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Proto-Tungric: Difference between revisions
→Strong verbs
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#<b>Class 6:</b> The past stem is derived from the present stem by adding ''-s-'' — e.g. ''*<b>þrag</b>ō'' "I drag" > ''*<b>þrahs</b>ai'' "I dragged", ''*'''þrah'''taz'' "dragged" | #<b>Class 6:</b> The past stem is derived from the present stem by adding ''-s-'' — e.g. ''*<b>þrag</b>ō'' "I drag" > ''*<b>þrahs</b>ai'' "I dragged", ''*'''þrah'''taz'' "dragged" | ||
#'''Class 7:''' The past stem is formed by reduplication of the first consonant followed by ''-e-'' — e.g. ''*'''han'''ō'' "I sing" > ''*'''hegan'''ai'' "I sang" (note: ''*hegan-'' is underlyingly ''*hehan-'') | #'''Class 7:''' The past stem is formed by reduplication of the first consonant followed by ''-e-'' — e.g. ''*'''han'''ō'' "I sing" > ''*'''hegan'''ai'' "I sang" (note: ''*hegan-'' is underlyingly ''*hehan-'') | ||
#'''Irregular:''' The past stem is formed in another way besides those above — e.g. ''* | #'''Irregular:''' The past stem is formed in another way besides those above — e.g. ''*stêō'' "I stand" > ''*steþai'' "I stood" | ||
Some strong verbs have irregular presents. This affects the present tense (both indicative and subjunctive), present participle, infinitive, and imperative. There are three types of irregularities, and they can co-occur: | Some strong verbs have irregular presents. This affects the present tense (both indicative and subjunctive), present participle, infinitive, and imperative. There are three types of irregularities, and they can co-occur: | ||
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|} | |} | ||
'''Example: *''stêsi'' (irregular, present suffix ''-ê | '''Example: *''stêsi'' (irregular, present suffix ''-ê-'') "to stand"''' | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
! colspan="2"| Infinitive | ! colspan="2"| Infinitive | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 1S | ! 1S | ||
| *st''' | | *st'''êō''' | ||
| *st''' | | *st'''êōr''' | ||
| *st''' | | *st'''êǭ''' | ||
| *st''' | | *st'''êār''' | ||
| *steþ'''ai''' | | *steþ'''ai''' | ||
| *stiþ'''izǭ''' | | *stiþ'''izǭ''' | ||
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| *st'''êz''' | | *st'''êz''' | ||
| *st'''êzar''' | | *st'''êzar''' | ||
| *st''' | | *st'''êāz''' | ||
| *st''' | | *st'''êāzar''' | ||
| *stid'''istai''' | | *stid'''istai''' | ||
| *stiþ'''izēz''' | | *stiþ'''izēz''' | ||
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| *st'''êd''' | | *st'''êd''' | ||
| *st'''êdar''' | | *st'''êdar''' | ||
| *st''' | | *st'''êād''' | ||
| *st''' | | *st'''êādar''' | ||
| *stiþ'''id''' | | *stiþ'''id''' | ||
| *stiþ'''izēd''' | | *stiþ'''izēd''' | ||
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| *st'''êmaz''' | | *st'''êmaz''' | ||
| rowspan="3"| *st'''êminai''' | | rowspan="3"| *st'''êminai''' | ||
| *st''' | | *st'''êāmaz''' | ||
| rowspan="3"| *st''' | | rowspan="3"| *st'''êāminai''' | ||
| *steþ'''amaz''' | | *steþ'''amaz''' | ||
| *stid'''izēmaz''' | | *stid'''izēmaz''' | ||
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! 2P | ! 2P | ||
| *st'''êdiz''' | | *st'''êdiz''' | ||
| *st''' | | *st'''êādiz''' | ||
| *stid'''istiz''' | | *stid'''istiz''' | ||
| *stid'''izēþiz''' | | *stid'''izēþiz''' | ||
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! 3P | ! 3P | ||
| *st'''ênd''' | | *st'''ênd''' | ||
| *st''' | | *st'''êānd''' | ||
| *sted'''ēri''' | | *sted'''ēri''' | ||
| *stid'''izēnd''' | | *stid'''izēnd''' | ||