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 * ''Iandaita ťimana '''vin''''' - You ate '''my''' grape
 * ''Rimtiz '''soz''' kołru'' - I saw '''them''' yesterday
+==Verbs==
+===Stems of verbs===
+Many stems in the dictionary are indivisible; others consist of endings attached to a root.
+====Verb-stems from nouns====
+The verb-stem ''maršo-'' "build" is the adjective ''mar'' "building" with the suffix ''-šo''.  Many verbs are formed from nouns or adjectives with ''-šĕ'':
+:{| class="wikitable"
+! Noun !! Verb
+|-
+| ''baş'' "head" || ''baş'''la'''-'' "make a head", that is, "begin"
+|-
+| ''kilit'' "lock" || ''kilit'''le'''-'' "make locked", that is, "lock"
+|-
+| ''kir'' "dirt" || ''kir'''le'''-'' "make dirty"
+|}
+====Voice====
+A verbal root, or a verb-stem in ''-le'', can be lengthened with certain '''extensions'''.  If present, they appear in the following order, and they indicate distinctions of '''[[Grammatical voice|voice]]''':
+:{|class="wikitable"
+|+ Extensions for voice
+|-
+! Voice !! Ending !! Notes
+|-
+![[Reflexive verb|Reflexive]]
+|''-(i)n''||rowspan=2|&nbsp;
+|-
+![[Reflexive verb#Reciprocal|Reciprocal]]
+|''-(i)ş''
+|-
+!rowspan=4|[[Causative verb|Causative]]
+|''-t''||after polysyllabic stems in ''-l'', ''-r'', or a vowel; and
+|-
+|''-dir''||in other cases; except:
+|-
+|''-ir, -er, -it''||after some monosyllabic stems; and
+|-
+|&nbsp;||there are some other exceptional forms as well.
+|-
+! [[Passive voice|Passive]]
+|''-il''||after stems ending in a consonant other than ''-l''; otherwise, same as reflexive.
+|}
+These endings might seem to be ''inflectional'' in the sense of the {{section link||Introduction}} above, but their meanings are not always clear from their particular names, and dictionaries do generally give the resulting forms, so in this sense they are ''constructive'' endings.
+The causative extension makes an intransitive verb transitive, and a transitive verb '''factitive'''.  Together, the reciprocal and causative extension make the '''repetitive''' extension ''-(i)ştir''.
+:{| class="wikitable"
+! Verb Root/Stem !! New Verb !! Voice
+|-
+| rowspan=2 | ''bul'' "find"
+| ''buluş'' "meet" || ''-uş'' (reciprocal)
+|-
+| ''bulun'' "be found/present" || ''-un'' (reflexive)
+|-
+| rowspan=2 | ''yıka'' "wash (something)"
+| ''yıkan'' "wash oneself" || ''-n'' (reflexive)
+|-
+| ''yıkanıl'' "be washed" || ''-n'' (reflexive) + ''-ıl'' (passive)
+|-
+| ''kayna'' "(come to a) boil" || ''kaynat'' "(bring to a) boil" ||  ''-t'' (causitive)
+|-
+| ''öl'' "die"
+| ''öldür'' "kill" || ''-dür'' (causitive)
+|-
+|
+:''öldür'' "kill"
+| ''öldürt'' "have (someone) killed" || ''-t'' (causitive, factitive)
+|-
+| ''ara'' "look for"
+| ''araştır'' "investigate" || ''-ş'' (reciprocal) + ''-tır'' (causitive) = (repetitive)
+|}
+====Negation and potential in verb-stems====
+A dictionary-stem is '''positive'''; it can be made:
+*'''negative''', by addition of ''-me'';
+*'''impotential''', by addition of ''-e'' and then ''-me''.
+Any of these three (kinds of) stems can be made '''potential''' by addition of ''-e'' and then ''-bil''.  The ''-bil'' is not enclitic, but represents the verb ''bil-'' "know, be able"; the first syllable of the impotential ending represents an obsolete verb ''u-'' "be powerful, able" [[#References|Lewis]] [VIII,55].
