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Soc'ul': Difference between revisions
→Phonotactics
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|familycolor = Wasc | |familycolor = Wasc | ||
|ancestor = [[Pre-Soc'ul']] | |ancestor = [[Pre-Soc'ul']] | ||
|ethnicity = Cuoñ'o | |||
|creator = Dillon Hartwig | |creator = Dillon Hartwig | ||
|era = -1700 to -700 MT | |||
|script = Wacag | |script = Wacag | ||
|nation = Knrawi Empire | |nation = Knrawi Empire | ||
|clcr = qsc | |||
|map = PollasenaMapGlowPNG2.png | |map = PollasenaMapGlowPNG2.png | ||
|mapsize = 280px | |mapsize = 280px | ||
|mapcaption = Range map of Soc'ul' (green) and [[Knrawi]] (pink) | |mapcaption = Range map of Soc'ul' (green) and [[Knrawi]] (pink), c. -1200 MT | ||
|notice = IPA | |notice = IPA | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | ! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | ||
| [[w:Pre-stopped consonant|ᵖm]] || | | [[w:Pre-stopped consonant|ᵖm]] || [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]] || [[w:Glottalization|ᵖmˀ]] || [[w:Glottalization|mˀ]] || [[w:Pre-stopped consonant|ᵗn]] || [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]] || [[w:Glottalization|nˀ]] || [[w:Glottalization|ᵗnˀ]] || || [[w:Pre-stopped consonant|ᵏŋʲ]] || [[w:Palatalization|ŋʲ]] || [[w:Glottalization|ᵏŋʲˀ]] || [[w:Glottalization|ŋʲˀ]] || [[w:Pre-stopped consonant|ᵏŋ]] || [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]] || [[w:Glottalization|ᵏŋˀ]] || [[w:Glottalization|ŋˀ]] || [[w:Pre-stopped consonant|ᵏŋʷ]] || [[w:Labialization|ŋʷ]] || [[w:Glottalization|ᵏŋʷˀ]] || [[w:Glottalization|ŋʷˀ]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]] | ! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]] | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]] | ! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]] | ||
| colspan="5" | || [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]] || || [[w:Glottalization|lˀ]] || colspan="2" | || ([[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]) || || ([[w:Glottalization|jˀ]]) || || | | colspan="5" | || [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]] || || [[w:Glottalization|lˀ]] || colspan="2" | || ([[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]) || || ([[w:Glottalization|jˀ]]) || || [[w:Voiced velar approximant|ɰ]] || || [[w:Glottalization|ɰˀ]] || || ([[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]]) || || ([[w:Glottalization|wˀ]]) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]] | ! [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]] | ||
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*All vowels can be long or [[w:Vowel length|overlong]] | *All vowels can be long or [[w:Vowel length|overlong]] | ||
*[y], [o̞], and [ɒ] are allophones of /i/, /ə/, and /a/ adjacent to labialized consonants except allophones of /u(ː)/ | *[y], [o̞], and [ɒ] are allophones of /i/, /ə/, and /a/ adjacent to labialized consonants except allophones of /u(ː)/ (though some dialects don't make this exception) | ||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
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Declarative sentences generally have a falling pitch throughout, but volume and pitch range can be used for emphasis. | Declarative sentences generally have a falling pitch throughout, but volume and pitch range can be used for emphasis. | ||
In questions the particle ''xen'' may also be emphasized with a sharp falling pitch followed by higher pitch in the following word. | In questions the particle ''xen'' and/or the proform ''xad'' may also be emphasized with a sharp falling pitch followed by higher pitch in the following word. | ||
====Rhythm==== | ====Rhythm==== | ||
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===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
Syllables are at most (C(C₁))V((C₂)C), with C₁ being a non-lateral approximant and C₂ being C₁ or /ʔ/, but these | Syllables are at most (C(C₁))V((C₂)C), with C₁ being a non-lateral approximant and C₂ being C₁ or /ʔ/, but these maximal syllables are very rare. There are no restrictions on what clusters can occur. | ||
==Morphology== | |||
===Alignment=== | |||
Soc'ul' has split-S morphosyntactic alignment. | |||
