Suwáá/Unknown: Difference between revisions

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{{construction}}
{{construction}}


'''[[{{PAGENAME}}/{{PAGENAME}}|Vy górov in socovíto]]'''<br/>'''[[{{PAGENAME}}/he|דף זה בעברית]]'''
'''[[Socovic/Socovic|Vy gorov in socovito]]'''<br/>'''[[Socovic/he|דף זה בעברית]]'''


{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|name = Socovic
|nativename = socovíc/socovija lesán
|nativename = socovic/socovija lesan
|region = Balkan Peninsula
|region = Balkan Peninsula
|states = Mostsev, Greece, Italy
|states = Mostsev, Greece, Italy
Line 19: Line 19:


==todo==
==todo==
*[[Socovíc/Lexicon]]
*[[Socovic/Lexicon]]
**''cedor, cedr-'' instead of {{recon|''oroz'', ''orz-''}}
**''cedor, cedr-'' instead of {{recon|''oroz'', ''orz-''}}
**''odom'': high register word for 'human'/'mortal'
**''odom'': high register word for 'human'/'mortal'
**''qobod'' 'servant'; ''qobdíc'' 'work, service'
**''qobod'' 'servant'; ''qobdic'' 'work, service'
**''túr'' instead of {{recon|''fúr''}}
**''tur'' instead of {{recon|''fur''}}
**''ura'' 'time'
**''ura'' 'time'
**''zúg'' 'pair'
**''zug'' 'pair'
***''sezeg'' 'husband'
***''sezeg'' 'husband'
**''mór'' 'man'
**''mor'' 'man'
**''véb'' 'wolf'
**''veb'' 'wolf'
**''jesbór'' 'know' ({{recon|''yašburu''}} 'break')
**''jesbor'' 'know' ({{recon|''yašburu''}} 'break')
*[[Main Page/Socovíc]]
*[[Main Page/Socovic]]
*Grammar
*Grammar
**stative > present defines North Semitic
**stative > present defines North Semitic
Line 36: Line 36:


==Background==
==Background==
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' ({{PAGENAME}}: ''socovíc'' /ˈsotsoviːts/ or ''socovija lesán'' /ˈsotsovija ˈlesaːn/), sometimes called '''Sotsovian''' in English, is a Semitic language in the [[w:Balkan sprachbund|Balkan Sprachbund]], spoken in the nation of Mostsev (''Moscév'') which is actually a thin piece of land running straight down the west coast of the Balkan Peninsula or something. A North Semitic language, it diverges in many ways from Central Semitic tongues such as Arabic, Aramaic and Hebrew - it preserves archaic features that have not survived in Central Semitic languages, as well as some innovations in its grammar. North Semitic is defined by innovations such as the generalization of the diptote noun paradigm and present forms derived from the Proto-Semitic stative. North Semitic is thought to have been a quasi-Central Semitic dialect that separated very early from the rest of Central Semitic. The name of the language, ''socovíc'', is the feminine singular definite form of the adjective ''socoví'' - which seems to have stemmed from {{recon|√s-t-w}}, a root meaning 'north' in {{PAGENAME}} (cf. Hebrew {{heb|סְתָו}} ''săṯâw'' 'winter'). Like its Semitic and Afro-Asiatic relatives, {{PAGENAME}} is a fusional, templatic language with an accusative alignment. Because of its obvious connection with the "sacred tongue" Hebrew, {{PAGENAME}} had caught some attention in historical Western scholarship before the era of modern linguistics. While {{PAGENAME}} is very conservative in some respects (e.g. inflectional cases, dual number, a prefix-conjugated preterite, feminine plural verb forms), over its history the language has absorbed influences from Slavic, Greek, Albanian, Turkish, Italian, Arabic, and more recently French, German and English.
'''Socovic''' (Socovic: ''socovic'' /ˈsotsoviːts/ or ''socovija lesan'' /ˈsotsovija ˈlesaːn/), sometimes called '''Sotsovian''' in English, is a Semitic language in the [[w:Balkan sprachbund|Balkan Sprachbund]], spoken in the nation of Mostsev (''Moscev'') which is actually a thin piece of land running straight down the west coast of the Balkan Peninsula or something. A North Semitic language, it diverges in many ways from Central Semitic tongues such as Arabic, Aramaic and Hebrew - it preserves archaic features that have not survived in Central Semitic languages, as well as some innovations in its grammar. North Semitic is defined by innovations such as the generalization of the diptote noun paradigm and present forms derived from the Proto-Semitic stative. North Semitic is thought to have been a quasi-Central Semitic dialect that separated very early from the rest of Central Semitic. The name of the language, ''socovic'', is the feminine singular definite form of the adjective ''socovi'' - which seems to have stemmed from {{recon|√s-t-w}}, a root meaning 'north' in Socovic (cf. Hebrew {{heb|סְתָו}} ''săṯâw'' 'winter'). Like its Semitic and Afro-Asiatic relatives, Socovic is a fusional, templatic language with an accusative alignment. Because of its obvious connection with the "sacred tongue" Hebrew, Socovic had caught some attention in historical Western scholarship before the era of modern linguistics. While Socovic is very conservative in some respects (e.g. inflectional cases, dual number, a prefix-conjugated preterite, feminine plural verb forms), over its history the language has absorbed influences from Slavic, Greek, Albanian, Turkish, Italian, Arabic, and more recently French, German and English.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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If a word begins with a vowel, a glottal stop is added before it.
If a word begins with a vowel, a glottal stop is added before it.


Obstruents followed by an obstruent assimilate to the voicing of the following obstruent: ''tosbára'' /tɤsbaːra/ 'science' is pronounced [ˈtɤzbaːra].
Obstruents followed by an obstruent assimilate to the voicing of the following obstruent: ''tosbara'' /tɤsbaːra/ 'science' is pronounced [ˈtɤzbaːra].


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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! rowspan="1" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
! rowspan="1" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
|-
!style="width: 90px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 90px; "|<small>oral</small>
!style="width: 90px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 90px; "|<small>nasal</small>
!style="width: 90px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 90px; "|<small>oral</small>
!style="width: 90px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 90px; "|<small>nasal</small>
|-
|-
! style="" |Close
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
| '''i''' /i/
| '''í''' /iː/
|  
| '''u''' /u/
| '''u''' /u/
| '''ú''' /uː/
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Mid
! style="" |Mid
| '''e''' /e/
| '''e''' /e/
| '''é''' /eː/
| '''ę''' /ɛ̃/
| '''o''' /ɤ/
| '''o''' /o/
| '''ó''' /o̞ː/
| '''ǫ''' /ɔ̃/
|-
|-
! style="" |Open
! style="" |Open
| '''ē''' /æ&#797;/
| '''ē''' /æ&#797;/
| '''ḗ''' /æ&#797;ː/
|  
| '''a''' /a/
| '''a''' /a/
| '''á''' /aː/
|}
====Nasal====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
!style="width: 90px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 90px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 90px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 90px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
|  
|  
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Mid
|
| '''ę''' /ɛ̃ː/
|
| '''ǫ''' /ɔ̃ː/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
|
|
|}
|}
====Allophony====
/i/ > [ɨ] / C[+retroflex]_


===Stress and intonation===
===Stress and intonation===
Stress always falls on the first syllable of a word.
Tone is phonemic in Socovic.
 
Disyllabic words tend to have a high-low intonation. In words with more syllables, pitch starts high, declines until the last syllable, and the last syllable is higher in pitch than the lowest syllable.
 
