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| ==Overview==
| | #redirect [[Quame languages]] |
| The '''Gamedan languages''' are moderately inflecting languages that use mainly suffixing and infixing morphology.
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| Inspirations: Indo-European, Semitic, Native American languages
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| ==Phylogeny==
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| {{clade|label1=Proto-Gamedan (P P' B)
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| |1={{clade
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| |label1=[[Proto-Talsmic]] (P F B)
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| |1={{clade
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| |label1=Proto-Central Talsmic
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| |1={{clade
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| |1=[[Themsarian|Noble Themsarian]]<abbr title="The language from which my career sprang. Under heavy revision."><sup>?</sup></abbr>
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| |2=[[Qelorian]]
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| }}
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| |label2=Proto-Peripheral Talsmic
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| |2={{clade
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| |1=[[Snaħħian]]
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| |2=[[Núrian]]<abbr title="Wherein I take the Cartesian product of Irish with itself! This language hopes to attain this ideal aesthetics-wise, if not in actual morphophonology."><sup>?</sup></abbr>
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| }}
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| }}
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| |label2=Proto-Ractamic (P P' B)
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| |2={{clade
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| |label1=[[Raxic]]
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| |1={{clade
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| |1=[[Atzòpic]]
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| |2=[[Tizian]]
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| }}
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| }}
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| |label3=Proto-Bonzic
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| |3={{clade
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| |1=Dili
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| |2=Upur (an attempt at a language with clitic complexes)
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| }}
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| |label4=Proto-Koiƛoq̓ic
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| |4=Beƛoq̓ic
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| |label5=Proto-Wiobic (F B P)
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| |5={{clade
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| |1=[[Wiobian]]<abbr title="Tonal German with ampersands"><sup>?</sup></abbr>
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| }}
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| }}
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| }}
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| ==Phonology==
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| ===Consonants===
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| An inventory of 35 consonants is reconstructed for Proto-Raxo-Talsmic. The Koiƛoq̓ic/Coytłochic branch preserves the most archaic consonant inventories, whereas the Talsmic branch and Wiobian are the most innovative.
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
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| ! colspan="11"|Proto-Raxo-Talsmic reconstructed consonants
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
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| ! rowspan="2" |Labial
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| ! colspan="2" |Denti-alveolar
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| ! rowspan="2" |Palatal
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| ! colspan="2" |Velar
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| ! colspan="2" |Uvular
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| ! rowspan="2" |Glottal
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| |-
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| ! |<small>central</small>
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| ! |<small>lateral</small>
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| ! |<small>plain</small>
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| ! |<small>labialized</small>
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| ! |<small>plain</small>
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| ! |<small>labialized</small>
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
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| | *m
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| | *n
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="3" |Plosive
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| ! |<small>plain</small>
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| | *p
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| | *t
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| | *k
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| | *kʷ
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| | *q
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| | *qʷ
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| | *ʔ
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| |-
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| ! |<small>voiced</small>
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| | *b
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| | *d
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| | *g
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| | *gʷ
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| | *ɢ
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| | *ɢʷ
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| |-
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| ! |<small>ejective</small>
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| | *pʼ
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| | *tʼ
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| | *kʼ
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| | *kʷʼ
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| | *qʼ
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| | *qʷʼ
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
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| ! |<small>voiceless</small>
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| | *s
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| | *ś
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| | *h
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| |-
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| ! |<small>voiced</small>
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| | *z
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| | *ź
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" colspan="1" |Affricate
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| ! |<small>plain</small>
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| | *c
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| | *ć
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| |-
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| ! |<small>ejective</small>
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| | *cʼ
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| | *ćʼ
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Approximant
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| | *y
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| | *w
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" |Liquid
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| | *r
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| | *l
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| |}
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| <nowiki>*</nowiki>m *n *l *r could be syllabic.
