7,081
edits
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit |
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit |
||
(58 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
Line 35: | Line 35: | ||
--> | --> | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:110%;font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif" | ||
|+ Reconstructed consonant phonemes of Proto-Zanahic | |+ Reconstructed consonant phonemes of Proto-Zanahic | ||
! colspan="2" | | ! colspan="2" | | ||
Line 57: | Line 57: | ||
| | | | ||
| *k {{IPA|/k/}} | | *k {{IPA|/k/}} | ||
| * | | *ʔ {{IPA|/ʔ/}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! |[[w:Voiced consonant|voiced]] | ! |[[w:Voiced consonant|voiced]] | ||
Line 76: | Line 76: | ||
! [[w:Voiceless consonant|voiceless]] | ! [[w:Voiceless consonant|voiceless]] | ||
| | | | ||
| * | | *s {{IPA|/ts/}} | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
Line 97: | Line 97: | ||
! colspan="2" |[[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]] | ! colspan="2" |[[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]] | ||
| | | | ||
| *s {{IPA|/s/}} | | <!--*s {{IPA|/s/}}--> | ||
| *š {{IPA|/ɕ/}} | | *š {{IPA|/ɕ ~ ç/}} | ||
| | | | ||
| *h {{IPA|/h/}} | | *h {{IPA|/h ~ x ~ θ/}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" |[[w:Trill consonant|Trill]] | ! colspan="2" |[[w:Trill consonant|Trill]] | ||
Line 186: | Line 186: | ||
! Long | ! Long | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{IPA|/m/}} | ! *{{IPA|/m/}} | ||
| *m̥ {{IPA|/m̩/}} | | *m̥ {{IPA|/m̩/}} | ||
| *m̥̄ {{IPA|/m̩ː/}} | | *m̥̄ {{IPA|/m̩ː/}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{IPA|/n/}} | ! *{{IPA|/n/}} | ||
| *n̥ {{IPA|/n̩/}} | | *n̥ {{IPA|/n̩/}} | ||
| *n̥̄ {{IPA|/n̩ː/}} | | *n̥̄ {{IPA|/n̩ː/}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{IPA|/r/}} | ! *{{IPA|/r/}} | ||
| *r̥ {{IPA|/r̩/}} | | *r̥ {{IPA|/r̩/}} | ||
| *r̥̄ {{IPA|/r̩ː/}} | | *r̥̄ {{IPA|/r̩ː/}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{IPA|/l/}} | ! *{{IPA|/l/}} | ||
| *l̥ {{IPA|/l̩/}} | | *l̥ {{IPA|/l̩/}} | ||
| *l̥̄ {{IPA|/l̩ː/}} | | *l̥̄ {{IPA|/l̩ː/}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! *{{IPA|/ʔ/}} | |||
| *ə {{IPA|/ə/}} | |||
| *əʔ {{IPA|/əʔ/}} | |||
|} | |} | ||
Note that *''i'' and *''u'' (and their long forms *''ī'' and *''ū'') are considered the syllabic counterparts of *''y'' and *''w'' respectively. | Note that *''i'' and *''u'' (and their long forms *''ī'' and *''ū'') are considered the syllabic counterparts of *''y'' and *''w'' respectively. | ||
Line 234: | Line 237: | ||
--> | --> | ||
'''(IN PROGRESS)''' | '''(IN PROGRESS)''' | ||
===Pronouns=== | |||
===='''Personal pronouns'''==== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
|+ Proto-Zanahi reconstructed personal pronouns | |+ Proto-Zanahi reconstructed personal pronouns | ||
! Person/ | ! Person !! Number !! Gender !! Nominative !! Accusative !! Instrumental !! Dative !! Ablative !! Genitive !! Locative !! Clitic !! Possessive pronoun | ||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" | 1 !! S !! rowspan="3"| M/F | |||
| *ʔéṣ || *mé || *móy || *mébi || *méṭ || *méme || *móy || *me || *móh, -áʔ, -óm | |||
|- | |||
! D | |||
| *wéʔ || *n̥ʔwé || *n̥ʔúboʔ || *n̥ʔwéy || *n̥ʔwéṭ || *n̥ʔówš || *n̥ʔwí || *nō̆ʔ || *n̥ʔóh, -áʔ, -óm | |||
|- | |||
! P | |||
