Linguifex

Voltch: Difference between revisions

Page Discussion

Voltch (view source)

Revision as of 10:43, 29 June 2024

20,723 bytes added ,  29 June
→‎Class 3
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit
 
(128 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 163: Line 163:
| '''w'''
| '''w'''
| {{IPA|/v/}} || {{IPA|/f/}} ||
| {{IPA|/v/}} || {{IPA|/f/}} ||
|-
<!--
| '''wh'''
| colspan="2"| {{IPA|/f/}} ||
|-
|-
<!--
<!--
Line 233: Line 237:
|-
|-
| '''ie'''
| '''ie'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/iə̯/}}
| colspan="2"| {{IPA|/iə̯, i̯ɪ/}}
|-
|-
| '''ij'''
| '''ij'''
Line 278: Line 282:
|-
|-
| '''ue'''
| '''ue'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/uə̯/}}
| colspan="2"| {{IPA|/uə̯, u̯ʊ/}}
|-
|-
| '''ui'''
| '''ui'''
Line 290: Line 294:
|-
|-
| '''üe'''
| '''üe'''
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|/yə̯/}}
| colspan="2"| {{IPA|/yə̯, y̆ʏ/}}
|-
|-
| '''üü'''
| '''üü'''
Line 515: Line 519:
| '''Y y''' || ɡreike ij || [ˈɡɾiːkə ʔɪi̯]
| '''Y y''' || ɡreike ij || [ˈɡɾiːkə ʔɪi̯]
|-
|-
| ('''IJ ij''') || longe ij || [ˈlɔŋə ʔɪi̯]
| ('''IJ ij''') || loange ij || [ˈlo̯aŋə ʔɪi̯]
|-
|-
| '''Z z''' || zet || [zɛtʰ]
| '''Z z''' || zet || [zɛtʰ]
Line 741: Line 745:
| rowspan="2"| f || unvoiced || f
| rowspan="2"| f || unvoiced || f
|-
|-
| voiced || v || voiced word-initially and between vowels
| voiced || v || voiced word-initially, between vowels, and after liquids before vowels.
|-
|-
| g || || g, ∅
| g || || g, ∅
Line 768: Line 772:


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
<!--
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Strong noun declension
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive
|-
! SM
| — || -en || -em || -es
|-
! SF
| -e || -e || -er || -er
|-
! SN
| — || — || -em || -es
|-
! P
| -e || -e || -em || -er
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Weak noun declension
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive
|-
! SM
| -e || -en || -en || -en
|-
! SF
| -e || -en || -en || -en
|-
! SN
| -e || -e || -en || -en
|-
! P
| -en || -en || -em || -er
|-
|}-->
===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
====Personal pronouns====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Possessive
|+ Personal pronouns
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Possessive !! Reflexive
|-
|-
! 1S
! 1S
| ic || mec || mei || mijn
| ic || mec || mei || mijn || meizealf
|-
|-
! 2SI
! 2SI
| duu || dec || dei || dijn
| duu || dec || dei || dijn || deizealf
|-
|-
! 3SM
! 3SM
| hei || heen || him || his
| hei || heen || him || his || himzealf
|-
|-
! 3SF
! 3SF
| höü || höü || heer || heer
| höü || höü || heer || heer || heerzealf
|-
|-
! 3SN
! 3SN
| hit || hit || him || his
| hit || hit || him || his || himzealf
|-
! 1D
| wit || oonk || oonk || oonker || oonkzealf
|-
! 2D
| jit || jeenk || jeenk || jeenker || jeenkzealf
|-
! 3D
| bein || bein || biem || bier || biemzealf
|-
|-
! 1P
! 1P
| wei || uus || uus || uur
| wei || uus || uus || uur || uuszealf
|-
|-
! 2P/F
! 2P/F
| jei || jöü || jöü || jöür
| jei || jöü || jöü || jöür || jöüzealf
|-
|-
! 3P
! 3P
| hij || hij || him || höör
| hij || hij || höm || höar || hömzealf
|-
|}
 
