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{{construction}}
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'''[[{{PAGENAME}}/{{PAGENAME}}|Vy górov en socovíto]]'''<br/>'''[[{{PAGENAME}}/he|דף זה בעברית]]'''
'''[[{{PAGENAME}}/{{PAGENAME}}|Vy górov in socovíto]]'''<br/>'''[[{{PAGENAME}}/he|דף זה בעברית]]'''


{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
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| '''š''' /ʃ/
| '''š''' /ʃ/
|
|
| '''ḫ''' /x/
| '''x''' /x/
|
|
| '''h''' /h/
| '''h''' /h/
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| ''<sup>a</sup>q'', ''-a''
| ''<sup>a</sup>q'', ''-a''
| {{recon|''ʔ''}}
| {{recon|''ʔ''}}
| ''ḫ''
| ''x''
| ''<sup>a</sup>h''
| ''<sup>a</sup>h''
| ''h''
| ''h''
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| ''<sup>a</sup>q'', ''-a''
| ''<sup>a</sup>q'', ''-a''
| ː, ''v'', ''j''
| ː, ''v'', ''j''
| ''ḫ''
| ''x''
| ''<sup>a</sup>h''
| ''<sup>a</sup>h''
| ''h''
| ''h''
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{{PAGENAME}} nouns are notable for generalizing the diptotic (two-case) system, with nominative singular ''-''Ø < {{recon|''-ъ''}} < PNSem {{recon|''-u''}} and genitive/accusative singular ''-o'' < PNSem {{recon|''-a''}}, though it is uncertain whether diptotes or triptotes dominated the original Proto-Semitic paradigm. Feminine singular nominative {{recon|''-atu''}} was changed to {{recon|''-ā''}} (modern ''-a''), presumably under Indo-European influence. The feminine plural genitive also has an unexpected form of ''-aci'' instead of the syncretic {{recon|''-ác''}} < {{recon|''-āti''}} - probably a result of analogy to the masculine genitive plural.
{{PAGENAME}} nouns are notable for generalizing the diptotic (two-case) system, with nominative singular ''-''Ø < {{recon|''-ъ''}} < PNSem {{recon|''-u''}} and genitive/accusative singular ''-o'' < PNSem {{recon|''-a''}}, though it is uncertain whether diptotes or triptotes dominated the original Proto-Semitic paradigm. Feminine singular nominative {{recon|''-atu''}} was changed to {{recon|''-ā''}} (modern ''-a''), presumably under Indo-European influence. The feminine plural genitive also has an unexpected form of ''-aci'' instead of the syncretic {{recon|''-ác''}} < {{recon|''-āti''}} - probably a result of analogy to the masculine genitive plural.


The definiteness suffixes arose from cliticized demonstratives: e.g. ''vódov'' 'the child' (nom.) < {{recon|''voldъ-vy''}} < PNSem {{recon|''waldu&nbsp;ðū''}}; ''porosili'' 'the horses' (acc./gen.) < {{recon|''porosi-ъli''}} < PNSem {{recon|''parašī&nbsp;ʔulī''}}. Proper names, already being definite, are unmarked for definiteness: (e.g. ''Ivan'' 'John (m.)/Greece (f.)', ''Ḫrist'' or ''Ḫristos'' 'Christ', with a unique vocative form ''Ḫriste'').
The definiteness suffixes arose from cliticized demonstratives: e.g. ''vódov'' 'the child' (nom.) < {{recon|''voldъ-vy''}} < PNSem {{recon|''waldu&nbsp;ðū''}}; ''porosili'' 'the horses' (acc./gen.) < {{recon|''porosi-ъli''}} < PNSem {{recon|''parašī&nbsp;ʔulī''}}. Proper names, already being definite, are unmarked for definiteness: (e.g. ''Ivan'' 'John (m.)/Greece (f.)', ''xrist'' or ''xristos'' 'Christ', with a unique vocative form ''xriste'').