| *wéyeh || *n̥hmé || *n̥hm̥bíš || *n̥hméy || *n̥hméṭ || *n̥hóʔom || *n̥hméy || *nō̆h || *n̥hóh, -áʔ, -óm | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3"| 2 !! S !! rowspan="3"| M/F | |||
| *túʔ || *twé || *tóy || *tébi || *twéṭ || *téwe || *tóy || *te || *twóh, -áʔ, -óm | |||
|- | |||
! D | |||
| *yúʔ || *uʔwé || *uʔúboʔ || *uʔwéy || *uʔwéṭ || *uʔówš || *uʔwí || *wō̆ʔ || *uʔóh, -áʔ, -om | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! P | ||
| | | *yū́h || *ušmé || *ušm̥bíš || *ušméy || *ušméṭ || *ušóʔom || *ušmí || *wō̆h || *ušóh, -áʔ, -óm | ||
|- | |||
! Refl. !! All !! All | |||
| — || *hwé || *hóy || *hébi || *hwéṭ || *héwe || *hóy || *he || *hwóh, -áʔ, -óm | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |||
<!-- | |||
! 2SM | ! 2SM | ||
| ’antā || | | ’antā || tē | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2SF | ! 2SF | ||
Line 274: | Line 296: | ||
|} | |} | ||
--> | --> | ||
===='''Demonstrative pronouns'''==== | |||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
Line 289: | Line 312: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
-- | --> | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Reconstructed Proto-Zanahic demonstrative ''*hóh'' "he, that" | |||
! Number !! Gender !! Nominative !! Accusative !! Instrumental !! Dative !! Ablative !! Genitive !! Locative | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3"| S !! M | |||
| *hóh || *hóm || *héynoʔ || *héhmey || *héhmeṭ || *héhyo || *héhmi | |||
|- | |||
! F | |||
| *híʔ || *híʔm || *háʔʔe || *héhyaʔay || *héhyaʔaṭ || *héhyaʔah || *héhyaʔ | |||
|- | |||
! N | |||
| *hóṭ || *hóṭ || *héynoʔ || *héhmey || *héhmeṭ || *héhyo || *héhmi | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3"| D !! M | |||
| *hóʔ || *hóʔ || colspan="3"| *héyboʔ || colspan="2"| *héyʔowš | |||
|- | |||
! F | |||
| colspan="2"| *híʔʔe || colspan="3"| *híʔboʔ || colspan="2"| *híʔboʔowš | |||
|- | |||
! N | |||
| *hóy || *hóy || colspan="3"| *héyboʔ || colspan="2"| *héyʔowš | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3"| P !! M | |||
| *hṓh || *hónh || *héybiš || *héymoh || *héymoh || *héyšoʔom || *héyšu | |||
|- | |||
! F | |||
| *híʔah || *híʔn̥h || *híʔbiš || *híʔmoh || *híʔmoh || *híʔoʔom || *híʔšu | |||
|- | |||
! N | |||
| *háʔ || *háʔ || *héybiš || *héymoh || *héymoh || *héyšoʔom || *héyšu | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
Similarly declined are: | |||
*''*tóh'' "that, he" | |||
*''*sóh'' "this" | |||
*''*yóh'' "that, which (relative)" | |||
*''*kóh'' "what, which (interrogative)" | |||
*''*ʔályoh'' "(an)other" | |||
*''*ʔánoh'' "that (over there)" | |||
===Adjectives=== | |||
====o/aʔ-stem adjectives==== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;" | |||
|+ Proto-Zanahi reconstructed o/aʔ-stem adjective declension | |||
! Number !! Gender !! Nominative !! Vocative !! Accusative !! Instrumental !! Dative !! Ablative !! Genitive !! Locative | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3"| S !! M | |||
| *-oh || *-e || *-om || *-oʔ || *-ōy || *-ōṭ || *-ohyo || *-ey | |||
|- | |||
! F | |||
| colspan="2"| *-aʔ || *-aʔm || *-aʔʔe || *-aʔay || *-aʔaṭ || *-aʔah || *-aʔ | |||
|- | |||
! N | |||
| colspan="3"| *-om || *-oʔ || *-ōy || *-ōṭ || *-ohyo || *-ey | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3"| D !! M | |||