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| ====Consonant correspondences====
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| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width:1300px; text-align:center;"
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| |-
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| ! PGam
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| ! {{recon|p}}
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| ! {{recon|b}}
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| ! {{recon|p̓}}
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| ! {{recon|t}}
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| ! {{recon|d}}
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| ! {{recon|t̓}}
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| ! {{recon|s}}
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| ! {{recon|z}}
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| ! {{recon|c}}
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| ! {{recon|c̓}}
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| ! {{recon|ł}}
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| ! {{recon|λ}}
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| ! {{recon|ƛ}}
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| ! {{recon|ƛ̓}}
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| ! {{recon|k}}
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| ! {{recon|g}}
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| ! {{recon|k̓}}
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| ! {{recon|kʷ}}
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| ! {{recon|gʷ}}
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| ! {{recon|k̓ʷ}}
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| ! {{recon|q}}
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| ! {{recon|ɢ}}
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| ! {{recon|q̓}}
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| ! {{recon|qʷ}}
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| ! {{recon|ɢʷ}}
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| ! {{recon|q̓ʷ}}
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| ! {{recon|m}}
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| ! {{recon|n}}
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| ! {{recon|l}}
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| ! {{recon|r}}
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| ! {{recon|y}}
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| ! {{recon|w}}
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| ! {{recon|ʔ}}
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| ! {{recon|h}}
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| |-
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| ! [[Raxic|Rax]]
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| | ''p'', ''u-''
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| | ''b''
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| | ''ph'', ''hu-''
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| | ''t''
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| | ''d''
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| | ''th''
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| | ''z''
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| | ''z''
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| | ''tz''
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| | ''tzh''
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| | ''ł''
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| | ''l''
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| | ''tł''
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| | ''tłh''
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| | ''tx''
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| | ''x''
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| | ''txh''
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| | ''qu''
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| | ''gu''
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| | ''hu''
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| | ''c''
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| | ''g''
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| | ''ch''
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| | ''qu''
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| | ''gu''
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| | ''hu''
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| | ''m'', ''-n''
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| | ''n''
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| | ''l''
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| | ''r''
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| | ''y''
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| | ''u''
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| | ''h''
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| | Ø
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| |-
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| ! [[Talsmic languages|PTal]]
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| | {{recon|''p''}}
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| | {{recon|''b''}}
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| | {{recon|''ɸ''}}
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| | {{recon|''t''}}
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| | {{recon|''d''}}
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| | {{recon|''θ''}}
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| | {{recon|''h''}}
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| | {{recon|''z''}}, {{recon|''r''}}
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| | {{recon|''s''}}
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| | {{recon|''s''}}
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| | {{recon|''h''}}
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| | {{recon|''λ''}}
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| | {{recon|''t''}}, {{recon|''k''}}
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| | {{recon|''ł''}}
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| | {{recon|''k''}}
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| | {{recon|''g''}}
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| | {{recon|''x''}}
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| | {{recon|''kʷ''}}
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| | {{recon|''gʷ''}}
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| | {{recon|''xʷ''}}
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| | {{recon|''q''}}
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| | {{recon|''ʁ''}}
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| | {{recon|''χ''}}
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| | {{recon|''q''}}
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| | {{recon|''ʁ''}}
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| | {{recon|''χ''}}
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| | {{recon|''m''}}
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| | {{recon|''n''}}
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| | {{recon|''l''}}
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| | {{recon|''r''}}
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| | {{recon|''j''}}
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| | {{recon|''w''}}
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| | {{recon|''ʔ''}}
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| | {{recon|''h''}}
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| |-
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| ! [[Wiobian|Wio]]
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| | ''f''
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| | ''p''
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| | ''b''
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| | ''þ''
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| | ''t''
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| | ''d''
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| | ''s'', ''ß'', ''r''
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| | Ø
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| | ''ß''
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| | ''ß''
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| | ''s''
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| | ''z''
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| | ''s''
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| | ''ɟ''
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| | ''h''
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| | ''k''
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| | ''g''
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| | ''ƕ''
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| | ''qu''
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| | ''w''
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| | ''h''
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| | [ʔ]
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| | [ʔ]
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| | ''ƕ''
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| | ''qu''
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| | ''w''
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| | ''m''
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| | ''n''
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| | ''l''
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| | ''r''
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| | ''j''
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| | ''w''
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| | [ʔ]
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| | [ʔ]
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| |-
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| ! [[Bonzic languages|PBon]]
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| | {{recon|''p''}}
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| | {{recon|''b''}}
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| | {{recon|''pʼ''}}
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| | {{recon|''t''}}
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| | {{recon|''d''}}
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| | {{recon|''tʼ''}}
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| | {{recon|''x''}}
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| | {{recon|''ɣ''}}
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| | {{recon|''s''}}
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| | {{recon|''cʼ''}}
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| | {{recon|''s''}}
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| | {{recon|''z''}}
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| | {{recon|''č''}}
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| | {{recon|''čʼ''}}
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| | {{recon|''k''}}
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| | {{recon|''g''}}
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| | {{recon|''kʼ''}}
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| | {{recon|''p''}}
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| | {{recon|''b''}}
