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Suwáá/Unknown: Difference between revisions
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{{construction}} | {{construction}} | ||
'''[[{{PAGENAME}}/{{PAGENAME}}|Vy górov | '''[[{{PAGENAME}}/{{PAGENAME}}|Vy górov in socovíto]]'''<br/>'''[[{{PAGENAME}}/he|דף זה בעברית]]''' | ||
{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
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| '''š''' /ʃ/ | | '''š''' /ʃ/ | ||
| | | | ||
| ''' | | '''x''' /x/ | ||
| | | | ||
| '''h''' /h/ | | '''h''' /h/ | ||
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| ''<sup>a</sup>q'', ''-a'' | | ''<sup>a</sup>q'', ''-a'' | ||
| {{recon|''ʔ''}} | | {{recon|''ʔ''}} | ||
| '' | | ''x'' | ||
| ''<sup>a</sup>h'' | | ''<sup>a</sup>h'' | ||
| ''h'' | | ''h'' | ||
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| ''<sup>a</sup>q'', ''-a'' | | ''<sup>a</sup>q'', ''-a'' | ||
| ː, ''v'', ''j'' | | ː, ''v'', ''j'' | ||
| '' | | ''x'' | ||
| ''<sup>a</sup>h'' | | ''<sup>a</sup>h'' | ||
| ''h'' | | ''h'' | ||
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{{PAGENAME}} nouns are notable for generalizing the diptotic (two-case) system, with nominative singular ''-''Ø < {{recon|''-ъ''}} < PNSem {{recon|''-u''}} and genitive/accusative singular ''-o'' < PNSem {{recon|''-a''}}, though it is uncertain whether diptotes or triptotes dominated the original Proto-Semitic paradigm. Feminine singular nominative {{recon|''-atu''}} was changed to {{recon|''-ā''}} (modern ''-a''), presumably under Indo-European influence. The feminine plural genitive also has an unexpected form of ''-aci'' instead of the syncretic {{recon|''-ác''}} < {{recon|''-āti''}} - probably a result of analogy to the masculine genitive plural. | {{PAGENAME}} nouns are notable for generalizing the diptotic (two-case) system, with nominative singular ''-''Ø < {{recon|''-ъ''}} < PNSem {{recon|''-u''}} and genitive/accusative singular ''-o'' < PNSem {{recon|''-a''}}, though it is uncertain whether diptotes or triptotes dominated the original Proto-Semitic paradigm. Feminine singular nominative {{recon|''-atu''}} was changed to {{recon|''-ā''}} (modern ''-a''), presumably under Indo-European influence. The feminine plural genitive also has an unexpected form of ''-aci'' instead of the syncretic {{recon|''-ác''}} < {{recon|''-āti''}} - probably a result of analogy to the masculine genitive plural. | ||
The definiteness suffixes arose from cliticized demonstratives: e.g. ''vódov'' 'the child' (nom.) < {{recon|''voldъ-vy''}} < PNSem {{recon|''waldu ðū''}}; ''porosili'' 'the horses' (acc./gen.) < {{recon|''porosi-ъli''}} < PNSem {{recon|''parašī ʔulī''}}. Proper names, already being definite, are unmarked for definiteness: (e.g. ''Ivan'' 'John (m.)/Greece (f.)', '' | The definiteness suffixes arose from cliticized demonstratives: e.g. ''vódov'' 'the child' (nom.) < {{recon|''voldъ-vy''}} < PNSem {{recon|''waldu ðū''}}; ''porosili'' 'the horses' (acc./gen.) < {{recon|''porosi-ъli''}} < PNSem {{recon|''parašī ʔulī''}}. Proper names, already being definite, are unmarked for definiteness: (e.g. ''Ivan'' 'John (m.)/Greece (f.)', ''xrist'' or ''xristos'' 'Christ', with a unique vocative form ''xriste''). | ||
Nouns fall into one of several declension paradigms. Diachronically, the declension paradigm a noun belongs to is a function of the declension class it was analyzed as, as well as the noun's gender. | Nouns fall into one of several declension paradigms. Diachronically, the declension paradigm a noun belongs to is a function of the declension class it was analyzed as, as well as the noun's gender. | ||
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====Possessed nouns==== | ====Possessed nouns==== | ||
Possessed nouns, or nouns that take possessive suffixes, are a closed class; this group covers only the nuclear family nouns ''ob'' 'father' (pl. ''obáje''), ''óm'' 'mother' (pl. ''ómác''), '' | Possessed nouns, or nouns that take possessive suffixes, are a closed class; this group covers only the nuclear family nouns ''ob'' 'father' (pl. ''obáje''), ''óm'' 'mother' (pl. ''ómác''), ''ox'' (pl. ''oxove'') 'brother', ''oxoc, oxc-/oxt-'' 'sister' (pl. ''oxovác''), ''ben, bn-'' (pl. ''bnáje'') 'son', ''bęc, bęc-/bęt-'' 'daughter' (pl. ''bnác''). Only the singular has possessed forms: ''oxi'' 'my brother', but ''oxava li'' 'my two brothers'. The possessive suffixes make the noun definite. Note that the plurals are all irregular in order to disambiguate the plural case-marked forms from the singular possessed forms. | ||
All nouns in this class follow the same declension w.r.t. possession. The oblique can be formed by adding ''-bi'' to the end of the accusative/genitive possessed forms. | All nouns in this class follow the same declension w.r.t. possession. The oblique can be formed by adding ''-bi'' to the end of the accusative/genitive possessed forms. | ||