===Demonstratives and Articles===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Indefinite article
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive
|-
! SM
| aan || anen || anem || anes
|-
! SF
| ane || ane || aner || aner
|-
! SN
| aan || aan || anem || anes
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Negative article
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive
|-
! SM
| naan || nanen || nanem || nanes
|-
! SF
| nane || nane || naner || naner
|-
! SN
| naan || naan || nanem || nanes
|-
! P
| nane || nane || nanem || naner
|}
<!--
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Definite article
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive
|-
! SM
| de || dän || dem || däs
|-
! SF
| dö || dö || der || der
|-
! SN
| dät || dät || dem || däs
|-
! P
| do || do || dom || dor
|-
|}-->
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Definitie article and neutral demonstrative
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive
|-
! SM
| dei || dään || diem || däs
|-
! SF
| döü || döü || dier || dier
|-
! SN
| dät || dät || diem || däs
|-
! P
| due || due || duem || duer
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Near demonstrative
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive
|-
! SM
| dis || dissen || dissem || disses
|-
! SF
| disse || disse || disser || disser
|-
! SN
| dis || dis || dissem || disses
|-
! P
| disse || disse || dissem || disser
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Far demonstrative
! colspan=5 | Strong declension
|-
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive
|-
! SM
| joan || joanen || joanem || joanes
|-
! SF
| joane || joane || joaner || joaner
|-
! SN
| joan || joan || joanem || joanes
|-
! P
| joane || joane || joanem || joaner
|-
! colspan="5"| Weak declension
|-
! SM
| joane || joanen || joanen || joanen
|-
! SF
| joane || joanen || joanen || joanen
|-
! SN
| joane || joane || joanen || joanen
|-
! P
| joanen || joanen || joanem || joanen
|-
|}
 
===Adjectives===
(Note: -e- in endings is dropped after vowels)
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Strong adjective declension
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive
|-
! SM
| — || -en || -em || -es
|-
! SF
| -e || -e || -er || -er
|-
! SN
| — || — || -em || -es
|-
! P
| -e || -e || -em || -er
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Weak adjective declension
! || Nominative !! Accusative !! Dative !! Genitive
|-
! SM
| -e || -en || -en || -en
|-
! SF
| -e || -en || -en || -en
|-
! SN
| -e || -e || -en || -en
|-
! P
| -en || -en || -em || -en
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 801: Line 1,012:
===Numerals===
===Numerals===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! Number !! Cardinal !! Ordinal
! Number !! Cardinal !! Ordinal (all wk.)
|-
|-
!0
!0
| nocht || nochtede
| nuecht (str. noun n. sg.) || nuechtede
|-
|-
!1
!1
| uen || ierste
| uen (str. adj. sg.) || ierste
|-
|-
!2
!2
| twue || twuede
| twue (str. adj. pl.) || twuede
|-
|-
!3
!3
| dröü || dridde
| dröü (str. adj. pl.) || dridde
|-
|-
!4
!4
Line 825: Line 1,036:
|-
|-
!7
!7
| zöaven || zöavede
| zöaven || zöavde
|-
|-
!8
!8
Line 837: Line 1,048:
|-
|-
!11
!11
| ellöaven || ellöavede
| ellöaven || ellöavde
|-
|-
!12
!12
Line 864: Line 1,075:
|-
|-
!20
!20
| tweintij || tweintijste
| tweintij || tweintijde
|-
|-
! 30
! 30
| drijtij || drijtijste
| drijtij || drijtijde
|-
|-
! 40
! 40
| vöürtij || vöürtijste
| vöürtij || vöürtijde
|-
|-
! 50
! 50
| vijftij || vijftijste
| vijftij || vijftijde
|-
|-
! 60
! 60
| zechstij || zechstijste
| zechstij || zechstijde
|-
|-
! 70
! 70
| zöaventij || zöaventijste
| zöaventij || zöaventijde
|-
|-
! 80
! 80
| ächtij || ächtijste
| ächtij || ächtijde
|-
|-
! 90
! 90
| nijntij || nijntijste
| nijntij || nijntijde
|-
|-
! 100
! 100
| hundred || hundredste
| hundred (str. noun n.) || hundredde
|-
|-
! 1000
! 1000
| duuzend || duuzendste
| duuzend (str. noun n.) || duuzende
|-
|-
|}
|}
===Nouns===
<!--
Nouns are pluralized with the ending ''-as''. The singular is usually used if the context makes it clear that the word is plural (such as after numerals, plural determiners, etc.).-->
===Adjectives===