==Diachronics==
==Diachronics==
===STRESS===
Initially Arabic-like, then stress shifts leftward (before "Proto-/Old {{PAGENAME}}" stage), resulting in the loss of the final nasal elements in dual and plural endings
*base cases: {{recon|kabī́ra}}; {{recon|kátaba}}; {{recon|nawlū́da}} (when > {{recon|náwlūda}}?)
*generalize the rule "start from the left to determine syllable weight":
**only the first 2 syllables may be stressed
**['''H''' L; [L '''H'''; [H '''H'''; ['''L''' L


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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*{{recon|āN *īN *ūN *ayN}} > overlong {{recon|â *î *û *ê}} if N is not part of a root
*{{recon|āN *īN *ūN *ayN}} > overlong {{recon|â *î *û *ê}} if N is not part of a root


====PNSem to P{{PAGENAME}}====
====PNSem to PSocovic====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! Proto-North Semitic
! Proto-North Semitic
! Proto-{{PAGENAME}}
! Proto-Socovic
|-
|-
| i
| i
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|}
|}


===P{{PAGENAME}} to {{PAGENAME}}===
===PSocovic to Socovic===
Havlík's law: strong {{recon|''ъ''}} > {{recon|''o''}}, strong {{recon|''ь''}} > {{recon|''e''}}, weak jers vanish without doing anything
Havlik's law: strong {{recon|''ъ''}} > {{recon|''o''}}, strong {{recon|''ь''}} > {{recon|''e''}}, weak jers vanish without doing anything


{{recon|''y''}} > ''e''
{{recon|''y''}} > ''e''


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{{PAGENAME}} distinguishes between around 23 of the original 29 consonants of Proto-Semitic. (cf. Arabic 28, Aramaic/Phoenician 22, Akkadian 20, Modern Hebrew <20). The following chart presents the predominant reflexes of the Proto-Semitic consonants in each stage:
Socovic distinguishes between around 23 of the original 29 consonants of Proto-Semitic. (cf. Arabic 28, Aramaic/Phoenician 22, Akkadian 20, Modern Hebrew <20). The following chart presents the predominant reflexes of the Proto-Semitic consonants in each stage:


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:650px; text-align:center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:650px; text-align:center;"
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| {{recon|y}}
| {{recon|y}}
|-
|-
! Old {{PAGENAME}}
! Old Socovic
| ''b''
| ''b''
| ''d''
| ''d''
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| ''j''
| ''j''
|-
|-
! Modern {{PAGENAME}}
! Modern Socovic
| ''b''
| ''b''
| ''d''
| ''d''
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| ''yawma(n)'' || ''yawmay(ni)'' || ''yawmī''
| ''yawma(n)'' || ''yawmay(ni)'' || ''yawmī''
|}
|}
<!--
If I want triptotes
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" | Masculine noun: ''júm'' 'day'
|-
!rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | !! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
!style="width: 100px;" |Indefinite!!style="width: 100px;" |Definite!!style="width: 100px;" |Indefinite!!style="width: 100px;" |Definite!!style="width: 100px;" |Indefinite!!style="width: 100px;" |Definite
|-
! Nominative
| ''júm'' || ''júm'''ov''''' || ''júm'''a''''' || ''júm'''ava''''' || ''júm'''y''''' || ''júm'''yly'''''
|-
! Genitive
| ''j'''ui'''m'' || ''j'''ui'''m'''eve''''' || ''júm'''ä''''' || ''júm'''ävä''''' || ''júm'''i''''' || ''júm'''ili'''''
|-
! Accusative
| ''júm'''o''''' || ''júm'''ovo''''' || ''júm'''ä''''' || ''júm'''ävä''''' || ''júm'''i''''' || ''júm'''ili'''''
|-
! Oblique
| ''juim'''bi''''' || ''juim'''vebi''''' || ''júm'''äma''''' || ''júm'''äväma''''' || ''júm'''ím''''' || ''júm'''ilím'''''
|}
-->


====Proto-/Old {{PAGENAME}}====
====Proto-/Old Socovic====
Accusative implements DOM based on animacy of the noun: = genitive for animates, = nominative for inanimates
Accusative implements DOM based on animacy of the noun: = genitive for animates, = nominative for inanimates


Line 450: Line 383:


==Nouns==
==Nouns==
{{PAGENAME}} nouns decline in definiteness, three numbers (singular, dual and plural), and three cases (nominative, accusative, genitive). Unusually for a modern Semitic language, case plays a very important and productive role, while there is no counterpart to the construct state or possessed forms (except for very few nouns) of other Semitic languages; however, the possessor always follows the head.
Socovic nouns decline in definiteness, three numbers (singular, dual and plural), and three cases (nominative, accusative, genitive). Unusually for a modern Semitic language, case plays a very important and productive role, while there is no counterpart to the construct state or possessed forms (except for very few nouns) of other Semitic languages; however, the possessor always follows the head.


===Morphological notes===
===Morphological notes===
The accusative is identical to the genitive for animate nouns, and identical to the nominative for inanimate nouns.
The accusative is identical to the genitive for animate nouns, and identical to the nominative for inanimate nouns.


{{PAGENAME}} nouns are notable for generalizing the diptotic (two-case) system, with nominative singular ''-''Ø < {{recon|''-ъ''}} < PNSem {{recon|''-u''}} and genitive/accusative singular ''-o'' < PNSem {{recon|''-a''}}, though it is uncertain whether diptotes or triptotes dominated the original Proto-Semitic paradigm. Feminine singular nominative {{recon|''-atu''}} was changed to {{recon|''-ā''}} (modern ''-a''), presumably under Indo-European influence. The feminine plural genitive also has an unexpected form of ''-aci'' instead of the syncretic {{recon|''-ác''}} < {{recon|''-āti''}} - probably a result of analogy to the masculine genitive plural.
Socovic nouns are notable for generalizing the diptotic (two-case) system, with nominative singular ''-''Ø < {{recon|''-ъ''}} < PNSem {{recon|''-u''}} and genitive/accusative singular ''-o'' < PNSem {{recon|''-a''}}, though it is uncertain whether diptotes or triptotes dominated the original Proto-Semitic paradigm. Feminine singular nominative {{recon|''-atu''}} was changed to {{recon|''-ā''}} (modern ''-a''), presumably under Indo-European influence. The feminine plural genitive also has an unexpected form of ''-aci'' instead of the syncretic {{recon|''-ac''}} < {{recon|''-āti''}} - probably a result of analogy to the masculine genitive plural.


The definiteness suffixes arose from cliticized demonstratives: e.g. ''vódov'' 'the child' (nom.) < {{recon|''voldъ-vy''}} < PNSem {{recon|''waldu&nbsp;ðū''}}; ''porosili'' 'the horses' (acc./gen.) < {{recon|''porosi-ъli''}} < PNSem {{recon|''parašī&nbsp;ʔulī''}}. Proper names, already being definite, are unmarked for definiteness: (e.g. ''Junija'' 'Greece', ''Xrist'' or ''Xristos'' 'Christ', with a unique vocative form ''Xriste'').
The definiteness suffixes arose from cliticized demonstratives: e.g. ''vodov'' 'the child' (nom.) < {{recon|''voldъ-vy''}} < PNSem {{recon|''waldu&nbsp;ðū''}}; ''porosili'' 'the horses' (acc./gen.) < {{recon|''porosi-ъli''}} < PNSem {{recon|''parašī&nbsp;ʔulī''}}. Proper names, already being definite, are unmarked for definiteness: (e.g. ''Junija'' 'Greece', ''Xrist'' or ''Xristos'' 'Christ', with a unique vocative form ''Xriste'').


Nouns fall into one of several declension paradigms. Diachronically, the declension paradigm a noun belongs to is a function of the declension class it was analyzed as, as well as the noun's gender.
Nouns fall into one of several declension paradigms. Diachronically, the declension paradigm a noun belongs to is a function of the declension class it was analyzed as, as well as the noun's gender.


