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| pronunciation_key = IPA for Moshurian | | pronunciation_key = IPA for Moshurian | ||
| ethnicity = Moshurians | | ethnicity = Moshurians | ||
| speakers = 410,000,000 | | speakers = Native: 410,000,000 | ||
| speakers2 = [[w:Second language|L2]]: 40,000,000 | | speakers2 = [[w:Second language|L2]]: 40,000,000 | ||
| date = 400 UH | | date = 400 UH | ||
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| notice = IPA | | notice = IPA | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Moshurian'''( | '''Moshurian'''(''uthilikh''; <small>Moshurian:</small> [[IPA for Moshurian|<nowiki>[ˈuðˌilix]</nowiki>]]) is a Tulooric language spoken mostly in Talkoch. It is the most spoken language in Talkoch, and also has significant minority communities on [[Etzeá|Etzeán]] Island and the Eastern Gegfen Alliance, also called the ''Dmuriékh''(lit. "far away east"). It is the sole official language of the Moshurian Empire, and is widely used administratively and academically in the Moshurian Empire, no matter what one's mother tongue is. | ||
Moshurian is a mostly agglutinative language, with fusional features like particles. It is an OSV language with a free noun-adjective order and a paroxytonic stress pattern. | |||
==Usage== | |||
===In the Moshurian Empire=== | |||
Moshurian is the official language of the Moshurian Empire, and 98% of Moshurian speakers live in the Empire. However, demographically speaking, the Moshurians make up a much less impressive 43.6% of the total Moshurian Empire population, with other important ethnic groups including the Mezcoi in the Mezco Delta at 24.1% of the population. The [[Arnic]] people, although the majority live in the Moshurian vassal of Arnah, make up about 11.7% of the population and that number shoots up to 21.9% of the population if one includes Arnah. | |||
Though the 394BH Ethnic Minority Media and Information Transmission Bill legally mandates media to be translated into the majority language of any prefecture, Moshurian-majority prefectures are still the most economically developed and powerful, so many still learn Moshurian as a second language for work in these Moshurian-majority regions. | |||
==Origin== | |||
As of 400 BH, there are 40,000,000 people who speak Moshurian as a second language out of a total speaker base of 450,000,000, or about 8.88% of the total Moshurian speaker population. | |||
===In the Iśatúr Confederacy=== | |||
The Iśatúr Confederacy, a tribal federation comprising mostly of tribes that speak [[Yeldhic languages#Sub-families|Ossic languages]], has a significant minority of Moshurian speakers in the south of the country, dating back to the Moshurian Empire's colonial efforts to "Moshurianise" the Empire from 96 BH-370 BH. | |||
About 84,000 people of the total population of 5,000,000 in the Confederacy spoke Moshurian in 400 BH, or around 1.98% of the population. | |||
===In Gegfen=== | |||
In the Far East of Birnu, a region called Gegfen is home to about 40,000 "Far East" Moshurians. Why they speak Moshurian so far away from Moshuria itself is a mystery, as the region was never occupied by the Moshurian Empire. | |||
Their dialect differs very little from mainland Taráhus Moshurians; see ''[[Moshurian#Far East dialect|§Far East dialect]]''. | |||
==History== | |||
===Origin=== | |||
Moshurian is of the [[Yeldhic languages|Yeldhic]] language superfamily, which also includes languages like [[Ilda]] and [[Barbuz]]. Within the superfamily, it is of the '''Paleoyeldhic''' branch: a deriviation of [[Proto-Yeldhic]] spoken by the first Proto-Yeldhic farmers in the fertile Ulmic Crescent and around the rivers of Zád and Pêrush. The Moshurians are of a Paleoyeldhic origin, and are most likely ethnically related to the ''β''-Paleoyeldhics, who advanced south into the wider Tarám River Basin and settled in the temperate Munsanukh Valley and the coast of Tuloor Lake, where the split between the Tulooric and Najmunsaic languages occured around 3000 UH. Moshurian is of the Tulooric branch. | |||
===Ancestors=== | ===Ancestors=== | ||
====Comparative morphology==== | ====Comparative morphology==== | ||
