Suwáá/Unknown: Difference between revisions

'''[[{{PAGENAME}}/{{PAGENAME}}|Vy górov in socovíto]]'''<br/>'''[[{{PAGENAME}}/he|דף זה בעברית]]'''

|name = {{PAGENAME}}

|nativename = socovíc/socovija lesán

*[[Socovíc/Lexicon]]

**''qobod'' 'servant'; ''qobdíc'' 'work, service'

**''túr'' instead of {{recon|''fúr''}}

**''zúg'' 'pair'

**''mór'' 'man'

**''véb'' 'wolf'

**''jesbór'' 'know' ({{recon|''yašburu''}} 'break')

*[[Main Page/Socovíc]]

'''{{PAGENAME}}''' ({{PAGENAME}}: ''socovíc'' /ˈsotsoviːts/ or ''socovija lesán'' /ˈsotsovija ˈlesaːn/), sometimes called '''Sotsovian''' in English, is a Semitic language in the [[w:Balkan sprachbund|Balkan Sprachbund]], spoken in the nation of Mostsev (''Moscév'') which is actually a thin piece of land running straight down the west coast of the Balkan Peninsula or something. A North Semitic language, it diverges in many ways from Central Semitic tongues such as Arabic, Aramaic and Hebrew - it preserves archaic features that have not survived in Central Semitic languages, as well as some innovations in its grammar. North Semitic is defined by innovations such as the generalization of the diptote noun paradigm and present forms derived from the Proto-Semitic stative. North Semitic is thought to have been a quasi-Central Semitic dialect that separated very early from the rest of Central Semitic. The name of the language, ''socovíc'', is the feminine singular definite form of the adjective ''socoví'' - which seems to have stemmed from {{recon|√s-t-w}}, a root meaning 'north' in {{PAGENAME}} (cf. Hebrew {{heb|סְתָו}} ''săṯâw'' 'winter'). Like its Semitic and Afro-Asiatic relatives, {{PAGENAME}} is a fusional, templatic language with an accusative alignment. Because of its obvious connection with the "sacred tongue" Hebrew, {{PAGENAME}} had caught some attention in historical Western scholarship before the era of modern linguistics. While {{PAGENAME}} is very conservative in some respects (e.g. inflectional cases, dual number, a prefix-conjugated preterite, feminine plural verb forms), over its history the language has absorbed influences from Slavic, Greek, Albanian, Turkish, Italian, Arabic, and more recently French, German and English.

Obstruents followed by an obstruent assimilate to the voicing of the following obstruent: ''tosbára'' /tɤsbaːra/ 'science' is pronounced [ˈtɤzbaːra].

!style="width: 90px; "|<small>short</small>

!style="width: 90px; "|<small>long</small>

!style="width: 90px; "|<small>short</small>

!style="width: 90px; "|<small>long</small>

| '''í''' /iː/

| '''ú''' /uː/

| '''é''' /eː/

| '''o''' /ɤ/

| '''ó''' /o̞ː/

| '''ḗ''' /æ&#797;ː/

 

Disyllabic words tend to have a high-low intonation. In words with more syllables, pitch starts high, declines until the last syllable, and the last syllable is higher in pitch than the lowest syllable.

 

====PNSem to P{{PAGENAME}}====

! Proto-{{PAGENAME}}

===P{{PAGENAME}} to {{PAGENAME}}===

Havlík's law: strong {{recon|''ъ''}} > {{recon|''o''}}, strong {{recon|''ь''}} > {{recon|''e''}}, weak jers vanish without doing anything

{{PAGENAME}} distinguishes between around 23 of the original 29 consonants of Proto-Semitic. (cf. Arabic 28, Aramaic/Phoenician 22, Akkadian 20, Modern Hebrew <20). The following chart presents the predominant reflexes of the Proto-Semitic consonants in each stage:

! Old {{PAGENAME}}

! Modern {{PAGENAME}}

====Proto-/Old {{PAGENAME}}====

{{PAGENAME}} nouns decline in definiteness, three numbers (singular, dual and plural), and three cases (nominative, accusative, genitive). Unusually for a modern Semitic language, case plays a very important and productive role, while there is no counterpart to the construct state or possessed forms (except for very few nouns) of other Semitic languages; however, the possessor always follows the head.

{{PAGENAME}} nouns are notable for generalizing the diptotic (two-case) system, with nominative singular ''-''Ø < {{recon|''-ъ''}} < PNSem {{recon|''-u''}} and genitive/accusative singular ''-o'' < PNSem {{recon|''-a''}}, though it is uncertain whether diptotes or triptotes dominated the original Proto-Semitic paradigm. Feminine singular nominative {{recon|''-atu''}} was changed to {{recon|''-ā''}} (modern ''-a''), presumably under Indo-European influence. The feminine plural genitive also has an unexpected form of ''-aci'' instead of the syncretic {{recon|''-ác''}} < {{recon|''-āti''}} - probably a result of analogy to the masculine genitive plural.