+So far then, there are six kinds of stems:
+:{|class="wikitable"
+|+ Paradigm for stems negative, impotential and potential
+|-
+! ||English infinitive||English finite form
+|-
+|''gel-''||"come"||"come"
+|-
+|''gelme-''||"not come"||"do not come"
+|-
+|''geleme-''||"be unable to come"||"cannot come"
+|-
+|''gelebil-''||"be able to come"||"can come"
+|-
+|''gelmeyebil-''||"be able to not come"||"may not come"
+|-
+|''gelemeyebil-''||"able to be unable to come"||"may be unable to come"
+|}
+Such stems are not used for aorist forms, which have their own peculiar means of forming negatives and impotentials.
+Note that ''-ebil'' is one of several verbs that can be compounded to enhance meaning. See [[#Auxiliary verbs|Auxiliary verbs]].
+===Bases of verbs===
+The '''characteristics''' with which verb-'''bases''' are formed from '''stems''' are given under {{section link||Inflectional suffixes}}. Note again that aorist verbs have their own peculiar negative and impotential forms.
+The '''progressive''' base in ''-mekte'' is discussed under {{section link||Verbal nouns}}.
+Another base, namely the '''necessitative''' (''gereklilik''), is formed from a verbal noun.
+The characteristic is ''-meli'', where ''-li'' forms adjectives from nouns, and ''-me'' forms gerunds from verb-stems.
+A native speaker may perceive the ending ''-meli'' as indivisible; the analysis here is from [[#Lewis]] [VIII,30]).
+The '''present''' base is derived from the ancient verb ''yorı-'' "go, walk" [[#Lewis]] [VIII,16]; this can be used for ongoing actions, or for contemplated future actions.
+The meaning of the '''aorist''' base is described under [[#Participles|#Adjectives from verbs: participles]].
+There is some irregularity in first-person negative and impotential aorists. The full form of the base ''-mez'' (or ''(y)emez'') reappears before the interrogative particle ''mi'':
+:''Gelmem'' "I do not come" (cf. ''Gelmez miyim'' "Do I not come?");
+:''Gelmeyiz'' "We do not come" (cf. ''Gelmez miyiz'' "Do we not come?")
+The '''definite past''' or ''di''-past is used to assert that something did happen in the past.
+The '''inferential past''' or ''miş''-past can be understood as asserting that a past participle is applicable ''now''; hence it is used when the fact of a past event, as such, is not important; in particular, the inferential past is used when one did not actually witness the past event.
+A newspaper will generally use the ''di''-past, because it is authoritative.  The need to indicate uncertainty and inference by means of the ''miş''-past may help to explain the extensive use of ''ki'' in the newspaper excerpt at [[Turkish vocabulary#The conjunction ki]].
+The '''conditional''' (''şart'') verb could also be called "hypothetical"; it is used for remote possibilities, or things one might wish for.  (See also [[#Compound bases]].)
+The various bases thus give distinctions of tense, aspect and mood.  These can be briefly tabulated:
+:{| class="wikitable"
+|+ First-person singular verbs
+! Form !! Suffix !! Verb !! English Translation
+|-
+| Progressive || ''-mekte''
+|''gelmekteyim''||"I am in the process of coming"
+|-
+| Necessitative || ''-meli''
+|''gelmeliyim''||"I must come"
+|-
+| Positive || ''-(i/e)r''
+|''gelirim''||"I come"
+|-
+| Negative || ''-me(z)''
+|''gelmem''||"I do not come"
+|-
+| Impotential || ''-(y)eme(z)''
+|''gelemem''||"I cannot come"
+|-
+| Future || ''-(y)ecek''
+|''geleceğim''||"I will come"
+|-
+| Inferential Past || ''-miş''
+|''gelmişim''||"It seems that I came"
+|-
+| Present/Imperfective || ''-iyor''
+|''geliyorum''||"I am coming"
+|-
+| Perfective/Definite Past || ''-di''
+|''geldim''||"I came"
+|-
+| Conditional || ''-se''
+|''gelsem''||"if only I came"
+|}
+===Questions===
+The interrogative [[#Particles|particle]] ''mi'' precedes predicative (type-I) endings (except for the 3rd person plural ''-ler''), but follows the complete verb formed from a verbal, type-II ending:
+:''Geliyor  musunuz?'' "Are you coming?" (but: ''Geliyorlar mı?'' "Are they coming?")
+:''Geldiniz mi?''      "Did you come?"