| colspan="3"| *-oʔ || colspan="3"| *-oboʔ || colspan="2"| *-oʔowš | |||
|- | |||
! F | |||
| colspan="3"| *-aʔʔe || colspan="3"| *-aʔboʔ || colspan="2"| *-aʔboʔowš | |||
|- | |||
! N | |||
| colspan="3"| *-oy || colspan="3"| *-oboʔ || colspan="2"| *-oʔowš | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3"| P !! M | |||
| colspan="2"| *-ōh || -onh || *-obiš || *-omoh || *-omoh || *-oʔom || *-oyšu | |||
|- | |||
! F | |||
| colspan="2"| *-aʔah || *-aʔn̥h || *-aʔbiš || *-aʔmoh || *-aʔmoh || *-aʔoʔom || *-aʔhu | |||
|- | |||
! N | |||
| colspan="3"| *-aʔ || *-obiš || *-omoh || *-omoh || *-oʔom || *-oyšu | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
Nouns do not decline for case. | Nouns do not decline for case. | ||
Line 361: | Line 457: | ||
--> | --> | ||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
===Adverbs=== | |||
Adverbs of manner can be formed from adjectives or nouns with the suffix ''-ā''. | Adverbs of manner can be formed from adjectives or nouns with the suffix ''-ā''. | ||
--> | --> | ||
===Numerals=== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
|+ Reconstructed Proto-Zanahic numerals | |+ Reconstructed Proto-Zanahic numerals | ||
! rowspan="2"| Symbol !! colspan="3"|Cardinal number | ! rowspan="2"| Symbol !! colspan="3"|Cardinal number !! rowspan="2"| Ordinal number | ||
|- | |- | ||
! masc. !! fem. !! neuter | ! masc. !! fem. !! neuter | ||
Line 378: | Line 474: | ||
--> | --> | ||
! 1 | ! 1 | ||
| * | | *ʔóynoh || *ʔóynaʔ || *ʔóynom || *pr̥ʔtm̥móh, -áʔ, -óm | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2 | ! 2 | ||
| * | | *ṭwóʔ || *ṭwáʔʔe || *ṭwóʔ || *ṭwitíyoh, -aʔ, -om | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3 | ! 3 | ||
| * | | colspan="2"|*tréyeh (oblique stem: *tri-) || *tríʔ || *tr̥tíyoh, -aʔ, -om | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 4 | ! 4 | ||
| * | | colspan="2"| *ketwóreh (oblique stem: *ketur-) || *ketwṓr (oblique stem: *ketur-)|| *keturtóh, -áʔ, -óm | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 5 | ! 5 | ||
| colspan="3"| * | | colspan="3"| *pénke || *penketóh, -áʔ, -óm | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 6 | ! 6 | ||
| colspan="3"| * | | colspan="3"| *šésš || *šesštóh, -áʔ, -óm | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 7 | ! 7 | ||
| colspan="3"| * | | colspan="3"| *heptḿ̥ || *heptm̥móh, -áʔ, -óm | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 8 | ! 8 | ||
| colspan="3"| * | | colspan="3"| *ʔostṓ || *ʔostowóh, -áʔ, -óm | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 9 | ! 9 | ||
| colspan="3"| * | | colspan="3"| *néwn̥ || *newn̥nóh, -áʔ, -óm | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 10 | ! 10 | ||
| colspan="3"| * | | colspan="3"| *ṭésm̥ || *ṭesn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
Line 437: | Line 533: | ||
--> | --> | ||
! 20 | ! 20 | ||
| colspan="3"| * | | colspan="3"| *ṭwíʔsn̥ti || *ṭwiʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 30 | ! 30 | ||
