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Carpathian language: Difference between revisions
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''Main article: [[Carpathian adjectives]]'' | ''Main article: [[Carpathian adjectives]]'' | ||
A Carpathian innovation to the inflection of adjectives was the creation of a pronominal inflection by affixing forms of the object pronominal clitics to existing adjective forms. The inflection had a function resembling [[w:Predicate (grammar)|predication]] or [[w:Definiteness|definiteness]]: ''nawas'' “new” — ''nawasis'' “the new one”, “nawasmi” “I am new”. When declining for case, only the adjective changes: ''nawaimi'' “for me being new”. | In Carpathian, adjectives have two declensions determined by the singular and plural nominative case inflections. Adjectives agree with nouns in number, gender, and case, but adjectives lack vocative and use their nominative forms in those cases. | ||
A Carpathian innovation to the inflection of adjectives was the creation of a pronominal inflection by affixing forms of the object pronominal clitics to existing adjective forms. The inflection had a function resembling [[w:Predicate (grammar)|predication]] or [[w:Definiteness|definiteness]]: ''nawas'' “new” — ''nawasis'' “the new one”, “nawasmi” “I am new”. When declining for case, only the adjective changes: ''nawaimi'' “for me being new”. Pronominal forms often indicate something unique, and they are usually used with proper names: ''Kiršanajis mari'' “the Black Sea”, ''Nawājis Zelandijā'' “New Zealand”; as well as in scientific terminology: ''diskas tvirdasis'' “hard disk”, ''ellis abitisis<sup>W</sup>/allis aukarisis<sup>E</sup> “common spruce”. | |||
===Pronouns=== | |||
Carpathian pronouns has a distinct grammatical category of [[w:Animacy|animacy]]: ''Kan waistai'' “Whom have you seen?” (animate), but ''ki waistai'' “What have you seen?” (inanimate). ''inakan aidaini'' “I have seen something” ''inaki waidaita'' “I have seen something”. | |||
There are five personal pronouns: ''ēžu<sup>W</sup>/ās<sup>E</sup>'' “I”, ''tū'' “you”, ''jis'' “he, she”, ''ji'' “it” and ''sēn'' “self”. There is no gender distinction in personal pronouns, only the third person pronoun has the animacy distinction. They are declined as follows (Western and Eastern Carpathian forms are represented side by side): | |||
:{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=3 | !! Nominative !! Genitive !! Dative !! Accusative !! Instrumental !! Locative | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=4 | Singular !! colspan=2 | 1st person | |||
| ēžù/ā̃s || mène/màne || meĩ|| mḗn/mā́n || mùnajūn || munái | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | 2nd person | |||
| tū́ || tèwe/tàwe || teĩ || tḗn/tā́n || tàbajūn || tebái/tabái | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | 3rd person !! Animate | |||
| jìs || jī || jái || jiñ || jū || jamái | |||
|- | |||
! Inaninate | |||
| jì || jī || jeĩ || jiñ || jū || jamái | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=3 | Reflexive pronoun | |||
| – || séwe || sebái || sḗn || sàbajūn || sabái | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=4 | Dual | |||
! colspan=2 | 1st person | |||
| wā́ || nṓjau || nṓmā || nū́ || nṓmā || nṓjau | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | 2nd person | |||
| wū́ || wṓjau || wṓmā || wū́ || wṓmā || wṓjau | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | 3rd person | |||
| jī́ || jáu || jimā̃ || jī́ || jimā̃ || jáu | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=4 | Plural | |||
! colspan=2 | 1st person | |||
| mū́s || nṓsun || nṓmas || nṓnas || nṓmīs || nṓsu | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | 2nd person | |||
| jū́s || wṓsun || wṓmas || wṓnas || wṓmīs || wṓsu | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | 3rd person !! Animate | |||
| jī́s || jū̃n || jìmas || jiñs || jìmīs || jìšu | |||
|- | |||
! Inanimate | |||
| jī́ || jū̃n || jìmas || jī́ || jìmīs || jìšu | |||
|} | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||