+===Optative and imperative moods===
+Usually, in the '''optative''' (''istek''), only the first-person forms are used, and these supply the lack of a first-person '''imperative''' (''emir'').
+In common practice then, there is one series of endings to express something wished for:
+:{| class="wikitable"
+|+ Merged Optative & Imperative Moods
+|-
+! Number !! Person !! Ending !! Example !! English Translation
+|-
+! rowspan=3 | Singular
+! 1st
+| ''-(y)eyim'' ||''Geleyim''||"Let me come"
+|-
+! 2nd
+| — || ''Gel'' ||"Come (you, singular)"
+|-
+! 3rd
+| ''-sin'' || ''Gelsin''|| "Let [her/him/it] come"
+|-
+! rowspan=3 | Plural
+! 1st
+| ''-(y)elim'' || ''Gelelim'' ||"Let us come"
+|-
+! 2nd
+| ''-(y)in(iz)'' || ''Gelin'' ||"Come (you, plural)"
+|-
+! 3rd
+| ''-sinler'' || ''Gelsinler''||"Let them come"
+|}
+===Copula===
+{{main article|Turkish copula}}
+The copula in Turkish appears in only two variants―''*imek'', a defective verb often attached to the noun, and ''olmek'', which is a detached regular auxiliary verb.
+''*Imek'', derived from the ancient verb ''er-'' [[#Lewis]] [VIII,2], survives in Turkish only in the inferential past, perfective, and conditional:
+*''imiş'',
+*''idi'',
+*''ise''.
+The form ''iken'' given under [[#Adverbs from verbs]] is also descended from ''er-''.
+Since no more bases are founded on the stem ''i-'', this verb can be called defective.  In particular, ''i-'' forms no negative or impotential stems; negation is achieved with the [[#Adverb of negation]], ''değil'', given earlier.
+The ''i-'' bases are often turned into base-forming suffixes without change in meaning; the corresponding suffixes are
+*''-(y)miş'',
+*''-(y)di'',
+*''-(y)se'',
+where the ''y'' is used only after vowels. For example, ''Hasta imiş'' and ''Hastaymış'' both mean, "Apparently/Reportedly, he/she/it is ill".
+The verb ''i-'' serves as a [[copula (linguistics)|copula]].  When a copula is needed, but the appropriate base in ''i-'' does not exist, then the corresponding base in ''ol-'' is used; when used otherwise this stem means "become". ''Idir'', a variant of ''imek'', is used for emphasis.
+The verb ''i-'' is irregular in the way it is used in questions: the particle ''mi'' always precedes it:
+:''Kuş idi'' or ''Kuştu'' "It was a bird";
+:''Kuş muydu?'' "Was it a bird?"
+===Compound bases===<!-- This section is linked from [[Grammatical mood]] -->
+The bases so far considered can be called "simple".  A base in ''i-'' can be attached to another base, forming a compound base.  One can then interpret the result in terms of English verb forms by reading backwards.  The following list is representative, not exhaustive:
+*Past tenses:
+**'''continuous past:''' ''Geliyordum'' "I was coming";
+**'''aorist past:''' ''Gelirdim'' "I used to come";
+**'''future past:''' ''Gelecektim'' "I was going to come";
+**'''pluperfect:''' ''Gelmiştim'' "I had come";
+**'''necessitative past:''' ''Gelmeliydim'' "I had to come";
+**'''conditional past:''' ''Gelseydim'' "If only I had come."
+*Inferential tenses:
+**'''continuous inferential:''' ''Geliyormuşum'' "It seems (they say) I am coming";
+**'''future inferential:''' ''Gelecekmişim'' "It seems I shall come";
+**'''aorist inferential:''' ''Gelirmişim'' "It seems I come";
+**'''necessitative inferential:''' ''Gelmeliymişim'' "They say I must come."
+By means of ''ise'' or ''-(y)se'', a verb can be made '''conditional''' in the sense of being the hypothesis or protasis of a complex statement:
+:''önemli bir şey yapıyorsunuz'' "You are doing something important";
+:''Önemli bir şey yapıyorsanız, rahatsız etmeyelim'' "If you are doing something important, let us not cause disturbance."
+The simple conditional can be used for remote conditions:
+:''Bakmakla öğrenilse, köpekler kasap olurdu'' "If learning by looking were possible, dogs would be butchers."

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