===Masculine nouns of type ''júm''===
===Masculine nouns of type ''jum''===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" | Masculine noun: ''vód'' 'child, boy'
! colspan="7" | Masculine noun: ''vod'' 'child, boy'
|-
|-
!rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | !! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
!rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | !! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
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|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| ''vód'' || ''vód'''ov''''' || ''vód'''a''''' || ''vód'''ava''''' || ''vód'''e''''' || ''vód'''ele'''''
| ''vod'' || ''vod'''ov''''' || ''vod'''a''''' || ''vod'''ava''''' || ''vod'''e''''' || ''vod'''ele'''''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| ''vód'''o''''' || ''vód'''ovo''''' || ''vód'''ē''''' || ''vód'''ēvē''''' || ''vód'''i''''' || ''vód'''ili'''''
| ''vod'''o''''' || ''vod'''ovo''''' || ''vod'''ē''''' || ''vod'''ēvē''''' || ''vod'''i''''' || ''vod'''ili'''''
|}
|}




{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" | Masculine noun: ''júm'' 'day'
! colspan="7" | Masculine noun: ''jum'' 'day'
|-
|-
!rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | !! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
!rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | !! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
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|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| ''júm'' || ''júm'''ov''''' || ''júm'''a''''' || ''júm'''ava''''' || ''júm'''e''''' || ''júm'''ele'''''
| ''jum'' || ''jum'''ov''''' || ''jum'''a''''' || ''jum'''ava''''' || ''jum'''e''''' || ''jum'''ele'''''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| ''júm'''o''''' || ''júm'''ovo''''' || ''júm'''ē''''' || ''júm'''ēvē''''' || ''júm'''i''''' || ''júm'''ili'''''
| ''jum'''o''''' || ''jum'''ovo''''' || ''jum'''ē''''' || ''jum'''ēvē''''' || ''jum'''i''''' || ''jum'''ili'''''
|}
|}


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===''q''-stems===
===''q''-stems===


{{recon|-q}} > ''a'', {{recon|-aq, *-yq}} > ''á'', {{recon|-eq, ēq}} > ''ē'', {{recon|-uq}} > ''ó'', {{recon|-iq}} > ''é''
{{recon|-q}} > ''a'', {{recon|-aq, *-yq}} > ''a'', {{recon|-eq, ēq}} > ''ē'', {{recon|-uq}} > ''o'', {{recon|-iq}} > ''e''


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" | Masculine noun: ''vrá'' 'arm'
! colspan="7" | Masculine noun: ''vra'' 'arm'
|-
|-
!rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | !! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
!rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | !! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
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|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| ''vrá'' || ''vraqov'' || ''vraqa'' || ''vraqava'' || ''vraqe'' || ''vraqele''
| ''vra'' || ''vraqov'' || ''vraqa'' || ''vraqava'' || ''vraqe'' || ''vraqele''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" | Masculine noun: ''ráh'' 'wind'
! colspan="7" | Masculine noun: ''rah'' 'wind'
|-
|-
!rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | !! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
!rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | !! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
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|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| ''ráh'' || ''rehov'' || ''reha'' || ''rehava'' || ''rehe'' || ''rehele''
| ''rah'' || ''rehov'' || ''reha'' || ''rehava'' || ''rehe'' || ''rehele''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
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|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| ''sir'''a''''' || ''sir'''ēc''''' || ''sir'''ota''''' || ''sir'''ēta''''' || ''sir'''ác''''' || ''sir'''alác'''''
| ''sir'''a''''' || ''sir'''ēc''''' || ''sir'''ota''''' || ''sir'''ēta''''' || ''sir'''ac''''' || ''sir'''alac'''''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
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|}
|}


===Feminine nouns of type ''lesán''===
===Feminine nouns of type ''lesan''===
This class includes many feminine body part nouns. Examples: ''qӗn'' 'eye'; ''ovon, ovn-'' 'ear'; ''beton, betn-'' 'stomach'; ''koron, korn-'' 'horn'; ''óm'' 'mother'; ''lӗl'' 'night'; ''oroþ, orþ-'' 'earth'.
This class includes many feminine body part nouns. Examples: ''qӗn'' 'eye'; ''ovon, ovn-'' 'ear'; ''beton, betn-'' 'stomach'; ''koron, korn-'' 'horn'; ''om'' 'mother'; ''lӗl'' 'night'; ''oroþ, orþ-'' 'earth'.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" | ''lesán'' 'tongue, language'
! colspan="7" | ''lesan'' 'tongue, language'
|-
|-
!rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | !! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
!rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | !! colspan="2" | Singular !! colspan="2" | Dual !! colspan="2" | Plural
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|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| ''lesán'' || ''lesán'''ēc''''' || ''lesán'''a''''' || ''lesán'''ēta''''' || ''lesán'''ác''''' || ''lesán'''alác'''''
| ''lesan'' || ''lesan'''ēc''''' || ''lesan'''a''''' || ''lesan'''ēta''''' || ''lesan'''ac''''' || ''lesan'''alac'''''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| ''lesán'''o''''' || ''lesán'''ēto''''' || ''lesán'''ē''''' || ''lesán'''ēcē''''' || ''lesán'''aci''''' || ''lesán'''alaci'''''
| ''lesan'''o''''' || ''lesan'''ēto''''' || ''lesan'''ē''''' || ''lesan'''ēcē''''' || ''lesan'''aci''''' || ''lesan'''alaci'''''
|}
|}


===Feminine abstract ''-íc'' nouns===
===Feminine abstract ''-ic'' nouns===
These nouns have no definiteness distinction.
These nouns have no definiteness distinction.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | Feminine noun: ''omeníc'' 'truth'
! colspan="5" | Feminine noun: ''omenic'' 'truth'
|-
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| ''omen'''íc''''' || ''omen'''ita''''' || ''omen'''ijác'''''
| ''omen'''ic''''' || ''omen'''ita''''' || ''omen'''ijac'''''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
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===Irregular nouns===
===Irregular nouns===
Nouns with "irregular" declension or broken plurals became nigh-extinct by the time of Proto-Socovíc; however, some still remain.  
Nouns with "irregular" declension or broken plurals became nigh-extinct by the time of Proto-Socovic; however, some still remain.  


*''ęs'' (pl. nom. indef. ''onase'') 'person'
*''ęs'' (pl. nom. indef. ''onase'') 'person'
Line 596: Line 529:


====Possessed nouns====
====Possessed nouns====
Possessed nouns, or nouns that take possessive suffixes, are a closed class; this group covers only the nuclear family nouns ''ob'' 'father' (pl. ''obáje''), ''óm'' 'mother' (pl. ''ómác''), ''ox'' (pl. ''oxove'') 'brother', ''oxoc, oxc-/oxt-'' 'sister' (pl. ''oxovác''), ''ben, bn-'' (pl. ''bnáje'') 'son', ''bęc, bęc-/bęt-'' 'daughter' (pl. ''bnác''), ''mór'' (pl. ''omráje'') 'husband', ''nesa'' 'wife'. Only the singular has possessed forms: ''oxi'' 'my brother', but ''oxava li'' 'my two brothers'. The possessive suffixes make the noun definite. Note that the plurals are all irregular in order to disambiguate the plural case-marked forms from the singular possessed forms.
Possessed nouns, or nouns that take possessive suffixes, are a closed class; this group covers only the nuclear family nouns ''ob'' 'father' (pl. ''obaje''), ''om'' 'mother' (pl. ''omac''), ''ox'' (pl. ''oxove'') 'brother', ''oxoc, oxc-/oxt-'' 'sister' (pl. ''oxovac''), ''ben, bn-'' (pl. ''bnaje'') 'son', ''bęc, bęc-/bęt-'' 'daughter' (pl. ''bnac''), ''mor'' (pl. ''omraje'') 'husband', ''nesa'' 'wife'. Only the singular has possessed forms: ''oxi'' 'my brother', but ''oxava li'' 'my two brothers'. The possessive suffixes make the noun definite. Note that the plurals are all irregular in order to disambiguate the plural case-marked forms from the singular possessed forms.


All nouns in this class follow the same declension w.r.t. possession. The oblique can be formed by adding ''-bi'' to the end of the accusative/genitive possessed forms.
All nouns in this class follow the same declension w.r.t. possession. The oblique can be formed by adding ''-bi'' to the end of the accusative/genitive possessed forms.
Line 624: Line 557:
|-
|-
! 3.f
! 3.f
| ''obá'' || ''obeno''
| ''oba'' || ''obeno''
|-
|-
! colspan="5" | Accusative/Genitive singular
! colspan="5" | Accusative/Genitive singular
Line 645: Line 578:
|-
|-
! 3.f
! 3.f
| ''obá'' || ''obano''
| ''oba'' || ''obano''
|}
|}


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Adjectives merge the genitive and oblique cases into the genitive case.
Adjectives merge the genitive and oblique cases into the genitive case.


Adjectives precede nouns in the nominative and accusative cases: ''rób bḗc'' 'a big house', ''taba spara'' 'a good story', but follow the nouns in the genitive and oblique: ''docēc bḗcovo róbovo'' 'the door of the big house', and prepositional objects: ''en bḗcovo róbovo'' 'in the big house'. Adjectives do not agree in definiteness when they precede the noun, but do agree when they follow the noun.
Adjectives precede nouns in the nominative and accusative cases: ''rob bḗc'' 'a big house', ''taba spara'' 'a good story', but follow the nouns in the genitive and oblique: ''docēc bḗcovo robovo'' 'the door of the big house', and prepositional objects: ''en bḗcovo robovo'' 'in the big house'. Adjectives do not agree in definiteness when they precede the noun, but do agree when they follow the noun.