The definiteness suffixes arose from cliticized demonstratives: e.g. ''vódov'' 'the child' (nom.) < {{recon|''voldъ-vy''}} < PNSem {{recon|''waldu&nbsp;ðū''}}; ''porosili'' 'the horses' (acc./gen.) < {{recon|''porosi-ъli''}} < PNSem {{recon|''parašī&nbsp;ʔulī''}}. Proper names, already being definite, are unmarked for definiteness: (e.g. ''Junija'' 'Greece', ''Xrist'' or ''Xristos'' 'Christ', with a unique vocative form ''Xriste'').

===Masculine nouns of type ''júm''===

! colspan="7" | Masculine noun: ''vód'' 'child, boy'

| ''vód'' || ''vód'''ov''''' || ''vód'''a''''' || ''vód'''ava''''' || ''vód'''e''''' || ''vód'''ele'''''

| ''vód'''o''''' || ''vód'''ovo''''' || ''vód'''ē''''' || ''vód'''ēvē''''' || ''vód'''i''''' || ''vód'''ili'''''

! colspan="7" | Masculine noun: ''júm'' 'day'

| ''júm'' || ''júm'''ov''''' || ''júm'''a''''' || ''júm'''ava''''' || ''júm'''e''''' || ''júm'''ele'''''

| ''júm'''o''''' || ''júm'''ovo''''' || ''júm'''ē''''' || ''júm'''ēvē''''' || ''júm'''i''''' || ''júm'''ili'''''

{{recon|-q}} > ''a'', {{recon|-aq, *-yq}} > ''á'', {{recon|-eq, ēq}} > ''ē'', {{recon|-uq}} > ''ó'', {{recon|-iq}} > ''é''

! colspan="7" | Masculine noun: ''vrá'' 'arm'

| ''vrá'' || ''vraqov'' || ''vraqa'' || ''vraqava'' || ''vraqe'' || ''vraqele''

! colspan="7" | Masculine noun: ''ráh'' 'wind'

| ''ráh'' || ''rehov'' || ''reha'' || ''rehava'' || ''rehe'' || ''rehele''

| ''sir'''a''''' || ''sir'''ēc''''' || ''sir'''ota''''' || ''sir'''ēta''''' || ''sir'''ác''''' || ''sir'''alác'''''

===Feminine nouns of type ''lesán''===

This class includes many feminine body part nouns. Examples: ''qӗn'' 'eye'; ''ovon, ovn-'' 'ear'; ''beton, betn-'' 'stomach'; ''koron, korn-'' 'horn'; ''óm'' 'mother'; ''lӗl'' 'night'; ''oroþ, orþ-'' 'earth'.

! colspan="7" | ''lesán'' 'tongue, language'

| ''lesán'' || ''lesán'''ēc''''' || ''lesán'''a''''' || ''lesán'''ēta''''' || ''lesán'''ác''''' || ''lesán'''alác'''''

| ''lesán'''o''''' || ''lesán'''ēto''''' || ''lesán'''ē''''' || ''lesán'''ēcē''''' || ''lesán'''aci''''' || ''lesán'''alaci'''''

===Feminine abstract ''-íc'' nouns===

! colspan="5" | Feminine noun: ''omeníc'' 'truth'

| ''omen'''íc''''' || ''omen'''ita''''' || ''omen'''ijác'''''

Nouns with "irregular" declension or broken plurals became nigh-extinct by the time of Proto-Socovíc; however, some still remain.  

Possessed nouns, or nouns that take possessive suffixes, are a closed class; this group covers only the nuclear family nouns ''ob'' 'father' (pl. ''obáje''), ''óm'' 'mother' (pl. ''ómác''), ''ox'' (pl. ''oxove'') 'brother', ''oxoc, oxc-/oxt-'' 'sister' (pl. ''oxovác''), ''ben, bn-'' (pl. ''bnáje'') 'son', ''bęc, bęc-/bęt-'' 'daughter' (pl. ''bnác''), ''mór'' (pl. ''omráje'') 'husband', ''nesa'' 'wife'. Only the singular has possessed forms: ''oxi'' 'my brother', but ''oxava li'' 'my two brothers'. The possessive suffixes make the noun definite. Note that the plurals are all irregular in order to disambiguate the plural case-marked forms from the singular possessed forms.