===Nouns and pronouns=== | ===Nouns and pronouns=== | ||
Nouns fall into five classes which are unmarked directly on the noun but trigger agreement in verbs and some particles. In informal speech class-2 marking is often used for class-1 nouns. | Nouns fall into five classes which are unmarked directly on the noun but trigger agreement in verbs and some particles. In informal speech class-2 marking is often used for class-1 nouns. | ||
Nouns are marked for number, case, and possession by particles before the noun as follows. | Nouns are marked for number, case, and possession by particles before the noun as follows. | ||
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*Other particle groups above are optional in non-formal speech when verb agreement marking gives sufficient context. | *Other particle groups above are optional in non-formal speech when verb agreement marking gives sufficient context. | ||
As in Knrawi, plurality and indefiniteness are treated as one category, and many nouns mark plurality or indefiniteness with suppletion. This suppletion is most often from fossilized final-syllable reduplication in Wascotl. | |||
====Pronouns==== | |||
Pronouns do not exist independently (except see [[Soc'ul'#Possession|Possession]]); the person and class of dropped nouns are instead only shown through verb agreement. | |||
The demonstrative ''jál'' can also be used as a pronoun. | |||
====Possession==== | ====Possession==== | ||
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Inalienable possession is generally restricted to family members, body parts, inherent or permanent qualities (for example ''tumiad'' "sanctity"), and internal processes (for example ''c'uád'' "thought"). Words in the latter two categories are more flexible in which type of possession they take, varying by speaker and region. | Inalienable possession is generally restricted to family members, body parts, inherent or permanent qualities (for example ''tumiad'' "sanctity"), and internal processes (for example ''c'uád'' "thought"). Words in the latter two categories are more flexible in which type of possession they take, varying by speaker and region. | ||
====Noun negation==== | |||
Noun phrases are negated with ''xen''', which can also function as a negative pronoun "nothing." | |||
See also [[Soc'ul'#Aspect%2C_mood%2C_and_negation|Aspect, mood, and negation]] | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
====Alignment==== | ====Alignment==== | ||
All verbs trigger either nominative-accusative or ergative-absolutive marking on nouns. | All verbs trigger either nominative-accusative or ergative-absolutive marking on nouns. | ||
====Aspect and | ====Aspect, mood, and negation==== | ||
Verbs are marked for aspect and mood by particles preceding the verb. | Verbs are marked for aspect and mood by particles preceding the verb. | ||
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*The perfective particle ''en'' is optional except in formal speech, and in non-formal speech can used to reset aspect-mood in embedded or sequential clauses or to contrast with other nearby markers. | *The perfective particle ''en'' is optional except in formal speech, and in non-formal speech can used to reset aspect-mood in embedded or sequential clauses or to contrast with other nearby markers. | ||
*The progressive and continuative particles are often used contrastively as imperfective nonpresent and imperfective present markers respectively. | *The progressive and continuative particles are often used contrastively as imperfective nonpresent and imperfective present markers respectively. | ||
* | *Subjunctive mood is often also used for future marking. | ||
*The negation/question particle ''xen'' can be reduplicated after the verb to disambiguate it as a question particle. | *The negation/question particle ''xen'' can be reduplicated after the verb to disambiguate it as a question particle. | ||
These particles can cooccur, and are often combined for more specific or otherwise combined meanings, but in serial verbs are only used before the first verb. All but ''en'' can also be used as standalone verbs (see [[Soc'ul'#Copula|Copula]]), but do not need to take any agreement. | These particles can cooccur, and are often combined for more specific or otherwise combined meanings, but in serial verbs are only used before the first verb. All but ''en'' can also be used as standalone verbs (see [[Soc'ul'#Copula|Copula]]), but do not need to take any agreement. | ||