===Adjectives ending in a consonant===
===Adjectives ending in a consonant===
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|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| ''tab'''a''''' || ''tab'''ēc''''' || ''tab'''ota''''' || ''tab'''ēta''''' || ''tab'''ác''''' || ''tab'''alác'''''
| ''tab'''a''''' || ''tab'''ēc''''' || ''tab'''ota''''' || ''tab'''ēta''''' || ''tab'''ac''''' || ''tab'''alac'''''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
Line 687: Line 620:


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" | Adjective declension: ''bošorí'' 'bodily, physical' (masculine)
! colspan="7" | Adjective declension: ''bošori'' 'bodily, physical' (masculine)
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" |  
! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" |  
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|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| ''bošor'''í''''' || ''bošor'''ív''''' || ''bošor'''ija''''' || ''bošor'''íva''''' || ''bošor'''ije''''' || ''bošor'''íle'''''
| ''bošor'''i''''' || ''bošor'''iv''''' || ''bošor'''ija''''' || ''bošor'''iva''''' || ''bošor'''ije''''' || ''bošor'''ile'''''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| ''bošor'''ije'' || ''bošor'''ívo'' || ''bošor'''ijē''''' || ''bošor'''ívē''''' || ''bošor'''í''''' || ''bošor'''íli'''''
| ''bošor'''ije'' || ''bošor'''ivo'' || ''bošor'''ijē''''' || ''bošor'''ivē''''' || ''bošor'''i''''' || ''bošor'''ili'''''
|}
|}


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" | Adjective declension: ''bošorí'' 'bodily, physical' (feminine)
! colspan="7" | Adjective declension: ''bošori'' 'bodily, physical' (feminine)
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" |  
! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" |  
Line 710: Line 643:
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| ''bošor'''ija''''' || ''bošor'''íc''''' || ''bošor'''ijota''''' || ''bošor'''íta''''' || ''bošor'''ijác''''' || ''bošor'''ílác'''''
| ''bošor'''ija''''' || ''bošor'''ic''''' || ''bošor'''ijota''''' || ''bošor'''ita''''' || ''bošor'''ijac''''' || ''bošor'''ilac'''''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| ''bošor'''ijoto'' || ''bošor'''íto'' || ''bošor'''ijocē''''' || ''bošor'''ícē''''' || ''bošor'''ijaci''''' || ''bošor'''ílaci'''''
| ''bošor'''ijoto'' || ''bošor'''ito'' || ''bošor'''ijocē''''' || ''bošor'''icē''''' || ''bošor'''ijaci''''' || ''bošor'''ilaci'''''
|}
|}


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|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
|''nák''|| ''nahna'' || ''nahne''
|''nak''|| ''nahna'' || ''nahne''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
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|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
|''níc'', ''ni''|| ''nác'', ''na'' || ''néc'', ''ne''
|''nic'', ''ni''|| ''nac'', ''na'' || ''nec'', ''ne''
|}
|}


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|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
|''lók''|| ''lóč'' || ''lókma'' || ''lókme'' || ''lóčno'' || ''lókmes'' ||''lú''||''lá''||''luma''||''lume''||''lēn''
|''lok''|| ''loč'' || ''lokma'' || ''lokme'' || ''ločno'' || ''lokmes'' ||''lu''||''la''||''luma''||''lume''||''lēn''
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
|''kác'', ''ka'', ''k'' ||''číc'', ''či'', ''č''|| ''kmác'', ''kma'' || ''kméc'', ''kme'' || ''čnác'', ''čna'' || ''kméc'', ''kmes'' || ''óc'', ''o'' ||''ác'', ''a''||''omác'', ''oma''||''oméc'', ''om'' ||''enác'', ''en''
|''kac'', ''ka'', ''k'' ||''čic'', ''či'', ''č''|| ''kmac'', ''kma'' || ''kmec'', ''kme'' || ''čnac'', ''čna'' || ''kmec'', ''kmes'' || ''oc'', ''o'' ||''ac'', ''a''||''omac'', ''oma''||''omec'', ''om'' ||''enac'', ''en''
|}
|}


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|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| ''ve'' || ''vēc'' || ''va'' || ''vēta'' || ''ele'' || ''elác''
| ''ve'' || ''vēc'' || ''va'' || ''vēta'' || ''ele'' || ''elac''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
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|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| ''velu'' || ''vētla'' || ''vēluma''''' || ''vētluma''''' || ''elilúm'' || ''elátlēn''
| ''velu'' || ''vētla'' || ''vēluma''''' || ''vētluma''''' || ''elilum'' || ''elatlēn''
|}
|}


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|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| ''ove'' || ''ovēc'' || ''ova'' || ''ovēta'' || ''óle'' || ''ólác''
| ''ove'' || ''ovēc'' || ''ova'' || ''ovēta'' || ''ole'' || ''olac''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| ''ovu'' || ''ovēto'' || ''ovē'' || ''ovēcē'' || ''óli'' || ''ólaci''
| ''ovu'' || ''ovēto'' || ''ovē'' || ''ovēcē'' || ''oli'' || ''olaci''
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| ''ovelu'' || ''ovētla'' || ''ovēluma''''' || ''ovētluma''''' || ''ólilúm'' || ''ólátlēn''
| ''ovelu'' || ''ovētla'' || ''ovēluma''''' || ''ovētluma''''' || ''olilum'' || ''olatlēn''
|}
|}


Line 819: Line 752:
*Cardinal numerals one and two, and those ending in "1" or "2", are declined as adjectives. The modified noun is singular (and agrees in case) for numbers ending in ''ahod'', and the noun is dual for numbers ending in ''fla''.
*Cardinal numerals one and two, and those ending in "1" or "2", are declined as adjectives. The modified noun is singular (and agrees in case) for numbers ending in ''ahod'', and the noun is dual for numbers ending in ''fla''.
*All other numerals are declined as nouns and require the noun they modify to be in the genitive plural.
*All other numerals are declined as nouns and require the noun they modify to be in the genitive plural.
**Words ''šolaf'' (3) through ''cés'' (9) or in ''qošor'' (10-19) are declined like feminine singular nouns in adnominal position (''Hén šolafa onasi'' 'There are three people') and like masculine singular nouns in nominal position (''Hén šolaf'' 'There are three'). Colloquial Hebrew displays this behavior as well. This pattern of agreement derives from the original Semitic chiastic concord, seen in Biblical Hebrew and Classical Arabic, wherein masculine numerals had feminine endings and vice versa.
**Words ''šolaf'' (3) through ''ces'' (9) or in ''qošor'' (10-19) are declined like feminine singular nouns in adnominal position (''Hen šolafa onasi'' 'There are three people') and like masculine singular nouns in nominal position (''Hen šolaf'' 'There are three'). Colloquial Hebrew displays this behavior as well. This pattern of agreement derives from the original Semitic chiastic concord, seen in Biblical Hebrew and Classical Arabic, wherein masculine numerals had feminine endings and vice versa.
**Words ''qošore'' (20), ''šolafe'' (30), ..., ''cése'' (90) are declined as masculine plural nouns.
**Words ''qošore'' (20), ''šolafe'' (30), ..., ''cese'' (90) are declined as masculine plural nouns.
**Units such as ''nul'' (0, ''m''), ''meja'' (100, ''f''), ''olop'' (1000, ''m''), ''milijon'', ''milijarda'', etc. are declined as ordinary nouns, taking the appropriate number and case.
**Units such as ''nul'' (0, ''m''), ''meja'' (100, ''f''), ''olop'' (1000, ''m''), ''milijon'', ''milijarda'', etc. are declined as ordinary nouns, taking the appropriate number and case.