| ''obá'' || ''obeno''

| ''obá'' || ''obano''

Adjectives precede nouns in the nominative and accusative cases: ''rób bḗc'' 'a big house', ''taba spara'' 'a good story', but follow the nouns in the genitive and oblique: ''docēc bḗcovo róbovo'' 'the door of the big house', and prepositional objects: ''en bḗcovo róbovo'' 'in the big house'. Adjectives do not agree in definiteness when they precede the noun, but do agree when they follow the noun.

| ''tab'''a''''' || ''tab'''ēc''''' || ''tab'''ota''''' || ''tab'''ēta''''' || ''tab'''ác''''' || ''tab'''alác'''''

! colspan="7" | Adjective declension: ''bošorí'' 'bodily, physical' (masculine)

| ''bošor'''í''''' || ''bošor'''ív''''' || ''bošor'''ija''''' || ''bošor'''íva''''' || ''bošor'''ije''''' || ''bošor'''íle'''''

| ''bošor'''ije'' || ''bošor'''ívo'' || ''bošor'''ijē''''' || ''bošor'''ívē''''' || ''bošor'''í''''' || ''bošor'''íli'''''

! colspan="7" | Adjective declension: ''bošorí'' 'bodily, physical' (feminine)

| ''bošor'''ija''''' || ''bošor'''íc''''' || ''bošor'''ijota''''' || ''bošor'''íta''''' || ''bošor'''ijác''''' || ''bošor'''ílác'''''

| ''bošor'''ijoto'' || ''bošor'''íto'' || ''bošor'''ijocē''''' || ''bošor'''ícē''''' || ''bošor'''ijaci''''' || ''bošor'''ílaci'''''

|''nák''|| ''nahna'' || ''nahne''

|''níc'', ''ni''|| ''nác'', ''na'' || ''néc'', ''ne''

|''lók''|| ''lóč'' || ''lókma'' || ''lókme'' || ''lóčno'' || ''lókmes'' ||''lú''||''lá''||''luma''||''lume''||''lēn''

|''kác'', ''ka'', ''k'' ||''číc'', ''či'', ''č''|| ''kmác'', ''kma'' || ''kméc'', ''kme'' || ''čnác'', ''čna'' || ''kméc'', ''kmes'' || ''óc'', ''o'' ||''ác'', ''a''||''omác'', ''oma''||''oméc'', ''om'' ||''enác'', ''en''

| ''ve'' || ''vēc'' || ''va'' || ''vēta'' || ''ele'' || ''elác''

| ''velu'' || ''vētla'' || ''vēluma''''' || ''vētluma''''' || ''elilúm'' || ''elátlēn''

| ''ove'' || ''ovēc'' || ''ova'' || ''ovēta'' || ''óle'' || ''ólác''

| ''ovu'' || ''ovēto'' || ''ovē'' || ''ovēcē'' || ''óli'' || ''ólaci''

| ''ovelu'' || ''ovētla'' || ''ovēluma''''' || ''ovētluma''''' || ''ólilúm'' || ''ólátlēn''

**Words ''šolaf'' (3) through ''cés'' (9) or in ''qošor'' (10-19) are declined like feminine singular nouns in adnominal position (''Hén šolafa onasi'' 'There are three people') and like masculine singular nouns in nominal position (''Hén šolaf'' 'There are three'). Colloquial Hebrew displays this behavior as well. This pattern of agreement derives from the original Semitic chiastic concord, seen in Biblical Hebrew and Classical Arabic, wherein masculine numerals had feminine endings and vice versa.

**Words ''qošore'' (20), ''šolafe'' (30), ..., ''cése'' (90) are declined as masculine plural nouns.

*''qošore júmi'' '20 days', ''qošore sonáci'' '20 years'

*''qošore v ahod júm'' '21 days', ''qošore v ahda sona'' '21 years'

*''qošore vo fla júma'' '22 days', ''qošore vo flota sonota'' '22 years'

*''qošore v šolafa júmi'' '23 days', ''qošore v šolafa sonaci'' '23 years'

Since {{PAGENAME}} has singular and dual forms, modifying numerals one and two are not needed; thus ''Li hén voda v bęc'' 'I have two sons and a daughter' is just as correct as, in fact preferred to, ''Li hén fla voda v ahda bęc''.

!colspan="4"|{{PAGENAME}} numerals

|''mǫšólef''

|''robá''

|''mǫróbē''

|''mǫxónes''

|''séf, séfa''

|''mǫsódef''

|''sóp, sópa''

|''sobá''

|''mǫsóbē''

|''fomán, fomána''

|''mǫfómen''

|''cés, césa''

|''cosá''

|''mǫcósē''

|''mǫqóser''

|''séfe''

|''sópe''

|''fománe''

|''cése''

|''mejocí''

|''mejotají''

|''šolafa mejác''

|''šolafamejocí''

|''olpí''

|''olpají''

|''šolafaolpí''

:''See also: [[{{PAGENAME}}/Verbal subparadigms|Verbal subparadigms]].''