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
<!--
<!--
The citation form of verbs is generally ''infinitive, present, past''.
The citation form of verbs is generally ''infinitive, present, past''.
Doidhesh verbs do not conjugate for person or number.
Doidhesh verbs do not conjugate for person or number.
Verbs are conjugated for three aspects, three tenses, and three voices.
Verbs are conjugated for three aspects, three tenses, and three voices.
Tenses are marked by the verb form:
Tenses are marked by the verb form:
*Present: Uses present form.
*Present: Uses present form.
Line 913: Line 1,116:
*Future: Uses future form.
*Future: Uses future form.
**This is formed by replacing the final ''-n'' of the infinitive with ''-d''.
**This is formed by replacing the final ''-n'' of the infinitive with ''-d''.
Aspects are marked with particles preceding the verb:
Aspects are marked with particles preceding the verb:
*Imperfective: No marker
*Imperfective: No marker
*Perfective: ''poi/pœ''
*Perfective: ''poi/pœ''
*Habitual: ''bed''
*Habitual: ''bed''
Voices are marked with particles preceding the aspect marker:
Voices are marked with particles preceding the aspect marker:
*Active: No marker
*Active: No marker
*Middle: ''toun/tón''
*Middle: ''toun/tón''
*Passive: ''maudh/máþ''
*Passive: ''maudh/máþ''
Note that subject pronouns are obligatory, and they come before the voice marker.
Note that subject pronouns are obligatory, and they come before the voice marker.
In summary, a verb is formed as follows: ''subject pronoun + voice marker + aspect marker + tense-specific form of verb''
In summary, a verb is formed as follows: ''subject pronoun + voice marker + aspect marker + tense-specific form of verb''
-->
-->
====Examples of strong verbs====
=====Class 1=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''bijten'' "to bite" (strong class 1)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| bijten
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| bijtend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| ibeten
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| bijte || rowspan="3"| bijte || buet || rowspan="3"| bete ||
|-
! 2SI
| bijtst || buetst || bijt
|-
! 3S
| bijtet || buet ||
|-
! P
| bijtet || bijten || beten || beten || bijtet
|-
|}
=====Class 2=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''kröüpen'' "to crawl" (strong class 2)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| kröüpen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| kröüpend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| ikroapen
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| kröüpe || rowspan="3"| kröüpe || krüep || rowspan="3"| krope ||
|-
! 2SI
| krijpst || krüepst || kröüp
|-
! 3S
| krijpt || krüep ||
|-
! P
| kröüpt || kröüpen || kropen || kropen || kröüpt
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''bruuken'' "to use" (strong class 2)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| bruuken
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| bruukend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| ibroaken
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| bruuke || rowspan="3"| bruuke || brüek || rowspan="3"| broke ||
|-
! 2SI
| brüükst || brüekst || bruuk
|-
! 3S
| brüükt || brüek ||
|-
! P
| bruukt || bruuken || broken || broken || bruukt
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''cöüzen'' "to choose" (strong class 2)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| cöüzen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| cöüzend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| icoaren
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| cöüze || rowspan="3"| cöüze || cües || rowspan="3"| coze ||
|-
! 2SI
| cijst || cüest || cöüs
|-
! 3S
| cijst || cües ||
|-
! P
| cöüst || cöüzen || coren || coren || cöüst
|-
|}
=====Class 3=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''zeengen'' "to sing" (strong class 3)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| zeengen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| zeengend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| izoongen
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| zeenge || rowspan="3"| zeenge || zaang || rowspan="3"| zoonge ||
|-
! 2SI
| zeengst || zaangst || zeeng
|-
! 3S
| zeengt || zaang ||
|-
! P
| zeengt || zeengen || zoongen || zoongen || zeengt
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''healpen'' "to help" (strong class 3)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| healpen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| healpend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| ihoalpen
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| healpe || rowspan="3"| healpe || häälp || rowspan="3"| hoolpe ||
|-
! 2SI
| hilpst || häälpst || healp
|-
! 3S
| hilpt || häälp ||
|-
! P
| healpt || healpen || hoolpen || hoolpen || healpt
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''wöarpen'' "to throw" (strong class 3)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| wöarpen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| wöarpend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| iwoarpen
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| wöarpe || rowspan="3"| wöarpe || wäärp || rowspan="3"| wrope ||
|-
! 2SI
| wirpst || wäärpst || wöarp
|-
! 3S
| wirpt || wäärp ||
|-
! P
| wöarpt || wöarpen || woorpen || woorpen || wöarpt
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''föchten'' "to fight" (strong class 3)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| föchten
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| föchtend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| ifochten