'My sister' and 'my daughter' are '' | 'My sister' and 'my daughter' are ''ox'''c'''i'' and ''bę'''c'''i'' in the nominative; all other posssessed forms take stems in ''oxt-'' and ''bęt-''. | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|5 | |5 | ||
|'' | |''xǫs, xǫsa'' | ||
|'' | |''xones'' | ||
|'' | |''mǫxónes'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|6 | |6 | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|50 | |50 | ||
|'' | |''xǫse'' | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
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||''čun''|| (+ varies) as || present participle of ''ječen'' 'be' | ||''čun''|| (+ varies) as || present participle of ''ječen'' 'be' | ||
|- | |- | ||
||'' | ||''in''|| in, towards, into || {{recon|''ʔin(a)''}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
||''me''|| from, with || {{recon|''min''}}; Greek ''me'' | ||''me''|| from, with || {{recon|''min''}}; Greek ''me'' | ||
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In elevated language, when the head represents the 1st or 2nd person, the verb or copula in the relative clause may be conjugated to that person: | In elevated language, when the head represents the 1st or 2nd person, the verb or copula in the relative clause may be conjugated to that person: | ||
:'''''Óle ǫtme la | :'''''Óle ǫtme la xotave rmeje obnov okdomov.''''' | ||
:''Ye who have not sinned, cast the first stone.'' | :''Ye who have not sinned, cast the first stone.'' | ||
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==Texts== | ==Texts== | ||
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1=== | ===Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1=== | ||
:'''''Čóle onasele jǫvolade horare v savije | :'''''Čóle onasele jǫvolade horare v savije in qosrovo v tahikili.''''' | ||
:<small>all-PL.M.NOM human.PL.DEF.NOM 3.PRES-beget/PASS-PL.M free-PL.M.NOM and equal-PL.M.NOM in worth-SG.DEF.INS and right-PL.DEF.INS</small> | :<small>all-PL.M.NOM human.PL.DEF.NOM 3.PRES-beget/PASS-PL.M free-PL.M.NOM and equal-PL.M.NOM in worth-SG.DEF.INS and right-PL.DEF.INS</small> | ||
:''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights.'' | :''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights.'' | ||
:'''''Mǫsečale me mosbáro v tostočíno, home mǫpokade no joptaqle okrobokroblu | :'''''Mǫsečale me mosbáro v tostočíno, home mǫpokade no joptaqle okrobokroblu in xnumoto oxovíto.''''' | ||
:<small>PART-empower/PASS-PL.M.NOM with rationality-SG.GEN and conscience-SG.GEN 3.PL.M.NOM PART-obligate/PASS-PL.M.NOM SUBJ 3-behave/PRES-PL.M each_other-SG.M.DAT in spirit-SG.GEN brotherhood-SG.GEN</small> | :<small>PART-empower/PASS-PL.M.NOM with rationality-SG.GEN and conscience-SG.GEN 3.PL.M.NOM PART-obligate/PASS-PL.M.NOM SUBJ 3-behave/PRES-PL.M each_other-SG.M.DAT in spirit-SG.GEN brotherhood-SG.GEN</small> | ||
:''Empowered with reason and conscience, they ought to behave toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.'' | :''Empowered with reason and conscience, they ought to behave toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.'' | ||
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===Pater noster=== | ===Pater noster=== | ||
<poem> | <poem> | ||
''Obene, ov' ǫto | ''Obene, ov' ǫto in somájili!'' | ||
''Jektódas smov lók.'' | ''Jektódas smov lók.'' | ||
''Jéce memlóčov lók.'' | ''Jéce memlóčov lók.'' | ||
''Jępoqele roþív lók, ěma | ''Jępoqele roþív lók, ěma in somájili ěvi v in orþěto.'' | ||
'' | ''Xlebov lone jumív cen lone ojúm.'' | ||
''V staqpu lone | ''V staqpu lone xotálác lone, ěvi v nahne nostaqpove xotálác nož lone.'' | ||
''V la ne sabej | ''V la ne sabej in tonésíne, éla žal ne leč rogovo.'' | ||
''Amen.'' | ''Amen.'' | ||
</poem> | </poem> | ||
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'''''Sověc v porosele''''' | '''''Sověc v porosele''''' | ||
:''Sova větla bo foječon qobáj jerí porosi; okdomov foježórer čobid merčab, okrobov fojeshab rób homol, v šolefov fojeshab ęso išǫ. Sověc jamári porosili: «Lébov li márér, rájoto ęso mosožéro porosi.» Porosele jamáre: «Stosmeqi, sova, lébov lone márér, rájili ve: ęs, baqlov, qošě noposlu qobájvobi sověto ham molbes. Vén sovětla bo jef qobáj.» Somoqa ve, sověc jebráhi | :''Sova větla bo foječon qobáj jerí porosi; okdomov foježórer čobid merčab, okrobov fojeshab rób homol, v šolefov fojeshab ęso išǫ. Sověc jamári porosili: «Lébov li márér, rájoto ęso mosožéro porosi.» Porosele jamáre: «Stosmeqi, sova, lébov lone márér, rájili ve: ęs, baqlov, qošě noposlu qobájvobi sověto ham molbes. Vén sovětla bo jef qobáj.» Somoqa ve, sověc jebráhi in mesvójovo.'' | ||
([[Media:Schleicher_{{PAGENAME}}.ogg|audio]]) | ([[Media:Schleicher_{{PAGENAME}}.ogg|audio]]) | ||