Examples:
Examples:
*''qošore júmi'' '20 days', ''qošore sonáci'' '20 years'
*''qošore jumi'' '20 days', ''qošore sonaci'' '20 years'
*''qošore v ahod júm'' '21 days', ''qošore v ahda sona'' '21 years'
*''qošore v ahod jum'' '21 days', ''qošore v ahda sona'' '21 years'
*''qošore vo fla júma'' '22 days', ''qošore vo flota sonota'' '22 years'
*''qošore vo fla juma'' '22 days', ''qošore vo flota sonota'' '22 years'
*''qošore v šolafa júmi'' '23 days', ''qošore v šolafa sonaci'' '23 years'
*''qošore v šolafa jumi'' '23 days', ''qošore v šolafa sonaci'' '23 years'
*''milijona dolari'' '2 million dollars'
*''milijona dolari'' '2 million dollars'
*''mejota milijoni dolari'' '200 million dollars'
*''mejota milijoni dolari'' '200 million dollars'
*''Olop lēlaci v lēl'' 'One thousand and one nights' (Arabic ''ˀalf<sup>u</sup> layla<sup>tin</sup> wa-layla<sup>tun</sup>'').
*''Olop lēlaci v lēl'' 'One thousand and one nights' (Arabic ''ˀalf<sup>u</sup> layla<sup>tin</sup> wa-layla<sup>tun</sup>'').


Since {{PAGENAME}} has singular and dual forms, modifying numerals one and two are not needed; thus ''Li hén voda v bęc'' 'I have two sons and a daughter' is just as correct as, in fact preferred to, ''Li hén fla voda v ahda bęc''.
Since Socovic has singular and dual forms, modifying numerals one and two are not needed; thus ''Li hen voda v bęc'' 'I have two sons and a daughter' is just as correct as, in fact preferred to, ''Li hen fla voda v ahda bęc''.


The ordinal numerals ''okdom'' 'first' and ''okrob'' 'second' are suppletive; ''okdom'' is the elative of the root ''k-d-m'' (''kodam'') 'front, before', (cf. the etymology of ''first''), and ''okrob'' is the elative of ''k-r-b'' (''koreb'') 'near' (cf. ''next'').
The ordinal numerals ''okdom'' 'first' and ''okrob'' 'second' are suppletive; ''okdom'' is the elative of the root ''k-d-m'' (''kodam'') 'front, before', (cf. the etymology of ''first''), and ''okrob'' is the elative of ''k-r-b'' (''koreb'') 'near' (cf. ''next'').
Line 838: Line 771:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!colspan="4"|{{PAGENAME}} numerals
!colspan="4"|Socovic numerals
|-
|-
!style="width: 60px; "|
!style="width: 60px; "|
Line 863: Line 796:
|''šolaf, šolafa''
|''šolaf, šolafa''
|''šolef''
|''šolef''
|''mǫšólef''
|''mǫšolef''
|-
|-
|4
|4
|''roba, roboqa''
|''roba, roboqa''
|''robá''
|''roba''
|''mǫróbē''
|''mǫrobē''
|-
|-
|5
|5
|''xǫs, xǫsa''
|''xǫs, xǫsa''
|''xones''
|''xones''
|''mǫxónes''
|''mǫxones''
|-
|-
|6
|6
|''séf, séfa''
|''sef, sefa''
|''sodef''
|''sodef''
|''mǫsódef''
|''mǫsodef''
|-
|-
|7
|7
|''sóp, sópa''
|''sop, sopa''
|''sobá''
|''soba''
|''mǫsóbē''
|''mǫsobē''
|-
|-
|8
|8
|''fomán, fomána''
|''foman, fomana''
|''fomen''
|''fomen''
|''mǫfómen''
|''mǫfomen''
|-
|-
|9
|9
|''cés, césa''
|''ces, cesa''
|''cosá''
|''cosa''
|''mǫcósē''
|''mǫcosē''
|-
|-
|10
|10
|''qošor, qošora''
|''qošor, qošora''
|''qoser''
|''qoser''
|''mǫqóser''
|''mǫqoser''
|-
|-
|11
|11
Line 931: Line 864:
|-
|-
|60
|60
|''séfe''
|''sefe''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|-
|70
|70
|''sópe''
|''sope''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|-
|80
|80
|''fománe''
|''fomane''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|-
|90
|90
|''cése''
|''cese''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
Line 952: Line 885:
|100
|100
|''meja''
|''meja''
|''mejocí''
|''mejoci''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|-
|200
|200
|''mejota''
|''mejota''
|''mejotají''
|''mejotaji''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|-
|300
|300
|''šolafa mejác''
|''šolafa mejac''
|''šolafamejocí''
|''šolafamejoci''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|-
|1000
|1000
|''olop''
|''olop''
|''olpí''
|''olpi''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|-
|2000
|2000
|''olpa''
|''olpa''
|''olpají''
|''olpaji''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|-
|3000
|3000
|''šolafa olpe''
|''šolafa olpe''
|''šolafaolpí''
|''šolafaolpi''
|''-''
|''-''
|}
|}


==Verbs==
==Verbs==
:''See also: [[{{PAGENAME}}/Verbal subparadigms|Verbal subparadigms]].''
:''See also: [[Socovic/Verbal subparadigms|Verbal subparadigms]].''
===Voices===
===Voices===
Passive voice is almost concatenative, it's often just a nasal vowel prefix (derived from the {{recon|''n''}}-preformative):
Passive voice is almost concatenative, it's often just a nasal vowel prefix (derived from the {{recon|''n''}}-preformative):
Line 991: Line 924:
With I-nasal verbs this changes to:
With I-nasal verbs this changes to:


*unprefixed ''é-''
*unprefixed ''e-''
*w/ personal prefixes ''nó-'', ''tó-'', ''jé-''
*w/ personal prefixes ''no-'', ''to-'', ''je-''


===Overview of the verb forms===
===Overview of the verb forms===
Line 1,002: Line 935:
The preterite indicates an action that was completed in the past. It was inherited from the Proto-Semitic preterite.  
The preterite indicates an action that was completed in the past. It was inherited from the Proto-Semitic preterite.  


:'''''Lú {{blue|nohób}} vohób.'''''
:'''''Lu {{blue|nohob}} vohob.'''''
:<small>lú=no-hób-Ø vohób-Ø</small>
:<small>lu=no-hob-Ø vohob-Ø</small>
:<small>3SG.M.DAT=1-give/PRET-SG gold-SG.ACC</small>
:<small>3SG.M.DAT=1-give/PRET-SG gold-SG.ACC</small>
:''I gave him gold.''
:''I gave him gold.''


Morphologically, the preterite is one of two forms that inherit the Proto-Semitic prefix conjugation. The personal prefixes are usually 1st person ''no-'', 2nd person ''to-'', and 3rd person ''je-'', though a "weak" 1st radical may change the prefix vowel. Note that unlike in other Semitic languages, the 1st person singular prefix is ''n-'' (not {{recon|''ʔ-''}}), and number/gender suffixes are added as in 2nd and 3rd person (cf. Maghrebi Arabic/Maltese). Also, 3fs form of ''jektól'' is ''jektóli'', not ''toktól''! This is often a shibboleth for Hebrew and Arabic speakers.
Morphologically, the preterite is one of two forms that inherit the Proto-Semitic prefix conjugation. The personal prefixes are usually 1st person ''no-'', 2nd person ''to-'', and 3rd person ''je-'', though a "weak" 1st radical may change the prefix vowel. Note that unlike in other Semitic languages, the 1st person singular prefix is ''n-'' (not {{recon|''ʔ-''}}), and number/gender suffixes are added as in 2nd and 3rd person (cf. Maghrebi Arabic/Maltese). Also, 3fs form of ''jektol'' is ''jektoli'', not ''toktol''! This is often a shibboleth for Hebrew and Arabic speakers.


====Subjunctive====
====Subjunctive====
Line 1,021: Line 954:
In archaic language the bare subjunctive is used for hortatives and optatives:
In archaic language the bare subjunctive is used for hortatives and optatives:


:'''''Jéce memlóčov lók.'''''
:'''''Jece memločov lok.'''''
:<small>je-ʔce-Ø memlóč-ov=lók</small>
:<small>je-ʔce-Ø memloč-ov=lok</small>
:<small>3-come/SUBJ-SG.M kingdom-SG.DEF=2SG.M.GEN</small>
:<small>3-come/SUBJ-SG.M kingdom-SG.DEF=2SG.M.GEN</small>
:''Thy kingdom come.''
:''Thy kingdom come.''