Nouns fall into one of several declension paradigms. Diachronically, the declension paradigm a noun belongs to is a function of the declension class it was analyzed as, as well as the noun's gender.
Nouns fall into one of several declension paradigms. Diachronically, the declension paradigm a noun belongs to is a function of the declension class it was analyzed as, as well as the noun's gender.
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====Possessed nouns====
====Possessed nouns====
Possessed nouns, or nouns that take possessive suffixes, are a closed class; this group covers only the nuclear family nouns ''ob'' 'father' (pl. ''obáje''), ''óm'' 'mother' (pl. ''ómác''), ''oḫ'' (pl. ''oḫove'') 'brother', ''oḫoc, oḫc-/oḫt-'' 'sister' (pl. ''oḫovác''), ''ben, bn-'' (pl. ''bnáje'') 'son', ''bęc, bęc-/bęt-'' 'daughter' (pl. ''bnác''). Only the singular has possessed forms: ''oḫi'' 'my brother', but ''oḫava li'' 'my two brothers'. The possessive suffixes make the noun definite. Note that the plurals are all irregular in order to disambiguate the plural case-marked forms from the singular possessed forms.
Possessed nouns, or nouns that take possessive suffixes, are a closed class; this group covers only the nuclear family nouns ''ob'' 'father' (pl. ''obáje''), ''óm'' 'mother' (pl. ''ómác''), ''ox'' (pl. ''oxove'') 'brother', ''oxoc, oxc-/oxt-'' 'sister' (pl. ''oxovác''), ''ben, bn-'' (pl. ''bnáje'') 'son', ''bęc, bęc-/bęt-'' 'daughter' (pl. ''bnác''). Only the singular has possessed forms: ''oxi'' 'my brother', but ''oxava li'' 'my two brothers'. The possessive suffixes make the noun definite. Note that the plurals are all irregular in order to disambiguate the plural case-marked forms from the singular possessed forms.


All nouns in this class follow the same declension w.r.t. possession. The oblique can be formed by adding ''-bi'' to the end of the accusative/genitive possessed forms.
All nouns in this class follow the same declension w.r.t. possession. The oblique can be formed by adding ''-bi'' to the end of the accusative/genitive possessed forms.


'My sister' and 'my daughter' are ''oḫ'''c'''i'' and ''bę'''c'''i'' in the nominative; all other posssessed forms take stems in ''oḫt-'' and ''bęt-''.
'My sister' and 'my daughter' are ''ox'''c'''i'' and ''bę'''c'''i'' in the nominative; all other posssessed forms take stems in ''oxt-'' and ''bęt-''.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
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|-
|-
|5
|5
|''ḫǫs, ḫǫsa''
|''xǫs, xǫsa''
|''ḫones''
|''xones''
|''mǫḫónes''
|''mǫxónes''
|-
|-
|6
|6
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|-
|-
|50
|50
|''ḫǫse''
|''xǫse''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
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||''čun''|| (+ varies) as || present participle of ''ječen'' 'be'
||''čun''|| (+ varies) as || present participle of ''ječen'' 'be'
|-
|-
||''en''|| in, towards, into || {{recon|''ʔin(a)''}}
||''in''|| in, towards, into || {{recon|''ʔin(a)''}}
|-
|-
||''me''|| from, with || {{recon|''min''}}; Greek ''me''
||''me''|| from, with || {{recon|''min''}}; Greek ''me''
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In elevated language, when the head represents the 1st or 2nd person, the verb or copula in the relative clause may be conjugated to that person:
In elevated language, when the head represents the 1st or 2nd person, the verb or copula in the relative clause may be conjugated to that person:


:'''''Óle ǫtme la ḫotave rmeje obnov okdomov.'''''
:'''''Óle ǫtme la xotave rmeje obnov okdomov.'''''
:''Ye who have not sinned, cast the first stone.''
:''Ye who have not sinned, cast the first stone.''