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Roōka was another linguist who studied Moshuric sound changes, and he hypothesised and attested his own law of Moshuric sound changes, in which inset /ʃ/ allophones labialised to become Middle Moshurian /ɸ/. | Roōka was another linguist who studied Moshuric sound changes, and he hypothesised and attested his own law of Moshuric sound changes, in which inset /ʃ/ allophones labialised to become Middle Moshurian /ɸ/. | ||
Roōka's law was preserved into most dialects of Modern Moshurian, though the [[Moshurian#Sépenzg dialect|Sépenzg dialect]] still preserved Old Moshurian phonology | Roōka's law was preserved into most dialects of Modern Moshurian, though the [[Moshurian#Sépenzg dialect|Sépenzg dialect]] still preserved Old Moshurian phonology. Strangely the morphology has stayed on course with other Modern Moshurian dialects. | ||
====Middle Moshurian==== | ====Middle Moshurian==== | ||
Middle Moshurian, also called '''Classical Moshurian''', is the most recently spoken ancestor of Moshurian. Its development saw the emergence of the standard written Moshurian script, which developed from the | Middle Moshurian, also called '''Classical Moshurian''', is the most recently spoken ancestor of Moshurian. Its development saw the emergence of the standard written Moshurian script, which developed from the "Bone-etch" script used by the Bâ(Modern Moshurian: ''Bákh'') clan of Northern Maranösia. | ||
It differs from Modern Moshurian by how many more final consonants there are on nouns. In Modern Moshurian, many final velar plosives were dropped, such as in Middle Moshurian ''màfhek'' turning into Modern Moshurian ''mufhe''. | It differs from Modern Moshurian by how many more final consonants there are on nouns. In Modern Moshurian, many final velar plosives were dropped, such as in Middle Moshurian ''màfhek'' turning into Modern Moshurian ''mufhe''. | ||
===Endonym=== | ===Endonym=== | ||
The Moshurian endonym, ''[[Contionary:uthilikh|uthilikh]]'', is most likely derived from Moshurian mythology, in which the god of creation's daughter, Khaurnán, sent her son, ''Uthiliran'', to lead the Moshurian people. Etymologically, the word is probably derived from the Proto-Yeldhic word ''* | The Moshurian endonym, ''[[Contionary:uthilikh|uthilikh]]'', is most likely derived from Moshurian mythology, in which the god of creation's daughter, Khaurnán, sent her son, ''Uthiliran'', to lead the Moshurian people. Etymologically, the word is probably derived from the Proto-Yeldhic word ''*ʕʷliés'', which most likely meant "small lake" or "pond", possibly referring to Tuloor Lake, which is deduced to be the Moshurian homeland. | ||
===Exonym=== | ===Exonym=== | ||
Their exonym of ''Moshurian'' comes from a nomadic legend of the god of travel and nomads, Dündŵęk, who traveled to Tuloor Lake(the homeland of the Moshurians) in search of an inn to rest. The Moshurians had plenty of inns(''möşhüř'' as they are called in Ancient Yeldha), and Dündŵęk was finally able to rest. After departing, he thanked the Moshurians, and later mentioned them to the other gods as simply ''möşhüřiànöřmà'', or "inn people". This exonym stuck within nomadic circles, who then passed the exonym to the more settled peoples of Talkoch. | Their exonym of ''Moshurian'' comes from a nomadic legend of the god of travel and nomads, Dündŵęk, who traveled to Tuloor Lake(the homeland of the Moshurians) in search of an inn to rest. The Moshurians had plenty of inns(''möşhüř'' as they are called in Ancient Yeldha), and Dündŵęk was finally able to rest. After departing, he thanked the Moshurians, and later mentioned them to the other gods as simply ''möşhüřiànöřmà'', or "inn people". This exonym stuck within nomadic circles, who then passed the exonym to the more settled peoples of Talkoch. | ||
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==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
<small>''See also: [[Moshurian/Swadesh list]].''</small> | <small>''See also: [[Moshurian/Swadesh list]].''</small> | ||
===Loanwords=== | |||
Despite Moshurian being the dominant Yeldhic language by far, with basically every other language in Radael borrowing at the very least some words from Moshurian, it may come as a surprise that despite this, Moshurian has borrowed many, many words from all kinds of languages throughout its history. | |||