| colspan="3"| * | | colspan="3"| *triʔsónt || *triʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 40 | ! 40 | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="3"| *ketursónt || *ketursn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 50 | ! 50 | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="3"| *penkeʔsónt || *penkeʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 60 | ! 60 | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="3"| *šesšsónt || *šesšsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 70 | ! 70 | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="3"| *heptm̥ʔsónt || *heptm̥ʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 80 | ! 80 | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="3"| *ʔoctōʔsónt || *ʔoctōʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 90 | ! 90 | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="3"| *newn̥ʔsónt || *newn̥ʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 100 | ! 100 | ||
| colspan="3"| * | | colspan="3"| *sn̥tóm || <!--*sn̥tn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm--> | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
Line 469: | Line 563: | ||
| colspan="2"| ṭuwā sintīn || ṭuwā sint- | | colspan="2"| ṭuwā sintīn || ṭuwā sint- | ||
|- | |- | ||
--> | |||
! 1000 | ! 1000 | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="3"| *zéhlom || | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- | |||
! 2000 | ! 2000 | ||
| colspan="2"| ṭuwā ’alfīn || ṭuwā ’alf- | | colspan="2"| ṭuwā ’alfīn || ṭuwā ’alf- | ||
Line 481: | Line 577: | ||
*The ordinal equivalent of ''‘ayn'' "one" is ''partam'' "first". Its opposite is ''aftam'' "last". | *The ordinal equivalent of ''‘ayn'' "one" is ''partam'' "first". Its opposite is ''aftam'' "last". | ||
*Adding the nisba suffix to numbers ending in ''-īn'' is proscribed, with the ordinal numbers being identical to the cardinal numbers. However, it is common to use the suffix in colloquial language.--> | *Adding the nisba suffix to numbers ending in ''-īn'' is proscribed, with the ordinal numbers being identical to the cardinal numbers. However, it is common to use the suffix in colloquial language.--> | ||
===Verbs=== | |||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
====Types of verbs==== | ====Types of verbs==== | ||
There are 5 main types of verbs: | There are 5 main types of verbs: | ||
Line 730: | Line 827: | ||
===Dependent clauses=== | ===Dependent clauses=== | ||
<!-- etc. etc. --> | <!-- etc. etc. --> | ||
==Vocabulary== | |||
===Time - '' ''=== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Seasons - ''<!--han-’artawīn-->'' | |||
! English !! Proto-Zanahic | |||
|- | |||
| spring || wóhr̥ | |||
|- | |||
| summer || hm̥ʔṓn | |||
|- | |||
| fall || wéṯoh | |||
|- | |||
| winter || zéymoh | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
<!-- | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Solar months - ''hay-yarḥān han-ḥāwiliyyā | |||
! English !! colspan="2"| Zanahi | |||
|- | |||
| January || kānān han-’aftam | |||
|- | |||
| February || šavāṭ | |||
|- | |||
| March || ’āḏār | |||
|- | |||
| April || nīsān | |||
|- | |||
| May || ’iyyār | |||
|- | |||
| June || ḥazīrān | |||
|- | |||
| July || tammūz | |||
|- | |||
| August || ’āv | |||
|- | |||
| September || ’īlūl | |||
|- | |||
| October || tašrīn hap-partam | |||
|- | |||
| November || tašrīn han-’aftam | |||
|- | |||
| December || kānān hap-partam | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
'''Note:''' October (''tašrīn hap-partam'') is considered the first month of the year. | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Days of the week - ''haṭ-ṭaynīn ta-n-haftam'' | |||
! English !! Zanahi | |||