:'''''Ječna ''f'' v ''g'' moftóbacota funkcijota...''
:'''''Ječna ''f'' v ''g'' moftobacota funkcijota...''
:<small>je-čŭn-a ''f'' v ''g'' moftóbac-ota funkcij-ota</small>
:<small>je-čŭn-a ''f'' v ''g'' moftobac-ota funkcij-ota</small>
:<small>3-be/SUBJ-DU ''f'' and ''g'' continuous-DU.F.NOM function-DU.NOM</small>
:<small>3-be/SUBJ-DU ''f'' and ''g'' continuous-DU.F.NOM function-DU.NOM</small>
:''Let ''f'' and ''g'' be continuous functions...''
:''Let ''f'' and ''g'' be continuous functions...''
Line 1,067: Line 1,000:
====Preterite conditional====
====Preterite conditional====


===G-stems: ''jektól''===
===G-stems: ''jektol''===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''jektól'' 'he killed'
! colspan="4" | ''jektol'' 'he killed'
|-
|-
! colspan="4" | Infinitive/Verbal noun
! colspan="4" | Infinitive/Verbal noun
Line 1,157: Line 1,090:
|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| ''noktól'' || ''noktóla'' || ''noktóle''
| ''noktol'' || ''noktola'' || ''noktole''
|-
|-
! 2.m
! 2.m
| ''toktól''
| ''toktol''
|rowspan="2"| ''toktóla'' || ''toktóle''
|rowspan="2"| ''toktola'' || ''toktole''
|-
|-
! 2.f
! 2.f
| ''toktóli'' || ''toktólno''
| ''toktoli'' || ''toktolno''
|-
|-
! 2.pol
! 2.pol
|colspan="3"|''toktóles''
|colspan="3"|''toktoles''
|-
|-
! 3.m
! 3.m
| ''jektól''
| ''jektol''
|rowspan="2"| ''jektóla'' || ''jektóle''
|rowspan="2"| ''jektola'' || ''jektole''
|-  
|-  
! 3.f
! 3.f
| ''jektóli'' || ''jektólno''  
| ''jektoli'' || ''jektolno''  
|-
|-
! colspan="4" | Future
! colspan="4" | Future
Line 1,208: Line 1,141:
|-
|-
! 1.f
! 1.f
| ''de nočon kotla'' || ''de nočna kotlota'' || ''de nočne kotlác''
| ''de nočon kotla'' || ''de nočna kotlota'' || ''de nočne kotlac''
|-
|-
! 2.m
! 2.m
Line 1,214: Line 1,147:
|-
|-
! 2.f
! 2.f
| ''de točni kotla''|| ''de točna kotlota'' || ''de točonno kotlác''
| ''de točni kotla''|| ''de točna kotlota'' || ''de točonno kotlac''
|-
|-
! 2.pol
! 2.pol
Line 1,223: Line 1,156:
|-  
|-  
! 3.f
! 3.f
| ''de ječni kotla''|| ''de ječna kotlota'' ||  ''de ječonno kotlác''
| ''de ječni kotla''|| ''de ječna kotlota'' ||  ''de ječonno kotlac''
|-
|-
! colspan="4" | Perfect
! colspan="4" | Perfect
Line 1,230: Line 1,163:
|-
|-
! 1.m
! 1.m
| ''nák kotol'' || ''nahna kotla'' || ''nahne kotle''
| ''nak kotol'' || ''nahna kotla'' || ''nahne kotle''
|-
|-
! 1.f
! 1.f
| ''nák kotla'' || ''nahna kotlota'' || ''nahne kotlác''
| ''nak kotla'' || ''nahna kotlota'' || ''nahne kotlac''
|-
|-
! 2.m
! 2.m
Line 1,239: Line 1,172:
|-
|-
! 2.f
! 2.f
| ''ǫc kotla'' || ''ǫtma kotlota'' || ''ǫtno kotlác''
| ''ǫc kotla'' || ''ǫtma kotlota'' || ''ǫtno kotlac''
|-
|-
! 2.pol
! 2.pol
Line 1,248: Line 1,181:
|-  
|-  
! 3.f
! 3.f
| ''(hi) kotla'' || ''(homa) kotlota'' || ''(hen) kotlác''
| ''(hi) kotla'' || ''(homa) kotlota'' || ''(hen) kotlac''
|-
|-
! colspan="4" | Pluperfect
! colspan="4" | Pluperfect
Line 1,258: Line 1,191:
|-
|-
! 1.f
! 1.f
| ''nočen kotla'' || ''nočena kotlota'' || ''nočene kotlác''
| ''nočen kotla'' || ''nočena kotlota'' || ''nočene kotlac''
|-
|-
! 2.m
! 2.m
Line 1,264: Line 1,197:
|-
|-
! 2.f
! 2.f
| ''točeni kotla'' || ''točena kotlota'' || ''točenno kotlác''
| ''točeni kotla'' || ''točena kotlota'' || ''točenno kotlac''
|-
|-
! 2.pol
! 2.pol
Line 1,273: Line 1,206:
|-  
|-  
! 3.f
! 3.f
| ''ječeni kotla'' || ''ječena kotlota'' || ''ječenno kotlác''
| ''ječeni kotla'' || ''ječena kotlota'' || ''ječenno kotlac''
|}
|}


===N-stems: ''jękotál''===
===N-stems: ''jękotal''===


===D-stems: ''jekótél, jękótél''===
===D-stems: ''jekotel, jękotel''===
Examples: ''jobóréč'' 'greet, celebrate', ''joþójém'' 'bring up in conversation, build upon a concept' (< ''þima'' 'topic, theme')
Examples: ''joboreč'' 'greet, celebrate', ''joþojem'' 'bring up in conversation, build upon a concept' (< ''þima'' 'topic, theme')


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''jopóléž'' 'split (something)'
! colspan="4" | ''jopolež'' 'split (something)'
|-
|-
! colspan="4" | Infinitive/Verbal noun
! colspan="4" | Infinitive/Verbal noun
|-
|-
| colspan="4" | ''pólžíc''  
| colspan="4" | ''polžic''  
|-
|-
! colspan="4" | Present Participle
! colspan="4" | Present Participle
|-
|-
| colspan="4" | ''mopólež''  
| colspan="4" | ''mopolež''  
|-
|-
! colspan="4" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | Imperative
Line 1,297: Line 1,230:
|-
|-
! 2.m
! 2.m
| ''pólež!''  
| ''polež!''  
|rowspan="2"| ''pólža!'' || ''pólže!''
|rowspan="2"| ''polža!'' || ''polže!''
|-
|-
! 2.f
! 2.f
| ''pólži!'' || ''póležno!''
| ''polži!'' || ''poležno!''
|-
|-
! colspan="4" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | Subjunctive
Line 1,308: Line 1,241:
|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| ''nopólež'' || ''nopólža'' || ''nopólže''
| ''nopolež'' || ''nopolža'' || ''nopolže''
|-
|-
! 2.m
! 2.m
| ''topólež''
| ''topolež''
|rowspan="2"| ''topólža'' || ''topólže''
|rowspan="2"| ''topolža'' || ''topolže''
|-
|-
! 2.f
! 2.f
| ''topólži'' || ''topóležno''
| ''topolži'' || ''topoležno''
|-
|-
! 3.m
! 3.m
| ''jepólež''
| ''jepolež''
|rowspan="2"| ''jepólža'' || ''jepólže''
|rowspan="2"| ''jepolža'' || ''jepolže''
|-  
|-  
! 3.f
! 3.f
| ''jepólži'' || ''jepóležno''  
| ''jepolži'' || ''jepoležno''  
|-
|-
! colspan="4" | Preterite
! colspan="4" | Preterite
Line 1,329: Line 1,262:
|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| ''nopóléž'' || ''nopóléža'' || ''nopóléže''
| ''nopolež'' || ''nopoleža'' || ''nopoleže''
|-
|-
! 2.m
! 2.m
| ''topóléž''
| ''topolež''
|rowspan="2"| ''topóléža'' || ''topóléže''
|rowspan="2"| ''topoleža'' || ''topoleže''
|-
|-
! 2.f
! 2.f
| ''topóléži'' || ''topóléžno''
| ''topoleži'' || ''topoležno''
|-
|-
! 3.m
! 3.m
| ''jepóléž'' || ''jepóléža'' || ''jepóléže''
| ''jepolež'' || ''jepoleža'' || ''jepoleže''
|-  
|-  
! 3.f
! 3.f
| ''jepóléži'' || ''jepóléža'' || ''jepóléžno''
| ''jepoleži'' || ''jepoleža'' || ''jepoležno''
|}
|}


