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|style="text-align: center;"| ''swam''<br />[swam] | |style="text-align: center;"| ''swam''<br />[swam] | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fyljen''<br />[fʏljən] | |style="text-align: center;"| ''fyljen''<br />[fʏljən] | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '' | |style="text-align: center;"| ''cant''<br />[kant] | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '' | |style="text-align: center;"| ''cunþa''<br />[kʊnθa] | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '' | |style="text-align: center;"| ''cenjen''<br />[kɛnjən] | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth: | !style="text-align: right;"| Valth: | ||
Line 546: | Line 546: | ||
|} | |} | ||
<span style="background-color: #ddffdd;"> | |||
'''→ 410ᴀᴅ. This stage of the language is approximately what was spoken by the Ostrogoths who sacked Rome.''' | '''→ 410ᴀᴅ. This stage of the language is approximately what was spoken by the Ostrogoths who sacked Rome.''' | ||
</span> | |||
===Spirantisation II=== | ===Spirantisation II=== | ||
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!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal: | !style="text-align: right;"| MidVal: | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''stivna''<br />[stɪvnə] | |style="text-align: center;"| ''stivna''<br />[stɪvnə] | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '' | |style="text-align: center;"| ''gascêðnɴ''<br />[gəskɛːðnn̩] | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''bagᴍs''<br />[baɡm̩s] | |style="text-align: center;"| ''bagᴍs''<br />[baɡm̩s] | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|style="text-align: center;"| ''wlaðuvni''<br />[wlaðu'''v'''ni] | |style="text-align: center;"| ''wlaðuvni''<br />[wlaðu'''v'''ni] | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''wlaðus''<br />[wla'''ð'''us] | |style="text-align: center;"| ''wlaðus''<br />[wla'''ð'''us] | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '' | |style="text-align: center;"| ''njuclaga(swô)''<br />[njukla'''ɡ'''aswoʊ̯] | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth: | !style="text-align: right;"| Valth: | ||
Line 1,728: | Line 1,730: | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Changes to Geminate Nasals I=== | ===Changes to Geminate Nasals I=== | ||
Part of a major change to all geminate consonants in the language that occur around 700ᴀᴅ. We’ll deal with each change separately here. | Part of a major change to all geminate consonants in the language that occur around 700ᴀᴅ. We’ll deal with each change separately here. | ||
Line 1,779: | Line 1,780: | ||
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal: | !style="text-align: right;"| MidVal: | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''switmɴ''<br />[swɪtmn̩] | |style="text-align: center;"| ''switmɴ''<br />[swɪtmn̩] | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '' | |style="text-align: center;"| ''cutnɴ''<br />[kʊtnn̩] | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''þatma''<br />[θatmə] | |style="text-align: center;"| ''þatma''<br />[θatmə] | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| ] | | ] | ||
|} | |} | ||
|} | |}<!--===Changes to Geminate Liquids=== | ||
Part of a major change to all geminate consonants in the language that occur around 700ᴀᴅ. We’ll deal with each change separately here. | |||
===Changes to Geminate Liquids=== | {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | ||
===Metathesis=== | !colspan=2 width=1200 style="text-align: left;"|700ᴀᴅ: Liquids are Degeminated | ||
===Deletion of s after r=== | |- | ||
===s-Clusters Diffused=== | !width=150 style="text-align: right;"| Type: | ||
===Lengthening of Word-Final Stressed Vowels=== | |width=1050| Phonemic | ||
===Reversal of High Diphthong Altitude Trajectory=== | |- | ||
===Umlaut=== | !style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Rule: | ||
===Launch of Rhotacism=== | | <span style="font-family: monospace;">'''Cː[+son][-nas] → C[-son][-cnt]C '''</span><br /> | ||
===Changes of /j/ to /ʝ/=== | ''“The first consonant of a liquid geminate becomes a voiced stop in the same place of articulation.”'' | ||
===Long Mid Vowel Diphthongisation I=== | |- | ||
===Expansion of East Germanic Verschärfung=== | !style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Exhaustive: | ||
===Deletion of Final Unstressed [a]=== | | ll → dl<br />rr → dr | ||
|- | |||
==Changes from [[Old Valthungian]] to [[Middle Valthungian]] (ca. 950ᴀᴅ‒1350ᴀᴅ)== | !style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Notes: | ||
===Defenestration of Greek Fricatives=== | | ''/dl/ comes to be realized as [dɮ]. Its exact articulation at the time of this rule is not clear, but is not subject to persistent [[#Spirantisation_II|Spirantisation II]], so not precisely [dl].'' | ||
===Changes to Geminate Nasals II=== | |- | ||
===Deletion of word-initial prenasalised stops=== | !style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Examples: | ||
===Rhotacism Failure=== | | | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
!width=100| | |||
!width=150| ‘to fall’ | |||
!width=150| ‘far from’ | |||
!width=150| ‘that.ᴅᴀᴛ’ | |||
|- | |||
!style="text-align: right;"| PGmc: | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| *''fallaną''<br />[fallaną] | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| *''ferrai''<br />[ferrai̯] | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| *''skellaną''<br />[skellanã] | |||
|- | |||