*unprefixed ''é-''

*w/ personal prefixes ''nó-'', ''tó-'', ''jé-''

:'''''Lú {{blue|nohób}} vohób.'''''

:<small>lú=no-hób-Ø vohób-Ø</small>

Morphologically, the preterite is one of two forms that inherit the Proto-Semitic prefix conjugation. The personal prefixes are usually 1st person ''no-'', 2nd person ''to-'', and 3rd person ''je-'', though a "weak" 1st radical may change the prefix vowel. Note that unlike in other Semitic languages, the 1st person singular prefix is ''n-'' (not {{recon|''ʔ-''}}), and number/gender suffixes are added as in 2nd and 3rd person (cf. Maghrebi Arabic/Maltese). Also, 3fs form of ''jektól'' is ''jektóli'', not ''toktól''! This is often a shibboleth for Hebrew and Arabic speakers.

:'''''Jéce memlóčov lók.'''''

:<small>je-ʔce-Ø memlóč-ov=lók</small>

:'''''Ječna ''f'' v ''g'' moftóbacota funkcijota...''

:<small>je-čŭn-a ''f'' v ''g'' moftóbac-ota funkcij-ota</small>

===G-stems: ''jektól''===

! colspan="4" | ''jektól'' 'he killed'

| ''noktól'' || ''noktóla'' || ''noktóle''

| ''toktól''

|rowspan="2"| ''toktóla'' || ''toktóle''

| ''toktóli'' || ''toktólno''

|colspan="3"|''toktóles''

| ''jektól''

|rowspan="2"| ''jektóla'' || ''jektóle''

| ''jektóli'' || ''jektólno''  

| ''de nočon kotla'' || ''de nočna kotlota'' || ''de nočne kotlác''

| ''de točni kotla''|| ''de točna kotlota'' || ''de točonno kotlác''

| ''de ječni kotla''|| ''de ječna kotlota'' ||  ''de ječonno kotlác''

| ''nák kotol'' || ''nahna kotla'' || ''nahne kotle''

| ''nák kotla'' || ''nahna kotlota'' || ''nahne kotlác''

| ''ǫc kotla'' || ''ǫtma kotlota'' || ''ǫtno kotlác''

| ''(hi) kotla'' || ''(homa) kotlota'' || ''(hen) kotlác''

| ''nočen kotla'' || ''nočena kotlota'' || ''nočene kotlác''

| ''točeni kotla'' || ''točena kotlota'' || ''točenno kotlác''

| ''ječeni kotla'' || ''ječena kotlota'' || ''ječenno kotlác''

===N-stems: ''jękotál''===

===D-stems: ''jekótél, jękótél''===

Examples: ''jobóréč'' 'greet, celebrate', ''joþójém'' 'bring up in conversation, build upon a concept' (< ''þima'' 'topic, theme')

! colspan="4" | ''jopóléž'' 'split (something)'

| colspan="4" | ''pólžíc''  

| colspan="4" | ''mopólež''  

| ''pólež!''  

|rowspan="2"| ''pólža!'' || ''pólže!''

| ''pólži!'' || ''póležno!''

| ''nopólež'' || ''nopólža'' || ''nopólže''

| ''topólež''

|rowspan="2"| ''topólža'' || ''topólže''

| ''topólži'' || ''topóležno''

| ''jepólež''

|rowspan="2"| ''jepólža'' || ''jepólže''

| ''jepólži'' || ''jepóležno''  

| ''nopóléž'' || ''nopóléža'' || ''nopóléže''

| ''topóléž''

|rowspan="2"| ''topóléža'' || ''topóléže''

| ''topóléži'' || ''topóléžno''

| ''jepóléž'' || ''jepóléža'' || ''jepóléže''

| ''jepóléži'' || ''jepóléža'' || ''jepóléžno''

| (''nák'') || (''nahna'') || (''nahne'')

!|{{PAGENAME}}

!|{{PAGENAME}}

!|{{PAGENAME}}

||''éla''|| or || {{recon|''ʔim lā''}}

||''vén''|| so, thus || {{recon|''wa-hinna''}} 'and lo'

!|{{PAGENAME}}

:'''''Eláh ibošorí.''''' (also: ''Eláh e ibošorí.'' Obviously, a Muslim might say ''Alláh (e) ibošorí.'')

