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* Sibilant palatalisation spreads in both directions through clusters; sibilants are also palatalised after {{IPA|/i/}} in coda position. | * Sibilant palatalisation spreads in both directions through clusters; sibilants are also palatalised after {{IPA|/i/}} in coda position. | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! | ! | ||
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|} | |} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! | ! | ||
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|} | |} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! | ! | ||
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|} | |} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! | ! | ||
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|} | |} | ||
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A nasal before another nasal due to its poststopped nature results in the same kind of cluster as a plosive before a nasal but additionally nasalises the preceding vowel, even across words. | A nasal before another nasal due to its poststopped nature results in the same kind of cluster as a plosive before a nasal but additionally nasalises the preceding vowel, even across words. | ||
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With ditransitive verbs such as causatives two referents can appear before the verb or the same displacement can take place. | With ditransitive verbs such as causatives two referents can appear before the verb or the same displacement can take place. | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|oas ga bahba sa͠a ỏ<u>hh</u>oyya ga}} | |phrase={{ash|oas ga bahba sa͠a ỏ<u>hh</u>oyya ga}} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|oas ga o sa͠a ỏ<u>ss</u>oyya ga bahba go}} | |phrase={{ash|oas ga o sa͠a ỏ<u>ss</u>oyya ga bahba go}} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
</div> | |||
Inversion is especially important when the subject is being omitted as person markers do not exist. | Inversion is especially important when the subject is being omitted as person markers do not exist. | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|ẻhheas yo}} | |phrase={{ash|ẻhheas yo}} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|ẻsseas e}} | |phrase={{ash|ẻsseas e}} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
</div> | |||
====Reflexivity==== | ====Reflexivity==== | ||
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Besides the direct and inverse agency prefixes, verbs can also take a reflexive one. | Besides the direct and inverse agency prefixes, verbs can also take a reflexive one. | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|oadnah ảyısa͠as yo}} | |phrase={{ash|oadnah ảyısa͠as yo}} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}} ga oadnah ảyısa͠a ma}} | |phrase={{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}} ga oadnah ảyısa͠a ma}} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
</div> | |||
Reflexivity can be used to disambiguate between referents. | Reflexivity can be used to disambiguate between referents. | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o mo ẻsbadsas yo}} | |phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o mo ẻsbadsas yo}} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o mo ẻwıbadsas yo}} | |phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o mo ẻwıbadsas yo}} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
</div> | |||
====Incorporation==== | ====Incorporation==== | ||
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An unstressed locative verb is required as a topical marker following a fronted nominal, resembling a particle. The choice of verb functions much like a noun class classifier and can be used to differentiate between various meanings of a single nominal lexeme. | An unstressed locative verb is required as a topical marker following a fronted nominal, resembling a particle. The choice of verb functions much like a noun class classifier and can be used to differentiate between various meanings of a single nominal lexeme. | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|ĩbmo͠o mo}} | |phrase={{ash|ĩbmo͠o mo}} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|ĩbmo͠o na}} | |phrase={{ash|ĩbmo͠o na}} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
</div> | |||
Used this way they nonetheless remain verbs and form separate clauses. | Used this way they nonetheless remain verbs and form separate clauses. | ||
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Converbial location is generic and locative verbs can be used to specify the meaning. | Converbial location is generic and locative verbs can be used to specify the meaning. | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}} sas sa͠a}} | |phrase={{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}} sas sa͠a}} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<div | <div class="ash-column"> | ||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}} sas laa}} | |phrase={{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}} sas laa}} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
</div> | |||
===Possession=== | ===Possession=== | ||
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The fossilised set of nouns that take the possessive prefix {{ash|n-}} can follow directly after a classified possessor. | The fossilised set of nouns that take the possessive prefix {{ash|n-}} can follow directly after a classified possessor. | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|ảhdo ga ndoo ya}} | |phrase={{ash|ảhdo ga ndoo ya}} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<div | <div class="ash-column"> | ||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|ảhdo gã bmo͠o na}} | |phrase={{ash|ảhdo gã bmo͠o na}} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
</div> | |||
Otherwise converbs such as the locative {{ash|-s}} serve to mark the possessor of a possessum depending on the relationship. | Otherwise converbs such as the locative {{ash|-s}} serve to mark the possessor of a possessum depending on the relationship. | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|ảhdo gas ảnda mmo}} | |phrase={{ash|ảhdo gas ảnda mmo}} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
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{{gloss | |||
|phrase={{ash|ảhdo gawı ảnda mmo}} | |phrase={{ash|ảhdo gawı ảnda mmo}} | ||
|gloss=Atwa=CLF-BEN bread=CLF.TOP | |gloss=Atwa=CLF-BEN bread=CLF.TOP | ||
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}} | }} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
</div> | |||
==Pragmatics and conventions== | ==Pragmatics and conventions== | ||
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Wants, needs, desires and possibilities are often just expressed through morphological means in Ash, such as irrealis forms, potentials and interrogatives. | Wants, needs, desires and possibilities are often just expressed through morphological means in Ash, such as irrealis forms, potentials and interrogatives. | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|ẻhhoes yo}} | |phrase={{ash|ẻhhoes yo}} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<div | <div class="ash-column"> | ||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|ẻhhoes no}} | |phrase={{ash|ẻhhoes no}} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<div | <div class="ash-column"> | ||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase={{ash|bahba go ẻhhoe no}} | |phrase={{ash|bahba go ẻhhoe no}} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
</div> | |||
===Colour terms=== | ===Colour terms=== |
edits