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==Texts==
==Texts==
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1===
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1===
:'''''Čóle onasele jǫvolade horare v savije en qosrovo v tahikili.'''''
:'''''Čóle onasele jǫvolade horare v savije in qosrovo v tahikili.'''''
:<small>all-PL.M.NOM human.PL.DEF.NOM 3.PRES-beget/PASS-PL.M free-PL.M.NOM and equal-PL.M.NOM in worth-SG.DEF.INS and right-PL.DEF.INS</small>
:<small>all-PL.M.NOM human.PL.DEF.NOM 3.PRES-beget/PASS-PL.M free-PL.M.NOM and equal-PL.M.NOM in worth-SG.DEF.INS and right-PL.DEF.INS</small>
:''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights.''
:''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights.''


:'''''Mǫsečale me mosbáro v tostočíno, home mǫpokade no joptaqle okrobokroblu en ḫnumoto oḫovíto.'''''
:'''''Mǫsečale me mosbáro v tostočíno, home mǫpokade no joptaqle okrobokroblu in xnumoto oxovíto.'''''
:<small>PART-empower/PASS-PL.M.NOM with rationality-SG.GEN and conscience-SG.GEN 3.PL.M.NOM PART-obligate/PASS-PL.M.NOM SUBJ 3-behave/PRES-PL.M each_other-SG.M.DAT in spirit-SG.GEN brotherhood-SG.GEN</small>
:<small>PART-empower/PASS-PL.M.NOM with rationality-SG.GEN and conscience-SG.GEN 3.PL.M.NOM PART-obligate/PASS-PL.M.NOM SUBJ 3-behave/PRES-PL.M each_other-SG.M.DAT in spirit-SG.GEN brotherhood-SG.GEN</small>
:''Empowered with reason and conscience, they ought to behave toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
:''Empowered with reason and conscience, they ought to behave toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
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===Pater noster===
===Pater noster===
<poem>
<poem>
''Obene, ov' ǫto en somájili!''
''Obene, ov' ǫto in somájili!''
''Jektódas smov lók.''
''Jektódas smov lók.''
''Jéce memlóčov lók.''
''Jéce memlóčov lók.''
''Jępoqele roþív lók, ěma en somájili ěvi v en orþěto.''
''Jępoqele roþív lók, ěma in somájili ěvi v in orþěto.''
''Ḫlebov lone jumív cen lone ojúm.''
''Xlebov lone jumív cen lone ojúm.''
''V staqpu lone ḫotálác lone, ěvi v nahne nostaqpove ḫotálác nož lone.''
''V staqpu lone xotálác lone, ěvi v nahne nostaqpove xotálác nož lone.''
''V la ne sabej en tonésíne, éla žal ne leč rogovo.''
''V la ne sabej in tonésíne, éla žal ne leč rogovo.''
''Amen.''
''Amen.''
</poem>
</poem>
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'''''Sověc v porosele'''''
'''''Sověc v porosele'''''


:''Sova větla bo foječon qobáj jerí porosi; okdomov foježórer čobid merčab, okrobov fojeshab rób homol, v šolefov fojeshab ęso išǫ. Sověc jamári porosili: «Lébov li márér, rájoto ęso mosožéro porosi.» Porosele jamáre: «Stosmeqi, sova, lébov lone márér, rájili ve: ęs, baqlov, qošě noposlu qobájvobi sověto ham molbes. Vén sovětla bo jef qobáj.» Somoqa ve, sověc jebráhi en mesvójovo.''
:''Sova větla bo foječon qobáj jerí porosi; okdomov foježórer čobid merčab, okrobov fojeshab rób homol, v šolefov fojeshab ęso išǫ. Sověc jamári porosili: «Lébov li márér, rájoto ęso mosožéro porosi.» Porosele jamáre: «Stosmeqi, sova, lébov lone márér, rájili ve: ęs, baqlov, qošě noposlu qobájvobi sověto ham molbes. Vén sovětla bo jef qobáj.» Somoqa ve, sověc jebráhi in mesvójovo.''


([[Media:Schleicher_{{PAGENAME}}.ogg|audio]])
([[Media:Schleicher_{{PAGENAME}}.ogg|audio]])
IlL
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