''xen'' and ''xen''' can be used together with the same meaning as the latter on its own, and in formal speech prohibitive sentences use ''jaj'' in place of ''xen''. | |||
====Agreement==== | ====Agreement==== | ||
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|} | |} | ||
*Intransitive verbs are marked with patient agreement of the agent's class. | *Intransitive verbs are marked with patient agreement of the agent's class, and impersonal verbs are unmarked. | ||
*Possessed nouns trigger agreement as their possessor unless a possessive particle is used. | *Possessed nouns trigger agreement as their possessor unless a possessive particle is used. | ||
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If aspect-mood marking is used, the copula is optionally dropped. | If aspect-mood marking is used, the copula is optionally dropped. | ||
====Serial verbs==== | |||
Verbs are often serialized in non-formal speech, in which the verbs' agreement marking may or may not match. | |||
Aspect-mood marking and preceding particles are applied to the first verb in the serialization. Following particles are applied after either the first or last verb. | |||
Serialization is especially common when the first verb is an intransitive or sensory verb. | |||
===Adjectives and adverbs=== | ===Adjectives and adverbs=== | ||
Adjectives are not their own class of words, but are derived from nouns or verbs. Most often they are derived by zero-marking before other nouns or verbs, or with suffixes or particles. | Adjectives are not their own class of words, but are derived from nouns or verbs. Most often they are derived by zero-marking before other nouns or verbs, or with suffixes or particles (see [[Soc'ul'#Part-of-speech modifiers|Part-of-speech modifiers]]). | ||
Some of these derived adjectives and adverbs have meanings that don't directly correspond to the word they are derived from; in most cases this is due to homophony in ancestral Wascotl words after dropping of the adjective suffix ''*-(c)osc'' or regular merging with forms ending in ''*-(o)tl'' (''*-osc'' and ''*-otl'' both becoming ''-ux''), for example ''toc'' "knife" or "sharp" from Wascotl ''*tequ-'' and ''*tequ-osc'' respectively. | Some of these derived adjectives and adverbs have meanings that don't directly correspond to the word they are derived from; in most cases this is due to homophony in ancestral Wascotl words after dropping of the adjective suffix ''*-(c)osc'' or regular merging with forms ending in ''*-(o)tl'' (''*-osc'' and ''*-otl'' both becoming ''-ux''), for example ''toc'' "knife" or "sharp" from Wascotl ''*tequ-'' and ''*tequ-osc'' respectively. | ||
Comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbs are formed by placing the second compared word after with the postposition ''je'', but see also (see [[Soc'ul'#Reduplication|Reduplication]]). | |||
===Postpositions=== | ===Postpositions=== | ||
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===Numerals=== | ===Numerals=== | ||
Soc'ul' uses base-12 numerals except in formal writing, which uses | Soc'ul' uses base-12 numerals except in formal writing and very formal speech, which uses base-24 numerals with 13-24 derived from [[Knrawi]]. | ||
{| style="background: none" | |||
|- | |||
| valign="top" | | |||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
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| jál || ej || ta || am || cui || cú | | jál || ej || ta || am || cui || cú | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 | |||
|- | |- | ||
| zál || éj || ed || em' || eu || xi | | zál || éj || ed || em' || eu || xi | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 13 !! 24 !! 144 !! | ! 13 !! 24 !! 144 !! 1,728 !! 20,736 !! 248,832 | ||
|- | |||
| xi jál || ej xi || tsi || xiyan || tsiyan || xi tsiyan | |||
|} | |||
| valign="top" | | |||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ Formal numerals | |||
|- | |||
! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 | |||
|- | |||
| tim' || cuápm' || txevum' || xeñam || cáum || vutxem' | |||
|- | |||
! 19 !! 20 !! 21 !! 22 !! 23 !! 24 | |||
|- | |||
| m'ixem || c'eim' || cetim' || jutxem || txeum' || yetxam' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | 576 !! colspan="2" | 13,824 !! colspan="2" | 331,776 | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | colspan="2" | xuiñ' || colspan="2" | xuiñ'em' || colspan="2" | xuiñ'em' yetxam' | ||
|} | |||
|} | |} | ||
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===Derivational morphology=== | ===Derivational morphology=== | ||
====Part-of-speech modifiers==== | |||
The plural/indefinite particle ''ez'e'' is also used to nominalize words from other parts of speech. Agentive nouns can be derived either from ''ez''' (the class-2 inflection of ''ez'e'') or from dedicated agentive suffixes ''-uóc'' and ''-ih''. | |||
The suffix ''-z'i'' is | |||
Inalienable pronouns can also be used as particles following adjectives to disambiguate them from possessor nouns; this disambiguation can also be done with the suffix ''-jí'' (which is also used to disambiguate adjectives from verbs, and to derive verbs adjectives). | |||
The preceding particle ''hez'i'' disambiguates and derives adverbs from other parts of speech. | |||
====-ax==== | |||
The causative suffix ''-ax'' can be used productively on any verb, as well as being used nonproductively on some verbs deriving verbs of new meanings. | |||
====Reduplication==== | ====Reduplication==== | ||
Most words (other than nouns and conjunctions, but including some particles) can be fully reduplicated after the word for augmented or intensified meaning. In verbs this can also mark an iterative or contrastive meaning, and in adjectives and adverbs it can also mark a comparative or superlative meaning when the thing being compared to is absent in the sentence. | Most words (other than nouns and conjunctions, but including some particles) can be fully reduplicated after the word for augmented or intensified meaning. In verbs this can also mark an iterative or contrastive meaning, and in adjectives and adverbs it can also mark a comparative or superlative meaning when the thing being compared to is absent in the sentence. | ||
The reduplicated word comes after any particles that would | The reduplicated word comes after any particles that would otherwise be directly after the word. Reduplicated verbs only mark agreement on the first verb. | ||
Triplication is also used by some speakers for further augmentation/intensification, but this is not considered standard. | Triplication is also used by some speakers for further augmentation/intensification, but this is not considered standard. | ||
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==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
*[ | ===Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 1=== | ||
*[ | '''Habaiý co jutxux hez'i yanux jem'uj ne hez'i diuzi ez'e muzm'e. Sauciý xeu txisye uc' āhjí xec hez'i r'úiad ez'e céuxz'i. | ||
{{interlinear | |||
|Habai-(i)ý co jutxux hez'i yanux jem'uj ne hez'i diuzi ez'e muzm'e. | |||
|bear-PASS person all {{gcl|ADVZ|adverbializer}} freedom equality with {{gcl|ADVZ|adverbializer}} dignity NZ own | |||
||display-messages=no|italics2=no|italics3=no}} | |||
<br> | |||
{{interlinear | |||
|Sauc-iý xeu txisye uc' āh-jí xec hez'i r'úiad ez'e céux-z'i. | |||
|grant-PASS reason conscience SUBJ REL-do RECP {{gcl|ADVZ|adverbializer}} way NZ brother-VBZ | |||
||display-messages=no|italics1=yes|italics2=no|italics3=no}} | |||
===Linguifex-hosted translations=== | |||
*[[:Category:Translated works in Soc'ul'|Translated works in Soc'ul']] | |||
*[[Soc'ul'/Test Case Sentences]] | |||
*[[Soc'ul'/Corpus]] | |||
=== | ===Conlang Atlas of Language Structures-hosted translations=== | ||
*[https:// | *[https://cals.info/translation/language/socul CALS translations] | ||
==Other resources== | ==Other resources== | ||
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[https://pollasena.fandom.com/wiki/Soc%27ul%27 Pollasena Wiki] | [https://pollasena.fandom.com/wiki/Soc%27ul%27 Pollasena Wiki] | ||
[[Category:Soc'ul' language]] | [[Category:Soc'ul' language]] | ||