:<small>Eláh-Ø i-bošorí-Ø</small>

Possession is emphasized with the adjective ''nopsí'' (the pronoun is optional):

:'''''me jodēcē {{blue|nopsícē}}'''''

:<small>me jod-ēcē nopsí-ēcē</small>

Emphasized possession of possessed nouns: e.g. ''bn'''i''' nopsív'' 'my own son', cf. ''bēc'''ov''' nopsív li'' 'my own house'.

In positive clauses, ''hén'' is used as the word for "there is"; in interrogative and negative clauses ''jef'' is used.

:'''''Óle ǫtme la xotave rmeje obnov okdomov.'''''

*''CoCCán'' 'person characterized by//associated with X", also ''-án''

**''rahmán'' 'merciful one' < {{recon|''r-ħ-m''}}

**''čovbán'' 'liar, deceitful person' < {{recon|''k-ð-b''}}

**''mevbáh'' 'altar' < {{recon|''ð-b-ħ''}} 'sacrifice' (''altar, altarj-'' is more common though)

**''mesvój'' 'plain' < {{recon|''š-w-y''}} 'even, equal'

A heuristic: Transliterating from the Modern Hebrew form of the internationalism and adding any acute accents as necessary often yields a correct Socovíc form. lol

**''ibercí'' 'nonmetallic' < ''bercí'' 'metallic'

*''-í'' adjective (nisba) suffix

**''májí'' 'aquatic, aqueous' < ''máj'' 'water'

**''qomí'' 'national' < ''qom'' 'people, nation'

**''-ikí'' '-ic'

***''logikí'' 'logical' < ''logika'' 'logic' vs. ''logí'' '(of or pertaining to) throat'

**Some 'redundant' adjective suffixes may be omitted, more often than in English: ''mizoginí'' 'misogynistic' (cf. German ''misogyn'')

*''-íc'' abstract noun suffix from nouns and adjectives

**''nopsíc'' 'identity' < ''nopos, nops-'' 'self'

**''omeníc'' 'truth' < ''omen'' 'true'

**''onasíc'' 'humanity (human species)' < ''onase'' 'people (pl.)' (compare ''ęsíc'' 'humanity (being human)' < ''ęs'' 'person (sg.)'; cf. German ''Menschheit'' vs. ''Menschlichkeit'')

**''polaríc'' 'polarity' < ''polarí'' 'polar'

Standard Socovíc (''standardija socovíc'') has the dual number and the feminine plural verb suffix ''-no''. Other dialects tend to omit one or both of these features.

*''c'' (in affixes) > ''s'': ''socovis'' : ''socovíc''

*''Solám!'' 'Hello!'

*''Tab mahár!'' 'Good morning!'

*''Tab júm!'' 'Good day!'

*''Ma smov lókmes?'' 'What is your name?'

*''Mótrok!'' 'Thank you!'

*''Bo mólúk socovíc.'' 'I don't speak {{PAGENAME}}.'

*''O mólútmes...'' 'Do you speak...'

**''...anglíc?'' '...English?'

**''...nēmcíc?'' '...German?'

**''...francíc?'' '...French?'

**''...rusíc?'' '...Russian?'

**''...juníc?'' '...Greek?'

**''...qebríc?'' '...Hebrew?'

**''...qorobíc?'' '...Arabic?'

:'''''Čóle onasele jǫvolade horare v savije in qosrovo v tahikili.'''''

:'''''Mǫsečale me mobáno v tostočínoto, ome mǫpokade no joptaqle okrobokroblu in xnumoto oxovíto.'''''

''Obene, ov' ǫt' in somájili!''

''Jektódas smov loko.''

''Jéce memlóčov loko.''

''Jępoqele roþív loko, ēma in somájili ēvi v in orþēto.''

''Xlebov lone jumív cen lone ojúm.''

''V staqpu lone xotálác lone, ēvi v nahne nostaqpove xotálác nož lone.''

''V la ne sabej in tonésíne, éla žal ne leč rogovo.''

:''Sova vētla bo foječon qobáj jerí porosi; okdomov foježórer čobid merčab, okrobov fojeshab rób homol, v šolefov fojeshab ęso išǫ. Sovēc jamári porosili: «Lébov li márér onur rájok ęso mosožéro porosi.» Porosele jamáre: «Stosmeqi, sova, lébov lone márér onur rájne ve: ęs, baqlov, qošē noposlu qobájvobi sovēto ham molbes. Vén sovētla bo jef qobáj.» Somoqa ve, sovēc jebráhi in mesvójovo.''

([[Media:Schleicher_{{PAGENAME}}.ogg|audio]])