!style="text-align: right;"| Goth: | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fallan''<br />[fallan] | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fairra''<br />[ferra] | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| *''skillan''<br />[skillan] | |||
|- | |||
!style="text-align: right;"| Griut: | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| *''fallan''<br />[fallan] | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| *''ferra''<br />[ferra] | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| *''skillan''<br />[skillan] | |||
|- | |||
!style="text-align: right; background: #FFDDDD;"| Rule: | |||
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''fadlan ''<br />[fađlan] | |||
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''fedra''<br />[feđra] | |||
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFDDDD;"| *''skidlan''<br />[skiđlan] | |||
|- | |||
!style="text-align: right;"| OldVal: | |||
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| ''fadlan''<br />[fađlan] | |||
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''fedra''<br />[feđra] | |||
|style="text-align: center; background: #FFFFDD;"| *''skidlan''<br />[skiđlan] | |||
|- | |||
!style="text-align: right;"| MidVal: | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fadlɴ''<br />[fadln̩] | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fedra''<br />[fedrə] | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''scidlɴ''<br />[skɪdln̩] | |||
|- | |||
!style="text-align: right;"| Valth: | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fadlan''<br />[fadlan] | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''fedra''<br />[fedra] | |||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''skidlan''<br />[skidlan] | |||
|} | |||
|- | |||
!style="text-align: right;"| Limit: | |||
| 1100ᴀᴅ | |||
|- | |||
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Persistence: | |||
| Persistent until at least Late Old Valthungian, evidenced by Latin geminates undergoing the process after the Old Valthungian period. | |||
|- | |||
!style="text-align: right; vertical-align: text-top;"| Phonemic Inventory: | |||
| (''unchanged'') Phonotactics no longer allow geminate sequences. | |||
'''Consonants''' | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
| ⟨ | |||
|width=25| p | |||
|width=25| t | |||
|width=25| k | |||
|width=25| kw | |||
|width=25| b | |||
|width=25| d | |||
|width=25| g | |||
|width=25| gw | |||
|width=25| hw | |||
|width=25| f | |||
|width=25| þ | |||
|width=25| s | |||
|width=25| z | |||
|width=25| x | |||
|width=25| h | |||
|width=25| m | |||
|width=25| n | |||
|width=25| l | |||
|width=25| r | |||
|width=25| j | |||
|width=25| w | |||
| ⟩ | |||
|- | |||
| / | |||
| p || t || k || kw || b || d || ɡ || ɡw || hw | |||
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h | |||
| m || n || l || r || j || w | |||
| / | |||
|- | |||
| [ | |||
| p~pʰ || t~tʰ || k~kʰ || kw~kʷ || b~β || d~ð || ɡ~ɣ || ɡw~ɡʷ || hw~hʷ~ʍ | |||
| ɸ || θ || s || z || x || h | |||
| m || n~ŋ || l || r~ɾ || j || w | |||
|] | |||
|} | |||
'''Vowels''' | |||
{|| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
| ⟨ | |||
|width=25| i | |||
|width=25| e | |||
|width=25| a | |||
|width=25| o | |||
|width=25| u | |||
|width=25| ī | |||
|width=25| ē | |||
|width=25| ǣ | |||
|width=25| ā | |||
|width=25| ǭ | |||
|width=25| ō | |||
|width=25| ū | |||
|width=25| iu | |||
| ⟩ | |||
|- | |||
| / | |||
| i || e || a || o || u | |||
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː | |||
| iw | |||
| / | |||
|- | |||
| [ | |||
| ɪ || ɛ || a || ɔ || ʊ | |||
| iː || eː || ɛː || ɑː || ɔː || oː || uː | |||
| ɪʊ̯ | |||
| ] | |||
|} | |||
|} | |||
--> | |||
===Metathesis=== | |||
===Deletion of s after r=== | |||
===s-Clusters Diffused=== | |||
<span style="background-color: #ddffdd;"> | |||
'''→ 711ᴀᴅ. Moors from North Africa invade Spain, pushing out the Visigoths.''' | |||
</span> | |||
<span style="background-color: #ddffdd;"> | |||
'''→ 768ᴀᴅ. Reign of Charlemagne begins.''' | |||
</span> | |||
<span style="background-color: #ddffdd;"> | |||
'''→ 793ᴀᴅ. Vikings destroy the church at Lindisfarne.''' | |||
</span> | |||
===Lengthening of Word-Final Stressed Vowels=== | |||
===Reversal of High Diphthong Altitude Trajectory=== | |||
===Umlaut=== | |||
===Launch of Rhotacism=== | |||
<span style="background-color: #ddffdd;"> | |||
'''→ 820ᴀᴅ. Vikings settle in Normandy.''' | |||
</span> | |||
===Changes of /j/ to /ʝ/=== | |||
<span style="background-color: #ddffdd;"> | |||
'''→ 860ᴀᴅ. Vikings discover Iceland.''' | |||
</span> | |||
<span style="background-color: #ddffdd;"> | |||
'''→ 866ᴀᴅ. Anglo-Saxons united under Alfred the Great, captures London from the Danes.''' | |||
</span> | |||
===Long Mid Vowel Diphthongisation I=== | |||
===Expansion of East Germanic Verschärfung=== | |||
===Deletion of Final Unstressed [a]=== | |||
==Changes from [[Old Valthungian]] to [[Middle Valthungian]] (ca. 950ᴀᴅ‒1350ᴀᴅ)== | |||
===Defenestration of Greek Fricatives=== | |||
===Changes to Geminate Nasals II=== | |||
===Deletion of word-initial prenasalised stops=== | |||
===Rhotacism Failure=== | |||
===j/z Merger=== | ===j/z Merger=== | ||
<span style="background-color: #ddffdd;"> | |||
'''→ 1066ᴀᴅ. The Norman Invasion of England triggers the dawn of Middle English. No East Germanic languages are affected by this.''' | '''→ 1066ᴀᴅ. The Norman Invasion of England triggers the dawn of Middle English. No East Germanic languages are affected by this.''' | ||
</span> | |||
===Initial h to þ before a sonorant=== | ===Initial h to þ before a sonorant=== |