====Ilda's influence==== | |||
Moshurian has borrowed thousands of words from Ilda, mostly regarding medical and scientific studies. Some examples include: | |||
=====Medical terms===== | |||
* ''zudözaba'' from Ilda ''sudusāpas'', "tibia" | |||
* ''[[Contionary:milindya|milindya]]'' from Ilda ''[[Contionary:milendia|milendia]]'', "coronary heart disease", ''lit.'' "vein(''[[Contionary:mileni|mileni]]'') disease(''[[Contionary:dio|dio]]'')" | |||
* ''sagindya'' from Ilda ''sagindia'', "leukemia" | |||
* ''ranoskoi'' from Ilda ''ranoscan'', "medication" | |||
* ''sespid'' from Ilda ''sāspidi'', "nurse" | |||
* ''ustrim'' from Ilda ''ustrēm'', "doctor" | |||
* ''babulo'' from Ilda ''pabulos'', "surgeon" | |||
** ''kábulil'' from Ilda ''cābulisē'', "surgery" | |||
=====Non-medical terms===== | |||
* ''safhilon'' from Ilda ''saphilon'', "philosophy" | |||
* ''istakon'' from Ilda ''istāklon'', "strategy/military strategy" | |||
* ''makistu'' from Ilda ''machirstun'', "administration(archaic term)" | |||
* ''irkiman'' from Ilda ''irkimano'', "regulation(s)" | |||
* ''meşasel'' from Ilda ''meswasālia'', "physics and chemistry"(considered the same subject in Ilda) | |||
* ''estanik'' from Ilda ''estāniki'', "geology" | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Verbs in Moshurian are inflected with the infinitive suffix ''-omh'', and then it can be further conjugated based on pronoun. | Verbs in Moshurian are inflected with the infinitive suffix ''-omh'', and then it can be further conjugated based on pronoun. | ||
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====Example==== | ====Example==== | ||
{{Msh-reg-C|dáfhér}} | {{Msh-reg-C|dáfhér}} | ||
===Numerals=== | ===Numerals=== | ||
Numerals in Moshurian are labelled as cardinal by adding the suffix ''-i'' to a number. | Numerals in Moshurian are labelled as cardinal by adding the suffix ''-i'' to a number. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2 | Noun | ! rowspan=2 | Noun | ||
! Consonant-ending | ! Consonant-ending | ||
| rowspan=4 | - | | rowspan=4 | - | ||
| ''-éd'' | | ''-éd'' | ||
| rowspan=4 | ''ta-'' | | rowspan=4 | ''ta-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Vowel-ending | ! Vowel-ending | ||
| ''-géd'' | | ''-géd'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Particles=== | ===Particles=== | ||
====Tense particles==== | ====Tense particles==== | ||
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==Dialects== | ==Dialects== | ||
===Standard dialect=== | ===Standard dialect=== | ||
The standard dialect of Moshurian is, according to the Ministry of Linguistic Regulation(MLR), officially the Taráhus dialect spoken in the capital, although Tárahus is so large that several districts have developed their own dialects | The standard dialect of Moshurian is, according to the Ministry of Linguistic Regulation(MLR), officially the Taráhus dialect spoken in the capital, although Tárahus is so large that several districts have developed their own dialects, so it is still unclear on which is considered the standard within the family of Taráhus dialects. | ||
====Inner Taráhus dialect==== | ====Inner Taráhus dialect==== | ||
The Inner Taráhus dialect is generally considered by Moshurian linguistics to be what the MLR constitution means in the line: <blockquote>"''[...] The dialect '''spoken around the capitol and the [MLR]''' shall be considered the dialect to be used for the transmission of necessary information to Moshurian citizens. For non-Moshurian areas of the Empire, the standard [dialect]<ref>The original constitution uses the word "edition"(''[[Contionary:kuchbarà|kuchbarà]]'') to refer to standard dialects of minority languages, which is kind of confusing.</ref> of the most prominent non-Moshurian language shall be used to convey said information.''"</blockquote> | The Inner Taráhus dialect is generally considered by Moshurian linguistics to be what the MLR constitution means in the line: <blockquote>"''[...] The dialect '''spoken around the capitol and the [MLR]''' shall be considered the dialect to be used for the transmission of necessary information to Moshurian citizens. For non-Moshurian areas of the Empire, the standard [dialect]<ref>The original constitution uses the word "edition"(''[[Contionary:kuchbarà|kuchbarà]]'') to refer to standard dialects of minority languages, which is kind of confusing.</ref> of the most prominent non-Moshurian language shall be used to convey said information.''"</blockquote> | ||
