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Proto-Tungric: Difference between revisions
→Verbs
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The past participle of strong verbs was formed with the suffix ''-þaz'' which, depending on the environment, could become ''-taz'', ''-daz'', or ''-saz''. Some verbs had a connector vowel, while others did not. For those that did, it was usually ''-a-'' (or ''-i-'' in the case of ''j''-presents). Verbs with nasal infixes or vowel suffixes did not exhibit these in the past participle. | The past participle of strong verbs was formed with the suffix ''-þaz'' which, depending on the environment, could become ''-taz'', ''-daz'', or ''-saz''. Some verbs had a connector vowel, while others did not. For those that did, it was usually ''-a-'' (or ''-i-'' in the case of ''j''-presents). Verbs with nasal infixes or vowel suffixes did not exhibit these in the past participle. | ||
'''Example (class 3): *'' | The infinitive was formed with the suffix *''-mį'' added to the present stem (including any irregularities). ''j''-presents used a connector vowel of ''-i-'' (light) or ''-ī-'' (heavy). Otherwise, if the present stem did not end in a vowel suffix, the connector vowel *''-a-'' was used. | ||
'''Example (class 3): *''akamį'' "to do, act"''' | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
! colspan="2"| Infinitive | ! colspan="2"| Infinitive | ||
| colspan="3"| *ak''' | | colspan="3"| *ak'''amį''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | Present participle | ! colspan="2" | Present participle | ||
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|} | |} | ||
'''Example (class 3, light ''j''-present): *'' | '''Example (class 3, light ''j''-present): *''dahimį'' "to do, make"''' | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
! colspan="2"| Infinitive | ! colspan="2"| Infinitive | ||
| colspan="3"| *dah''' | | colspan="3"| *dah'''imį''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | Present participle | ! colspan="2" | Present participle | ||
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|} | |} | ||
'''Example: *'' | '''Example: *''þragamį'' (class 6) "to sing"''' | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
! colspan="2"| Infinitive | ! colspan="2"| Infinitive | ||
| colspan="3"| *þrag''' | | colspan="3"| *þrag'''amį''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | Present participle | ! colspan="2" | Present participle | ||
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|} | |} | ||
'''Example: *'' | '''Example: *''hanamį'' (class 7) "to sing"''' | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
! colspan="2"| Infinitive | ! colspan="2"| Infinitive | ||
| colspan="3"| *han''' | | colspan="3"| *han'''amį''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | Present participle | ! colspan="2" | Present participle | ||
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|} | |} | ||
'''Example (class 7, heavy ''j''-present): *'' | '''Example (class 7, heavy ''j''-present): *''bargīmį'' "to stuff"''' | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
! colspan="2"| Infinitive | ! colspan="2"| Infinitive | ||
| colspan="3"| *barg''' | | colspan="3"| *barg'''īmį''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | Present participle | ! colspan="2" | Present participle | ||
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|} | |} | ||
'''Example: *'' | '''Example: *''stêmį'' (irregular, present suffix ''-ê-'') "to stand"''' | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
! colspan="2"| Infinitive | ! colspan="2"| Infinitive | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
The *''-b-'' was usually preceded with a connector vowel, which depended on the | The *''-b-'' was usually preceded with a connector vowel, which depended on the verb's class. The same connector vowel was also used to form the infinite. | ||
The past subjunctive endings were also added to the present stem. A connector vowel was also used, which can be predicted from the connector vowel of the past indicative. | The past subjunctive endings were also added to the present stem. A connector vowel was also used, which can be predicted from the connector vowel of the past indicative. | ||
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For example: | For example: | ||
*''* | *''*menamį'' "to remember", ''*memanai'' "I remember", ''*menabǭ'' "I remembered", ''*minþaz'' "remembered" | ||
*''* | *''*ōtamį'' "to hate", ''*ōtai'' "I hate", ''*ōtabǭ'' "I hated", ''*ōssaz'' "hated" | ||
*''*(ga) | *''*(ga)knōmį'' "to know, be familiar (with)", ''*(ga)knōai'' "I know, am familiar (with)", ''*(ga)knōbǭ'' "I knew, was familiar (with)", ''*(ga)knōþaz'' "known" | ||
*''*(ga) | *''*(ga)swedamį'' "to be used/accustomed to", ''*(ga)swedai'' "I am used/accustomed to", ''*(ga)swedabǭ'' "I was used/accustomed to", ''*(ga)swēssaz'' "accustomed" | ||
*''* | *''*emamį'' "to have, own", ''*ēmai'' "I have, own", ''*emabǭ'' "I had, owned", ''*imþaz'' "had, owned" | ||
*''* | *''*sinamį'' "to be allowed", ''*sīsai'' "I am allowed", ''*sinabǭ'' "I was allowed", ''*siþaz'' "allowed" | ||
*''* | *''*hrinamį'' "to be determined", ''*hrīsai'' "I am determined", ''*hrinabǭ'' "I was determined", ''*hriþaz'' "determined" | ||
*''*(ga) | *''*(ga)flēmį'' "to suffice, be enough", ''*(ga)flēai'' "I suffice, am enough", ''*(ga)flēþaz'' "sufficed, enoigh" | ||
*''* | *''*þelamį'' "to owe, have to", ''*þeþalai'' "I owe, have to", ''*þelabǭ'' "I owe, had to", ''*þelþaz'' "owed, had to" | ||
*''* | *''*afamį'' "to be necessary/suitable", ''*ēfai'' "I am necessary/suitable", ''*afabǭ'' "I was necessary/suitable", ''*aftaz'' "necessary/suitable" | ||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
*'' | *''jawōmį'' "to be suitable", ''*jawazai'' "I am suitable", ''*jawōbǭ'' "--> | ||
====The verb "to be"==== | ====The verb "to be"==== | ||
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{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
! colspan="2"| Infinitive | ! colspan="2"| Infinitive | ||
| colspan="2"| * | | colspan="2"| *immį | ||
| colspan="2"| * | | colspan="2"| *būimį | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | Present participle | ! colspan="2" | Present participle | ||
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! !! colspan="3"| Indicative !! colspan="2" | Subjunctive !! Indicative !! colspan="2"| Subjunctive | ! !! colspan="3"| Indicative !! colspan="2" | Subjunctive !! Indicative !! colspan="2"| Subjunctive | ||
|- | |- | ||
! !! ''* | ! !! ''*immį'' !! ''*būimį'' 1 !! ''*būimį'' 2 !! ''*immį'' !! ''*būimį'' !! ''*būimį'' !! ''*immį'' !! ''*būimį'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1S | ! 1S | ||