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| föchte || rowspan="3"| föchte || fächt || rowspan="3"| fächte ||
|-
! 2SI
| fechtest || fächtest || föcht
|-
! 3S
| fechtet || fächt ||
|-
! P
| föchtet || föchten || fochten || fochten || föchtet
|-
|}
=====Class 4=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''zeengen'' "to sing" (strong class 3)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| zeengen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| zeengend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| izoongen
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| zeenge || rowspan="3"| zeenge || zaang || rowspan="3"| zoonge ||
|-
! 2SI
| zeengst || zaangst || zeeng
|-
! 3S
| zeengt || zaang ||
|-
! P
| zeengt || zeengen || zoongen || zoongen || zeengt
|-
|}
=====Class 5=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''zeengen'' "to sing" (strong class 3)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| zeengen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| zeengend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| izoongen
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| zeenge || rowspan="3"| zeenge || zaang || rowspan="3"| zoonge ||
|-
! 2SI
| zeengst || zaangst || zeeng
|-
! 3S
| zeengt || zaang ||
|-
! P
| zeengt || zeengen || zoongen || zoongen || zeengt
|-
|}
======Class 6=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''zeengen'' "to sing" (strong class 3)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| zeengen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| zeengend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| izoongen
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| zeenge || rowspan="3"| zeenge || zaang || rowspan="3"| zoonge ||
|-
! 2SI
| zeengst || zaangst || zeeng
|-
! 3S
| zeengt || zaang ||
|-
! P
| zeengt || zeengen || zoongen || zoongen || zeengt
|-
|}
=====Class 7=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''zeengen'' "to sing" (strong class 3)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| zeengen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| zeengend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| izoongen
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| zeenge || rowspan="3"| zeenge || zaang || rowspan="3"| zoonge ||
|-
! 2SI
| zeengst || zaangst || zeeng
|-
! 3S
| zeengt || zaang ||
|-
! P
| zeengt || zeengen || zoongen || zoongen || zeengt
|-
|}
=====Irregular=====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''wezen'' "to be" (strong irregular)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| wezen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| wezend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| iböün
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| öm || rowspan="3"| böü || wäs || rowspan="3"| wiere ||
|-
! 2SI
| ärt || wäst || böü
|-
! 3S
| is || wäs ||
|-
! P
| zind || böün || wieren || wieren || böüt
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''doun'' "to do, make; to cause to" (strong irregular with weak past)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| doun
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| dound
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| idoun
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| dou || rowspan="3"| dou || döde || rowspan="3"| döde ||
|-
! 2SI
| deist || dödest || dou
|-
! 3S
| deit || döde ||
|-
! P
| dout || doun || döden || döden || dout
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''guen'' "to go" (strong irregular with weak past)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| guen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| guend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| iguen
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| gue || rowspan="3"| gue || öüde || rowspan="3"| öüde ||
|-
! 2SI
| giest || öüdest || gue
|-
! 3S
| giet || öüde ||
|-
! P
| guet || guen || öüden || öüden || guet
|-
|}
====Examples of weak verbs====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''loven'' "to love" (weak regular)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| loven
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| lovend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| iloovd
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| love || rowspan="3"| love || loovde || rowspan="3"| loovde ||
|-
! 2SI
| loofst || loovdest || loof
|-
! 3S
| looft || loovde ||
|-
! P
| looft || loven || loovden || loovden || looft
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''häbben'' "to have" (weak irregular)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| häbben
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| häbbend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| ihäd
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| häbbe || rowspan="3"| häbbe || hädde || rowspan="3"| hädde ||
|-
! 2SI
| häst || häddest || hääf
|-
! 3S
| hät || hädde ||
|-
! P
| häbt || häbben || hädden || hädden || häbt
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''zecgen'' "to say" (weak irregular)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| zecgen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| zecgend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| izaaid
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| zecge || rowspan="3"| zecge || zaaide || rowspan="3"| zaaide ||
|-
! 2SI
| zaaist || zaaidest || zaai
|-
! 3S
| zaait || zaaide ||
|-
! P
| zecget || zecgen || zaaiden || zaaiden || zecget
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''libben'' "to live" (weak irregular)
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| libben