|- | |||
| Sunday || han-‘aynīn | |||
|- | |||
| Monday || haṭ-ṭuwīn | |||
|- | |||
| Tuesday || hat-tarayīn | |||
|- | |||
| Wednesday || hak-kaṯurīn | |||
|- | |||
| Thursday || hap-pankīn | |||
|- | |||
| Friday || haǧ-ǧum‘ā | |||
|- | |||
| Saturday || has-sabt | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
--> | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Parts of the day - ''hab-bāqīn ta-ṭ-ṭayn'' | |||
! English !! Zanahi | |||
|- | |||
| day || ṭayn | |||
|- | |||
| dawn || ’awḥā | |||
|- | |||
| morning || ’azar | |||
|- | |||
| noon || ’awq | |||
|- | |||
| afternoon || wašpar | |||
|- | |||
| evening || šaf | |||
|- | |||
| dusk || ṭawšā | |||
|- | |||
| night || naḵṭ | |||
|- | |||
| midnight || mayḏa ṯa-n-naḵṭ | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Units of time - ''ham-māṯayīn ta-z-zaman'' | |||
! English !! Zanahi | |||
|- | |||
| second || ṭuwiyyā | |||
|- | |||
| minute || daqīqā | |||
|- | |||
| hour || sā‘ā | |||
|- | |||
| day || ṭayn | |||
|- | |||
| week || haftam | |||
|- | |||
| month || yarḥā | |||
|- | |||
| season || ’artō | |||
|- | |||
| year || yār | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Time adverbs - ''haẓ-ẓurūfa ṯa-z-zaman'' | |||
! English !! Zanahi | |||
|- | |||
| now || nūnā | |||
|- | |||
| then || | |||
|- | |||
| recently, a short time ago || | |||
|- | |||
| earlier || | |||
|- | |||
| soon, shortly || | |||
|- | |||
| later || | |||
|- | |||
| always || | |||
|- | |||
| often || | |||
|- | |||
| sometimes || | |||
|- | |||
| rarely || | |||
|- | |||
| never || | |||
|- | |||
| ever || | |||
|- | |||
| still, yet || | |||
|- | |||
| already || | |||
|- | |||
| today || haṭ-ṭayn | |||
|- | |||
| tonight || han-naḵṭ | |||
|- | |||
| yesterday || | |||
|- | |||
| last night || | |||
|- | |||
| tomorrow || | |||
|- | |||
| tomorrow night || | |||
|- | |||
| before yesterday || | |||
|- | |||
| two nights ago || | |||
|- | |||
| after tomorrow || | |||
|- | |||
| this week || sā han-haftam | |||
|- | |||
| last week || | |||
|- | |||
| next week || | |||
|- | |||
| this year || sā hay-yār | |||
|- | |||
| last year || paruṯ | |||
|- | |||
| next year || | |||
|} | |||
===Colours - ''hap-paysīn''=== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Colours - ''hap-paysīn'' | |||
! English !! Zanahi | |||
|- | |||
| white || ’alb; suwayṯ | |||
|- | |||
| grey || | |||
|- | |||
| black || siyāw | |||
|- | |||
| red || rawḏ; ruḏr | |||
|- | |||
| orange || burtuqāliyy | |||
|- | |||
| brown || qahwiyy; bunniyy | |||
|- | |||
| yellow || zalē | |||
|- | |||
| green || ’aḫḍar | |||
|- | |||
| blue || | |||
|- | |||
| pink || | |||
|- | |||
| purple || | |||
|- | |||
| golden || ḏahabiyy | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. --> | <!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. --> | ||
====Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)==== | |||
*''holwoh monewoʔom muktonh homʔonhke ???? ????ke ṣn̥ʔyontor. ???-ṭoʔ-??? ???-ker-??? ???-braʔter-taʔt-??? | |||
yaṣanmān muḵtīn wa-ḥamāḵīn ‘an aš-šaraf wa-n-ḥuqūq. Allāh ṭā-hān ‘aql wa-ḍamīr, wa-barā fī-hān ka-yahakarākirān sa-r-rūḥa ṯa-b-barāṯartāṯ.'' | |||
==Other resources== | ==Other resources== | ||
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --> | <!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --> |
edits