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Carpathian language: Difference between revisions
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Finite transitive verbs take more than one personal suffix to mark both the subject and the direct object of a clause. Some verbs additionally take the indirect object prefix (also called the recipient). This is called [[w:Polypersonal agreement|polypersonal agreement]], and it is rare among the Indo-European languages. | Finite transitive verbs take more than one personal suffix to mark both the subject and the direct object of a clause. Some verbs additionally take the indirect object prefix (also called the recipient). This is called [[w:Polypersonal agreement|polypersonal agreement]], and it is rare among the Indo-European languages. | ||
==Syntax== | |||
Carpathian has an '''SVO''' (subject–verb–object) or '''SOV''' (subject–object-verb) as the most neutral word orders: Adjunct (temporal, locative, causal) + Subject + Object(s) + Verb + Infinitive + other parts. At the same time Carpathian as a highly [[w:Fusional language|inflected]] language is considered to have the free word order. The [[w:Topic and comment|topic]] is usually placed first in the sentence, with everything else following it with the comment being the final part. Depending on its relevancy, the [[w:Adjunct (grammar)|adjunct]] may be either initial or final in a sentence. The verb usually follows the subject, but the reverse order is common as well, especially in questions or quotes. Adjectives typically follow the noun, if they have a pronominal clitic, but otherwise their placement in the sentence is relatively free, as they may even be disconnected from the noun they modify: ''zelhanis nōtirpunsa ābalun'' “I found a green apple” (literally: “green I found apple”). | |||
'''Prepositions''' is the only part of speech that tends to precede the noun they modify. [[w:Preposition and postposition|Prepositions]] provide additional information about the position of an object or the direction it is moving. Certain prepositions are used with certain cases, some prepositions may be used with more than one case. The list of Carpathian prepositions: | |||
With genitive case: | |||
* '''is''' – out of | |||
* '''han''' – on | |||
* '''da''' – till | |||
* '''at''' – away, from | |||
* '''pa''' – after, past | |||
* '''pire''' – near, at | |||
* '''zō''' – for the sake of | |||
* '''habi''' – around | |||
* '''be''' – without | |||
With instrumental case: | |||
* '''pō''' – under | |||
* '''sun''' – with | |||
* '''ker''' – through, over, via | |||
* '''zō''' – behind | |||
With dative case: | |||
* '''pas''' – on the surface | |||
With accusative case: | |||
* '''in''' – in | |||
* '''pas''' – to, at | |||
* '''per''' – across, by, during | |||
* '''par''' – through, because of | |||
* '''api''' – about | |||
In some cases, prepositions can be used after the noun they modify, in which case they become postpositions: ''Esti penkīs penkiū pas'' “It’s five past five”. In case, when a verb of motion is used with a prefix, the preposition is usually dropped, but not in cases, when the preposition is different from the verb prefix: '''''Zō'''jeimi '''in''' damanmi'' “I walk into my house from behind”, but '''''In'''eimi midamun'' “I enter my house”. [[w:Preposition stranding|Stranding]] can seldom occur in dialects, but it is not allowed in the standard language. | |||
'''Conjunctions''' are used to link together clauses in a sentence. Some common Carpathian [[w:Conjunction (grammar)|conjunctions]] are: | |||
* '''ō/ei''' – and | |||
* '''be/nu''' – but | |||
* '''har''' – or, question starter | |||
* '''jilei/lei''' – if | |||
* '''kai''' – that | |||
* '''dakai''' – until | |||
* '''ali''' – or/but | |||
* '''ba''' – because | |||
* '''parta''' – however | |||
Some conjunctions can follow the clause they modify: ''weidēsa be ne weidēsa '''lei''', ne zinōhū'' “'''Whether''' he saw it or not, I don’t know”. | |||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Carpathian]] | [[Category:Carpathian]] | ||