Line 1,405: Line 1,338:
|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| (''nák'') || (''nahna'') || (''nahne'')
| (''nak'') || (''nahna'') || (''nahne'')
|-
|-
! 2.m
! 2.m
Line 1,490: Line 1,423:
!colspan="3"|Interrogatives
!colspan="3"|Interrogatives
|-
|-
!|{{PAGENAME}}
!|Socovic
!|Gloss
!|Gloss
!|Etymology
!|Etymology
Line 1,510: Line 1,443:
!colspan="3"|Prepositions
!colspan="3"|Prepositions
|-
|-
!|{{PAGENAME}}
!|Socovic
!|Gloss
!|Gloss
!|Etymology
!|Etymology
Line 1,537: Line 1,470:
!colspan="3"|Conjunctions
!colspan="3"|Conjunctions
|-
|-
!|{{PAGENAME}}
!|Socovic
!|Gloss
!|Gloss
!|Etymology
!|Etymology
Line 1,543: Line 1,476:
||''v(o)''|| and || {{recon|''wa-''}}
||''v(o)''|| and || {{recon|''wa-''}}
|-
|-
||''éla''|| or || {{recon|''ʔim lā''}}
||''ela''|| or || {{recon|''ʔim lā''}}
|-
|-
||''u''|| xor || {{recon|''ʔaw''}}
||''u''|| xor || {{recon|''ʔaw''}}
|-
|-
||''vén''|| so, thus || {{recon|''wa-hinna''}} 'and lo'
||''ven''|| so, thus || {{recon|''wa-hinna''}} 'and lo'
|-
|-
||''ča'' || as ||  
||''ča'' || as ||  
Line 1,567: Line 1,500:
!colspan="3"|Particles
!colspan="3"|Particles
|-
|-
!|{{PAGENAME}}
!|Socovic
!|Gloss
!|Gloss
!|Etymology
!|Etymology
Line 1,581: Line 1,514:
===Nominal sentences===
===Nominal sentences===
As in most Semitic and many Slavic languages, present indicative does not require a copula:
As in most Semitic and many Slavic languages, present indicative does not require a copula:
:'''''Eláh ibošorí.''''' (also: ''Eláh e ibošorí.'' Obviously, a Muslim might say ''Alláh (e) ibošorí.'')
:'''''Elah ibošori.''''' (also: ''Elah e ibošori.'' Obviously, a Muslim might say ''Allah (e) ibošori.'')
:<small>Eláh-Ø i-bošorí-Ø</small>
:<small>Elah-Ø i-bošori-Ø</small>
:<small>God-SG.NOM non-bodily-SG.NOM</small>
:<small>God-SG.NOM non-bodily-SG.NOM</small>
:''God is incorporeal.''
:''God is incorporeal.''
Line 1,589: Line 1,522:
The possessor follows the possessum.
The possessor follows the possessum.


Possession is emphasized with the adjective ''nopsí'' (the pronoun is optional):
Possession is emphasized with the adjective ''nopsi'' (the pronoun is optional):


:'''''me jodēcē {{blue|nopsícē}}'''''
:'''''me jodēcē {{blue|nopsicē}}'''''
:<small>me jod-ēcē nopsí-ēcē</small>
:<small>me jod-ēcē nopsi-ēcē</small>
:<small>with hand-DU.GEN.DEF own-DU.F.GEN.DEF</small>
:<small>with hand-DU.GEN.DEF own-DU.F.GEN.DEF</small>
:''with one's [the subject's] own hands''
:''with one's [the subject's] own hands''


Emphasized possession of possessed nouns: e.g. ''bn'''i''' nopsív'' 'my own son', cf. ''bēc'''ov''' nopsív li'' 'my own house'.
Emphasized possession of possessed nouns: e.g. ''bn'''i''' nopsiv'' 'my own son', cf. ''bēc'''ov''' nopsiv li'' 'my own house'.


===Existentials===
===Existentials===
In positive clauses, ''hén'' is used as the word for "there is"; in interrogative and negative clauses ''jef'' is used.
In positive clauses, ''hen'' is used as the word for "there is"; in interrogative and negative clauses ''jef'' is used.


Existential words are used in predicative possession.
Existential words are used in predicative possession.
Line 1,608: Line 1,541:
When the head represents the 1st or 2nd person, the verb or copula in the relative clause may be conjugated to that person:
When the head represents the 1st or 2nd person, the verb or copula in the relative clause may be conjugated to that person:


:'''''Óle ǫtme la xotave rmeje obnov okdomov.'''''
:'''''ole ǫtme la xotave rmeje obnov okdomov.'''''
:''Ye who have not sinned, cast the first stone.''
:''Ye who have not sinned, cast the first stone.''


Line 1,643: Line 1,576:
==Derivational morphology==
==Derivational morphology==
===Patterns===
===Patterns===
*''CoCCán'' 'person characterized by//associated with X", also ''-án''
*''CoCCan'' 'person characterized by//associated with X", also ''-an''
**''rahmán'' 'merciful one' < {{recon|''r-ħ-m''}}
**''rahman'' 'merciful one' < {{recon|''r-ħ-m''}}
**''čovbán'' 'liar, deceitful person' < {{recon|''k-ð-b''}}
**''čovban'' 'liar, deceitful person' < {{recon|''k-ð-b''}}
*''meCCoC'' place noun
*''meCCoC'' place noun
**''mevbáh'' 'altar' < {{recon|''ð-b-ħ''}} 'sacrifice' (''altar, altarj-'' is more common though)
**''mevbah'' 'altar' < {{recon|''ð-b-ħ''}} 'sacrifice' (''altar, altarj-'' is more common though)
**''mesvój'' 'plain' < {{recon|''š-w-y''}} 'even, equal'
**''mesvoj'' 'plain' < {{recon|''š-w-y''}} 'even, equal'
===Guidelines to internationalisms===
===Guidelines to internationalisms===
A heuristic: Transliterating from the Modern Hebrew form of the internationalism and adding any acute accents as necessary often yields a correct Socovíc form. lol
A heuristic: Transliterating from the Modern Hebrew form of the internationalism and adding any acute accents as necessary often yields a correct Socovic form. lol


===Affixes===
===Affixes===
Line 1,662: Line 1,595:
**''fotosinþeza'' 'photosynthesis'
**''fotosinþeza'' 'photosynthesis'
*''i-'' 'un-', 'non-' (negative prefix for nouns and adjectives)
*''i-'' 'un-', 'non-' (negative prefix for nouns and adjectives)
**''ibercí'' 'nonmetallic' < ''bercí'' 'metallic'
**''iberci'' 'nonmetallic' < ''berci'' 'metallic'
*''-í'' adjective (nisba) suffix
*''-i'' adjective (nisba) suffix
**''májí'' 'aquatic, aqueous' < ''máj'' 'water'
**''maji'' 'aquatic, aqueous' < ''maj'' 'water'
**''qomí'' 'national' < ''qom'' 'people, nation'
**''qomi'' 'national' < ''qom'' 'people, nation'
**''-ikí'' '-ic'
**''-iki'' '-ic'
***''logikí'' 'logical' < ''logika'' 'logic' vs. ''logí'' '(of or pertaining to) throat'
***''logiki'' 'logical' < ''logika'' 'logic' vs. ''logi'' '(of or pertaining to) throat'
**Some 'redundant' adjective suffixes may be omitted, more often than in English: ''mizoginí'' 'misogynistic' (cf. German ''misogyn'')
**Some 'redundant' adjective suffixes may be omitted, more often than in English: ''mizogini'' 'misogynistic' (cf. German ''misogyn'')
*''-íc'' abstract noun suffix from nouns and adjectives
*''-ic'' abstract noun suffix from nouns and adjectives
**''nopsíc'' 'identity' < ''nopos, nops-'' 'self'
**''nopsic'' 'identity' < ''nopos, nops-'' 'self'
**''omeníc'' 'truth' < ''omen'' 'true'
**''omenic'' 'truth' < ''omen'' 'true'
**''onasíc'' 'humanity (human species)' < ''onase'' 'people (pl.)' (compare ''ęsíc'' 'humanity (being human)' < ''ęs'' 'person (sg.)'; cf. German ''Menschheit'' vs. ''Menschlichkeit'')
**''onasic'' 'humanity (human species)' < ''onase'' 'people (pl.)' (compare ''ęsic'' 'humanity (being human)' < ''ęs'' 'person (sg.)'; cf. German ''Menschheit'' vs. ''Menschlichkeit'')
**''polaríc'' 'polarity' < ''polarí'' 'polar'
**''polaric'' 'polarity' < ''polari'' 'polar'
*''-ist'' '-ist'
*''-ist'' '-ist'
**Again, not always used: ''mizogin'' 'misogynist'
**Again, not always used: ''mizogin'' 'misogynist'
Line 1,682: Line 1,615:


==Dialects==
==Dialects==
Standard Socovíc (''standardija socovíc'') has the dual number and the feminine plural verb suffix ''-no''. Other dialects tend to omit one or both of these features.
Standard Socovic (''standardija socovic'') has the dual number and the feminine plural verb suffix ''-no''. Other dialects tend to omit one or both of these features.
===Greek-influenced===
===Greek-influenced===
*''c'' (in affixes) > ''s'': ''socovis'' : ''socovíc''
*''c'' (in affixes) > ''s'': ''socovis'' : ''socovic''
*f.pl. ending (all cases) is ''-as'', def. ''-alas''
*f.pl. ending (all cases) is ''-as'', def. ''-alas''
*''e'' and ''ē'' merge to /e/
*''e'' and ''ē'' merge to /e/
Line 1,727: Line 1,660:


==Phrasebook==
==Phrasebook==
*''Solám!'' 'Hello!'
*''Solam!'' 'Hello!'
*''Tabǫ ocaje!'' 'Welcome!' (polite, decline as adjective according to gender/number of audience)
*''Tabǫ ocaje!'' 'Welcome!' (polite, decline as adjective according to gender/number of audience)
*''Tab mahár!'' 'Good morning!'
*''Tab mahar!'' 'Good morning!'
*''Tab júm!'' 'Good day!'
*''Tab jum!'' 'Good day!'
*''Taba mesa!'' 'Good evening!'
*''Taba mesa!'' 'Good evening!'
*''Taba lēl!'' 'Good night!'
*''Taba lēl!'' 'Good night!'
*''Ma smov lókmes?'' 'What is your name?'
*''Ma smov lokmes?'' 'What is your name?'
*''Smov li [name].'' 'My name is [name].'
*''Smov li [name].'' 'My name is [name].'
*''Mótrok!'' 'Thank you!'
*''Motrok!'' 'Thank you!'
*''Staqpoves li!'' 'Excuse me!'
*''Staqpoves li!'' 'Excuse me!'
*''Oj vil ma!'' 'No worries!'
*''Oj vil ma!'' 'No worries!'
*''Čok.'' 'Yes.'
*''Čok.'' 'Yes.'
*''Bo.'' 'No.'
*''Bo.'' 'No.'
*''Bo mólúk socovíc.'' 'I don't speak {{PAGENAME}}.'
*''Bo moluk socovic.'' 'I don't speak Socovic.'
*''O mólútmes...'' 'Do you speak...'
*''O molutmes...'' 'Do you speak...'
**''...anglíc?'' '...English?'
**''...anglic?'' '...English?'
**''...nēmcíc?'' '...German?'
**''...nēmcic?'' '...German?'
**''...francíc?'' '...French?'
**''...francic?'' '...French?'
**''...rusíc?'' '...Russian?'
**''...rusic?'' '...Russian?'
**''...juníc?'' '...Greek?'
**''...junic?'' '...Greek?'
**''...qebríc?'' '...Hebrew?'
**''...qebric?'' '...Hebrew?'
**''...qorobíc?'' '...Arabic?'
**''...qorobic?'' '...Arabic?'
*''Ēma doročok in...'' 'How do I go to...'
*''Ēma doročok in...'' 'How do I go to...'


==Texts==
==Texts==
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1===
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1===
:'''''Čóle onasele jǫvolade horare v savije in qosrovo v tahikili.'''''
:'''''Čole onasele jǫvolade horare v savije in qosrovo v tahikili.'''''
:<small>all-PL.M.NOM human.PL.DEF.NOM 3.PRES-beget/PASS-PL.M free-PL.M.NOM and equal-PL.M.NOM in worth-SG.DEF.INS and right-PL.DEF.INS</small>
:<small>all-PL.M.NOM human.PL.DEF.NOM 3.PRES-beget/PASS-PL.M free-PL.M.NOM and equal-PL.M.NOM in worth-SG.DEF.INS and right-PL.DEF.INS</small>
:''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights.''
:''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights.''


:'''''Mǫsečale me mobáno v tostočínoto, ome mǫpokade no joptaqle okrobokroblu in xnumoto oxovíto.'''''
:'''''Mǫsečale me mobano v tostočinoto, ome mǫpokade no joptaqle okrobokroblu in xnumoto oxovito.'''''
:<small>PART-empower/PASS-PL.M.NOM with rationality-SG.GEN and conscience-SG.GEN 3.PL.M.NOM PART-obligate/PASS-PL.M.NOM SUBJ 3-behave/PRES-PL.M each_other-SG.M.DAT in spirit-SG.GEN brotherhood-SG.GEN</small>
:<small>PART-empower/PASS-PL.M.NOM with rationality-SG.GEN and conscience-SG.GEN 3.PL.M.NOM PART-obligate/PASS-PL.M.NOM SUBJ 3-behave/PRES-PL.M each_other-SG.M.DAT in spirit-SG.GEN brotherhood-SG.GEN</small>
:''Empowered with reason and conscience, they ought to behave toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
:''Empowered with reason and conscience, they ought to behave toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
Line 1,763: Line 1,696:
===Pater noster===
===Pater noster===
<poem>
<poem>
''Obene, ov' ǫt' in somájili!''
''Obene, ov' ǫt' in somajili!''
''Jektódas smov loko.''
''Jektodas smov loko.''
''Jéce memlóčov loko.''
''Jece memločov loko.''
''Jępoqele roþív loko, ēma in somájili ēvi v in orþēto.''
''Jępoqele roþiv loko, ēma in somajili ēvi v in orþēto.''
''Xlebov lone jumív cen lone ojúm.''
''Xlebov lone jumiv cen lone ojum.''
''V staqpu lone xotálác lone, ēvi v nahne nostaqpove xotálác nož lone.''
''V staqpu lone xotalac lone, ēvi v nahne nostaqpove xotalac nož lone.''
''V la ne sabej in tonésíne, éla žal ne leč rogovo.''
''V la ne sabej in tonesine, ela žal ne leč rogovo.''
''Amen.''
''Amen.''
</poem>
</poem>
Line 1,776: Line 1,709:
'''''Sovēc v porosele'''''
'''''Sovēc v porosele'''''


:''Sova vētla bo foječon qobáj jerí porosi; okdomov foježórer čobid merčab, okrobov fojeshab rób homol, v šolefov fojeshab ęso išǫ. Sovēc jamári porosili: «Lébov li márér onur rájok ęso mosožéro porosi.» Porosele jamáre: «Stosmeqi, sova, lébov lone márér onur rájne ve: ęs, baqlov, qošē noposlu qobájvobi sovēto ham molbes. Vén sovētla bo jef qobáj.» Somoqa ve, sovēc jebráhi in mesvójovo.''
:''Sova vētla bo foječon qobaj jeri porosi; okdomov foježorer čobid merčab, okrobov fojeshab rob homol, v šolefov fojeshab ęso išǫ. Sovēc jamari porosili: «Lebov li marer onur rajok ęso mosožero porosi.» Porosele jamare: «Stosmeqi, sova, lebov lone marer onur rajne ve: ęs, baqlov, qošē noposlu qobajvobi sovēto ham molbes. Ven sovētla bo jef qobaj.» Somoqa ve, sovēc jebrahi in mesvojovo.''


([[Media:Schleicher_{{PAGENAME}}.ogg|audio]])
([[Media:Schleicher_Socovic.ogg|audio]])


'''The Sheep and the Horses'''
'''The Sheep and the Horses'''
IlL
140,341

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