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| libbend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| ilivd
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| libbe || rowspan="3"| libbe || livde || rowspan="3"| livde ||
|-
! 2SI
| lööfst || livdest || lööf
|-
! 3S
| lööft || livde ||
|-
! P
| libt || libben || livden || livden || libt
|-
|}
====Examples of preterite-present verbs====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''kunnen'' "to be familiar with; to be able to (do)"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| kunnen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| kunnend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| ikuud
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| kan || rowspan="3"| kunne || kuude || rowspan="3"| kuude ||
|-
! 2SI
| kanst || kuudest || kun
|-
! 3S
| kan || kuude ||
|-
! P
| kunnen || kunnen || kuuden || kuuden || kunt
|-
|}
Conjugated like ''kunnen'' is ''junnen'' "to grant, gift".
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''willen'' "to want; to be going to"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| willen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| willend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| iwoald
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| wil || rowspan="3"| wille || woalde || rowspan="3"| woalde ||
|-
! 2SI
| wilst || woaldest || wil
|-
! 3S
| wil || woalde ||
|-
! P
| willen || willen || woalden || woalden || wilt
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''scolen'' "to must"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| scolen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| scolend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| iscoald
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| scäl || rowspan="3"| scöle || scoalde || rowspan="3"| scoalde ||
|-
! 2SI
| scälst || scoaldest || scool
|-
! 3S
| scäl || scoalde ||
|-
! P
| scolen || scölen || scoalden || scoalden || scoolt
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''uegen'' "to be allowed (to)"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| uegen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| uegend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| juecht
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| ueg || rowspan="3"| uege || uechte || rowspan="3"| uechte ||
|-
! 2SI
| uegst || uechtest || ueg
|-
! 3S
| ueg || uechte ||
|-
! P
| uegen || uegen || uechten || uechten || uegt
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''weten'' "to know, to be aware (of)"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| weten
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| wetend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| iwist
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| wuet || rowspan="3"| wete || wiste || rowspan="3"| wiste ||
|-
! 2SI
| wuetst || wetest || weet
|-
! 3S
| wuet || wiste ||
|-
! P
| weten || weten || wisten || wisten || wet
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''inogen'' "to be content, to have enough; to enjoy"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| inogen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| inogend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| inocht
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| inäg || rowspan="3"| inöge || inochte || rowspan="3"| inochte ||
|-
! 2SI
| inägst || inochtest || inoog
|-
! 3S
| inäg || inochte ||
|-
! P
| inogen || inögen || inochten || inochten || inoogt
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''maain'' "to succeed (in)"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| maain
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| maaind
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| imecht
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| maai || rowspan="3"| maai || mechte || rowspan="3"| mechte ||
|-
! 2SI
| maaist || mechtest || maai
|-
! 3S
| maai || mechte ||
|-
! P
| maain || maain || mechten || mechten || maait
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''dogen'' "to be suitable (for), to be able (to)"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| dogen
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| dogend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| idocht
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| düeg || rowspan="3"| döge || dochte || rowspan="3"| dochte ||
|-
! 2SI
| düegst || dochtest || doog
|-
! 3S
| düeg || dochte ||
|-
! P
| dogen || dögen || dochten || dochten || doogt
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Conjugation of ''mouten'' "to possibly (do), to might"
! colspan="3"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| mouten
|-
!colspan="3"| Present participle
| colspan="3"| moutend
|-
!colspan="3"| Past participle
| colspan="3"| imoust
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"|Present  !! colspan="2"|Past !! rowspan="2"| Imperative
|-
! Indicative !! Subjunctive !! Indicative !! Subjunctive
|-
! 1S
| mout || rowspan="3"| moute || mouste || rowspan="3"| mouste ||
|-
! 2SI
| moutst || moustest || mout
|-
! 3S
| mout || mouste ||
|-
! P
| mouten || mouten || mousten || mousten || moutet
|-
|}
==Syntax==
==Syntax==
==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
===Time - ''Tijd''===
===Time - ''Tijd''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Seasons - ''Dij jüertijde''
|+ Seasons - ''Due jüertijde''
! English !! Voltch
! English !! Voltch
|-
|-
| spring || lenkten
| spring || lengten
|-
|-
| summer || zomer
| summer || zomer
Line 1,003: Line 2,020:
| December || Earjoul/Jerdjól
| December || Earjoul/Jerdjól
|-
|-
|}
|}-->