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* /ð/ is pronounced [θ]<ref>The pronunciation of /ð/ as [θ] is a consistent pattern among most non-standard dialects of Moshurian, although some Oźmanelis pronounced /ð/ as [ɕ].</ref> | * /ð/ is pronounced [θ]<ref>The pronunciation of /ð/ as [θ] is a consistent pattern among most non-standard dialects of Moshurian, although some Oźmanelis pronounced /ð/ as [ɕ].</ref> | ||
* /b/ is sometimes pronounced [ʙ] before a /ɽ/. | * /b/ is sometimes pronounced [ʙ] before a /ɽ/. | ||
* Speaking of /ɽ/, it is pronounced [ | * Speaking of /ɽ/, it is pronounced as a geminated [ll] | ||
=====Morphological differences===== | =====Morphological differences===== | ||
* ''[[Contionary:mosok|mosok]]'' ⇒ Oźmaneli ''mudźuk''. | * ''[[Contionary:mosok|mosok]]'' ⇒ Oźmaneli ''mudźuk''. | ||
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===Oalan dialect=== | ===Oalan dialect=== | ||
The Oalan dialect is the specific dialect of Moshurian spoken in the city of Oalan and its surrounding suburbs. Although not as dissimilar from the standard as the Oźmaneli dialect, and having relatively few morphological differences, phonologically it differs quite a bit, and is thus often considered by those from Taráhus as an "uneducated" and "rural" dialect | The Oalan dialect is the specific dialect of Moshurian spoken in the city of Oalan and its surrounding suburbs. Although not as dissimilar from the standard as the Oźmaneli dialect, and having relatively few morphological differences, phonologically it differs quite a bit, and is thus often considered by those from Taráhus as an "uneducated" and "rural" dialect. This interpretation is considered quite offensive by Oalanians, who in return see the Taráhusians as "egotistic bourgeois moral absolutists", or just "rich assholes" for short. Perhaps not so coincidentally, the local branch of the Moshurian Socialist Party often use rich Taráhusians as scapegoats in economic troubles, and are thus quite popular in the region. | ||
====Phonological differences==== | ====Phonological differences==== | ||
* Glottal or velar fricatives(/h/ or /x/) surrounded by vowels are either not pronounced or non-syllabic. | * Glottal or velar fricatives(/h/ or /x/) surrounded by vowels are either not pronounced or non-syllabic. | ||
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===Sépenzg dialect=== | ===Sépenzg dialect=== | ||
Morphologically speaking, the Sépenzg dialect does not differ much from other Moshurian dialects, though phonologically, there is one major difference: [[Moshurian#Roōka's law|Roōka's law]] did not occur in the dialect, and to this day the /ɸ/ allophone is still pronounced | Morphologically speaking, the Sépenzg dialect does not differ much from other Moshurian dialects, though phonologically, there is one major difference: [[Moshurian#Roōka's law|Roōka's law]] did not occur in the dialect, and to this day the /ɸ/ allophone is still pronounced [ʃ]. | ||
The Sépenzg dialect is an example of "regressive phonology" in [[Yeldhic languages]], where a register or dialect of a language is isolated from a major sound change or sound changes. There is also "regressive morphology", where a dialect does not experience morphological change that other dialects did. Though this is significantly rarer in Yeldhic languages, it can be found in some [[Misunic languages]], and is often what leads to the diversion of languages. | The Sépenzg dialect is an example of "regressive phonology" in [[Yeldhic languages]], where a register or dialect of a language is isolated from a major sound change or sound changes. There is also "regressive morphology", where a dialect does not experience morphological change that other dialects did. Though this is significantly rarer in Yeldhic languages, it can be found in some [[Misunic languages]], and is often what leads to the diversion of languages. | ||
==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
==Other resources== | ==Other resources== | ||