (the zero-grade ''g'''i'''rmētei'' “to thunder”, derived from the e-grade verb, still exists though); ''gadas'' “meeting, gathering” from ''*gʰedʰ-'', though the "e"-grade verb did not survive.
-*Substantives, ending in ''-ā'', denoting the product of an action, derived from verbs with e-vowel roots: ''nertei'' “to plunge” — ''narā'' “hole, burrow”; ''pentei'' “to stretch” — ''panā'' “curtain”; ''weltei'' “to allow” — ''waliā'' “will, freedom”.
+*Substantives, ending in ''-ā'', denoting the product of an action, derived from verbs with e-vowel roots: ''n'''e'''rtei'' “to plunge” — ''n'''a'''rā'' “hole, burrow”; ''p'''e'''ntei'' “to stretch” — ''p'''a''nā'' “curtain”; ''w'''e'''ltei'' “to allow” — ''w'''a'''liā'' “will, freedom”.
-*Substantives, ending in ''-is'', denoting agents of action, tools or states: ''sengetei'' “to reach” — ''sangis'' “reaching one”. No longer productive.
+*Substantives, ending in ''-is'', denoting agents of action, tools or states: ''s'''e'''ngetei'' “to reach” — ''s'''a'''ngis'' “that which reaches”. No longer productive.
-*Progressive or iterative verbs with a-vowel: ''nestei'' “bring, carry” — ''nasītei'' “to be carrying”; ''lemtei'' “to break” — ''lamītei'' “to be breaking”.
+*Progressive or iterative verbs with a-vowel: ''n'''e'''stei'' “bring, carry” — ''n'''a'''sītei'' “to be carrying”; ''l'''e'''mtei'' “to break” — ''l'''a'''mītei'' “to be breaking”.
-*Causative verbs with a-vowel from adjectives with e-vowel: ''teišas'' “still, quiet” — ''taišītei'' “to console”.
+*Causative verbs with a-vowel from adjectives with e-vowel: ''t'''e'''išas'' “still, quiet” — ''t'''a'''išītei'' “to console”.
 ==Zero-grade==
 In Proto-Indo-European the zero-grade ablaut arose in originally unstressed syllables and was represented by absence of a vowel, or by syllabic sonorants. In Carpathian the old zero-grade was replaced by short "i"- or "u"-vowels, when before a syllabic sonorant. The original zero-grade with no vowel is rare and unproductive in Carpathian, often being altered by later [[w:Epenthesis|anaptyxis]]. One example of inflectional zero-ablaut is in the conjugation of the verb ''dōtei'' “to give”: ''dōsti'' “gives” — ''dōdinti'' “they give” (the few examples of a reduplicated stem in Carpathian).