{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Days of the week - ''Tais auv beizh/Tæs áf béc''
|+ Days of the week - ''Due daais of döü weken''
! English !! Doidhesh
! English !! Voltch
|-
|-
| Sunday || Sondai/Sondæ
| Sunday || ierstendaai
|-
|-
| Monday || Moundai/Mondæ
| Monday || twuedendaai
|-
|-
| Tuesday || Thüestai/Þýstæ
| Tuesday || driddendaai
|-
|-
| Wednesday || Wonstai/Wonstæ
| Wednesday || vöürdendaai
|-
|-
| Thursday || Dorstai/Dorstæ
| Thursday || vijftendaai
|-
|-
| Friday || Vriedhai/Vríðæ
| Friday || zechstendaai
|-
|-
| Saturday || Saidherstai/Sæðerstæ
| Saturday || zöavedendaai
|-
|-
|}
|}


{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Parts of the day - ''Tealas auv tai/Tjelas áf tæ''
|+ Parts of the day - ''Due duele of duem daaie''
! English !! Doidhesh
! English !! Voltch
|-  
|-  
| day || tai/tæ
| day || daai
|-
|-
| dawn || taihoum/tæhóm
| dawn || daging
|-
|-
| morning || morn
| morning || moargen
|-
|-
| noon || mittai/mittæ
| noon || middaai
|-
|-
| afternoon || äftermittai/äftermittæ
| afternoon || äftermiddaai
|-
|-
| evening || eaven/jeven
| evening || ieven
|-
|-
| dusk || nichthoum/nihthóm
| dusk || nechting
|-
|-
| night || nicht/niht
| night || necht
|-
|-
| midnight || mitnicht/mitniht
| midnight || midnecht
|}
|}


