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===Consonant Cluster | ===Consonant Cluster Voicing Changes I=== | ||
There are a few things that happen to the voincing of consonant clusters in the seventh century. This is the first of two stages. | |||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | |||
!colspan=2 width=1200 style="text-align: left;"|600ᴀᴅ: Voicing and Devoicing of Obstruent Clusters | |||
|- | |||
!width=150 style="text-align: right;"| Type: | |||
|width=1050| Phonotactic | |||
|- | |||
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Rule: | |||
| <span style="font-family: monospace;">'''s → z / C[+vox]___#<br /> | |||
zC[+vox] → [-vox]'''</span><br /> | |||
''“Final s after a voiced consonant becomes z. Word-internal voiced consonant clusters become devoiced.”'' | |||
|- | |||
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Exhaustive: | |||
| bs# → bz<br />ds# → dz <br />gs# → gz <br />zb → sp <br />zd → st <br />zg → sk | |||
|- | |||
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Examples: | |||
| | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
!width=100| | |||
!width=150| ‘half’ | |||
!width=150| ‘Presbytery’ | |||
!width=150| ‘garden’ | |||
!width=150| ‘language’ | |||
!width=150| ‘day’ | |||
!width=150| ‘ashes’ | |||
|- | |||
!style="text-align: right;"| PGmc: | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| *''halbaz''<br />[xalbaz] | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''πρεσβῠτέρῐον''<br />[pre'''zb'''yterion]¹ | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| *''urtigardiz ''<br />[ʊrtɪɡardaz] | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| *''razdō''<br />[ra'''zd'''oː] | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| *''dagaz''<br />[daɣaz] | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| *''askǭ''<br />[a'''sk'''õːˑ] | |||
|- | |||
!style="text-align: right;"| Goth: | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''halbs''<br />[hal'''bs'''] | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''praizbwtairei''<br />[prɛ'''zb'''ʏtɛriː] | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''aurtigards ''<br />[ɔrtɪɡar'''ds'''] | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''razda''<br />[ra'''zd'''a] | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''dags''<br />[da'''ɡs'''] | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''azgō''<br />[a'''zɡ'''oː] | |||
|- | |||
!style="text-align: right;"| Griut: | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| *''halbs''<br />[hal'''bs'''] | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| *''prezbyterī''<br />[prɛ'''zb'''ʏtɛriː] | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| *''ortigards ''<br />[ɔrtɪɡar'''ds'''] | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| *''razda''<br />[ra'''zd'''a] | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| *''dags''<br />[da'''ɡs'''] | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| *''azgō''<br />[a'''zɡ'''oː] | |||
|- | |||
!style="text-align: right; background: #FFDDDD;"| Vox.I: | |||
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''halbz''<br />[hal'''βz'''] | |||
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''prespyterī''<br />[prɛ'''sp'''ʏtɛriː] | |||
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''ortigarðz ''<br />[ɔrtɪɡar'''ðz'''] | |||
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''rasta''<br />[ra'''st'''a] | |||
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''dagz''<br />[da'''ɣz'''] | |||
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''askō''<br />[a'''sk'''oː] | |||
|- | |||
!style="text-align: right; background: #FFDDCC;"| Vox.II: | |||
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDCC;"| *''halfs''<br />[hal'''ɸs'''] | |||
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''prespyterī''<br />[prɛ'''sp'''ʏtɛriː] | |||
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDCC;"| *''ortigarþs ''<br />[ɔrtɪɡar'''θs'''] | |||
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''rasta''<br />[ra'''st'''a] | |||
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''dagz''<br />[da'''ɡz'''] | |||
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''askō''<br />[a'''sk'''oː] | |||
|- | |||
!style="text-align: right;"| OldVal: | |||
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''hlafs''<br />[hla'''ɸs'''] | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| *''prespyterij''<br />[prɛ'''sp'''ʏtɛriː] | |||
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''rotigraþs''<br />[rɔtɪɡra'''θs'''] | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''rasta''<br />[ra'''st'''a] | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''dagz''<br />[da'''ɡz'''] | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| *''askou''<br />[a'''sk'''oʊ̯] | |||
|- | |||
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal: | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''hlafs''<br />[xla'''fs'''] | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| '' prespiterî''<br />[prɛ'''sp'''ɪtɛriː] | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''rotigraþs''<br />[rɔtɪɡra'''θs'''] | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''rasta''<br />[ra'''st'''a] | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''dagz''<br />[da'''ɡʑ'''] | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''asko''<br />[a'''sk'''ɔ] | |||
|- | |||
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth: | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''hlafs''<br />[xla'''fs'''] | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''prespiteri''<br />[pre̞'''sp'''ite̞ri] | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''rotigraþs''<br />[ro̞tiɡra'''θs'''] | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''rasta''<br />[ra'''st'''a] | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''daǧ''<br />[da'''ʥ'''] | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''aska''<br />[a'''sk'''a] | |||
|} | |||
¹ This is obviously borrowed from Greek into Gothic; it was never a Proto-Germanic word. | |||
|- | |||
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Persistence: | |||
| No | |||
|- | |||
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Phonemic Inventory: | |||
| (''unchanged'') | |||
'''Consonants''' | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
| ⟨ | |||
|width=25| p | |||
|width=25| t | |||
|width=25| k | |||
|width=25| kw | |||
|width=25| b | |||
|width=25| d | |||
|width=25| g | |||
|width=25| gw | |||
|width=25| hw | |||
|width=25| f | |||
|width=25| þ | |||
|width=25| s | |||
|width=25| z | |||
|width=25| x | |||
|width=25| h | |||
|width=25| m | |||
|width=25| n | |||
|width=25| l | |||
|width=25| r | |||
|width=25| j | |||
|width=25| w | |||
| ⟩ | |||
|- | |||
| / | |||
| p || t || k || kw || b || d || ɡ || ɡw || hw | |||
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h | |||
| m || n || l || r || j || w | |||
| / | |||
|- | |||
| [ | |||
| p~pʰ || t~tʰ || k~kʰ || kw~kʷ || b~β || d~ð || ɡ~ɣ || ɡw~ɡʷ || hw~hʷ~ʍ | |||
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h | |||
| m || n~ŋ || l || r~ɾ || j || w | |||
|] | |||
|} | |||
'''Vowels''' | |||
{|| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
| ⟨ | |||
|width=25| i | |||
|width=25| e | |||
|width=25| a | |||
|width=25| o | |||
|width=25| u | |||
|width=25| ī | |||
|width=25| ē | |||
|width=25| ǣ | |||
|width=25| ā | |||
|width=25| ǭ | |||
|width=25| ō | |||
|width=25| ū | |||
|width=25| iu | |||
| ⟩ | |||
|- | |||
| / | |||
| i || e || a || o || u | |||
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː | |||
| iw | |||
| / | |||
|- | |||
| [ | |||
| ɪ || ɛ || a || ɔ || ʊ | |||
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː | |||
| ɪʊ̯ | |||
| ] | |||
|} | |||
|} | |||
===Clisis & Lexicalisation=== | ===Clisis & Lexicalisation=== | ||
===Consonant Cluster Voice Changes II=== | ===Consonant Cluster Voice Changes II=== |