{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Units of time - ''Tealas auv thiet/Tjelas áf þít''
|+ Units of time - ''Uenhuedes of tijde''
! English !! Doidhesh
! English !! Voltch
|-  
|-  
| second || bengwiel/bengwíl
| second || zekoond
|-
|-
| minute || thiemshen/þímcen
| minute || minuute
|-
|-
| hour || thiem/þím
| hour || tijm
|-
|-
| day || tai/tæ
| day || daai
|-
|-
| week || beizh/béc
| week || weke
|-
|-
| month || moundh/mónþ
| month || mound
|-
|-
| season || seal/sjel
| season || jüertijd
|-
|-
| year || jear/djer
| year || jüer
|-
|-
|}
|}


{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Time adverbs - ''Thietleizh piebordhas/Þítléc píborðas''
|+ Time adverbs - ''Tijdes bijwoorde''
! English !! Doidhesh
! English !! Voltch
|-
|-
| now || nue/nú
| now || nuu
|-
|-
| then || don
| then || don
|-
|-
| recently, a short time ago || earnue/jernú
| recently, a short time ago, just || zuenuu
|-
|-
| earlier || ear/jer
| earlier || räder
|-
|-
| soon, shortly || soun/són; äfternue/äfternú
| soon, shortly || zoun
|-
|-
| later || äfter
| later || zijd; läter
|-
|-
| always || sebel
| always || zemblen
|-
|-
| often || oft
| often || often
|-
|-
| sometimes || gwielom/gwílom
| sometimes || wijlen
|-
|-
| rarely || selten
| rarely || zealden
|-
|-
| never || noa/nwo; neaver/njever
| never || niever
|-
|-
| ever || oa/wo; eaver/jever
| ever || iever
|-
|-
| still, yet || jüedh/jýþ
| still, yet || jijt
|-
|-
| already || ju
| already || ier
|-
|-
| today || thoudhai/þóðæ
| today || toudaai
|-
|-
| tonight || thounicht/þóniht
| tonight || tounecht
|-
|-
| yesterday || jörstanai/djörstanæ
| yesterday || jirstendaai
|-
|-
| last night || jörstanicht/djörstaniht
| last night || jirstennecht
|-
|-
| tomorrow || thoumorn/þómorn
| tomorrow || toumoargen
|-
|-
| before yesterday || earjörstanai/jerdjörstanæ
| before yesterday || ierjirstendaai
|-
|-
| two nights ago || earjörstanicht/jerdjörstaniht
| two nights ago || ierjirstennecht
|-
|-
| after tomorrow || äfterthoumorn/äfterþómorn
| after tomorrow || oavermoargen
|-
|-
| this week || thoubeizh/þóbéc
| this week || disse weke
|-
|-
| last week || jörstabeizh/djörstabéc
| last week || lätste weke
|-
|-
| next week || neistbeizh/néstbéc
| next week || nichste weke
|-
|-
-->
|}
|}


===Colours - ''Teas/Tjes''===
===Colours - ''Düeges''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Colours - ''Teas/Tjes''
|+ Colours - ''Due düeges''
! English !! Gothedish
! English !! Voltch
|-
|-
| white || gweidh/gwéþ
| white || wijt
|-
|-
| grey || kreai/krjei
| grey || grij
|-
|-
| black || plaigh/plæh <!--swärth/swärþ--
| black || zwäärt
|-
|-
| red || reat/rjet
| red || rüed
|-
|-
| orange || reatjeol/rjetdjöl
| orange || orancge
|-
|-
| brown || pruen/prún
| brown || bruun
|-
|-
| yellow || jeol/djöl
| yellow || jöale
|-
|-
| green || krein/krén
| green || grein
|-
|-
| blue || ploi/plœ
| blue || blöü
|-
|-
| pink || rouzen/rózen
| pink || rueze
|-
|-
| purple || pauz/pás
| purple || poorper
|-
|-
| golden || költen
| golden || göölden
|-
|-
|}
|}
-->


==Example texts==
==Example texts==
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
Älle men wörden vröü and ilijc on uere and rechtem iboaren. Jerued and inihüüd wörden him jifted, and hij scolen...
Älle men wöardet vröü and ilijc on uere and rechtem iboaren. Glöüscip and touknounes zind him jifted<!-->Höm wöardet glöüscippes and touknounesse ijuud-->, and hij scolen...


<!--
<!--
Shariifka
7,085

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/369559...372462"