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| | {{recon|''pʼ''}}
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| | {{recon|''ʔ''}}
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| | {{recon|''ʔ''}}
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| | {{recon|''ʔ''}}
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| | {{recon|''ʔʷ''}}
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| | {{recon|''ʔʷ''}}
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| | {{recon|''ʔʷ''}}
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| | {{recon|''m''}}
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| | {{recon|''n''}}
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| | {{recon|''l''}}
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| | {{recon|''l''}}
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| | {{recon|''y''}}
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| | {{recon|''w''}}
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| | Ø
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| | Ø
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| |-
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| ! [[Koiƛoq̓ic languages|PKoi]]
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| | {{recon|''p''}}
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| | {{recon|''b''}}
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| | {{recon|''p̓''}}
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| | {{recon|''t''}}
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| | {{recon|''d''}}
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| | {{recon|''t̓''}}
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| | {{recon|''s''}}
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| | {{recon|''z''}}
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| | {{recon|''c''}}
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| | {{recon|''c̓''}}
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| | {{recon|''ł''}}
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| | {{recon|''λ''}}
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| | {{recon|''ƛ''}}
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| | {{recon|''ƛ̓''}}
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| | {{recon|''k''}}
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| | {{recon|''g''}}
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| | {{recon|''k̓''}}
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| | {{recon|''k''}}
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| | {{recon|''g''}}
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| | {{recon|''k̓''}}
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| | {{recon|''q''}}
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| | {{recon|''ɢ''}}
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| | {{recon|''q̓''}}
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| | {{recon|''q''}}
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| | {{recon|''ɢ''}}
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| | {{recon|''q̓''}}
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| | {{recon|''m''}}
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| | {{recon|''n''}}
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| | {{recon|''l''}}
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| | {{recon|''r''}}
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| | {{recon|''y''}}
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| | {{recon|''w''}}
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| | {{recon|''ʔ''}}
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| | {{recon|''h''}}
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| |}
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| ===Vowels===
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
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| ! style="width: 90px; "|
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| ! style="width: 90px; " |Front
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| ! style="width: 90px; " |Central
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| ! style="width: 90px; " |Back
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close
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| | *i *ī
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| | *u *ū
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Mid
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| | *e *ē
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| | *o *ō
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Open
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| | *a *ā
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| |}
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| ===Suprasegmentals===
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| No phonemic pitch, tone or stress existed in Proto-Gamedan.
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| ===Phonotactics===
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| Consonant clusters were allowed, but limited.
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| ==Grammar==
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| ===Typology===
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| The basic word order was SOV.
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| The morphological form of a typical Gamedan word can be described as {{sc|root}}<{{sc|infix}}>-{{sc|suffix}}-{{sc|ending}}.
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| ===Ablaut===
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| Much like PIE, there were different grades of ablaut, commonly e-grade, o-grade and a-grade. Lengthened and null grades are used too.
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| ===Nominals===
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| Proto-Raxo-Talsmic did not distinguish between nouns and adjectives. They both inflected for:
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| *9 cases: nominative, (definite) accusative, genitive, dative, locative, ablative-comitative, allative, instrumental, adverbial
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| *A noun class system, indicated by different final ''classifier clitics''. Or perhaps an animate-inanimate opposition.
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| *3 numbers: Singular, dual, plural
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| Nouns minimally consisted of a root and an optional infix, case/number endings and a classifier suffix. The classifier suffixes play a role in gender assignment in daughter languages.
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| ====Declension====
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| Declension A: plural ''-Vu''
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| Declension B: plural ''-Vd''
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| Declension C: plural ''-n''
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| Declension D: singular ''-i'', plural ''-e''
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| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
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| ! colspan="3" | Case suffixes
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| |-
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| ! |
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| ! | Singular
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| ! | Plural
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| |-
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| ! Nominative
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| | Ø
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| |-
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| ! Accusative
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| | ''*-z''
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| |
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| |-
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| ! Genitive
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| | ''*-ʔ'', ''*-k''
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| |-
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| ! Dative
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| | ''*-ƛ''
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| |
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| |-
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| ! Locative-Comitative
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| | ''*-ksi''
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| |-
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| ! Ablative
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| | ''*-hn''
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| |
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| |-
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| ! Allative
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| | ''*-cti''
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| |
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| |-
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| ! Instrumental
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| | ''*-hli''
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| |
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| |-
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| ! Predicative
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| | ''*-ʔzi''
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| |
| |
| |-
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| ! Adverbial
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| | ''*-ʔzi''
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| |
| |
| |}
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| | |
| ====Nominal morphosyntax====
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| The PRT nominative and accusative cases differ from the canonical nominative-accusative system in that the accusative case marks only definite or specific direct objects.
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| | |
| ===Pronouns===
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| | |
| ===Verbs===
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| Verbs were conjugated for subject, aspect, mood, evidentiality, and voice.
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| | |
| *Subject agreement: For each pronoun, and 3rd person m/f/n, and perhaps collective
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| *Aspects: Aorist, habitual, progressive, stative
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| *Evidentiality: direct, hearsay, unclear memory, quotative, inferential
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| *Moods: {Indicative, desiderative, jussive, optative}, {mirative, subjunctive}, imperative
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| *Voices: Active, mediopassive, causative
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| | |
| ====TAM affixes====
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| *{{angbr|''n''}}: aorist infix. (Wiobian preterite {{angbr|n}})
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| *''-ƛ-'': dynamic affix (progressive ''-tł-'' in Raxic, future ''-t-'' in Themsarian)
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| *''-eʔ'': stative affix (Themsarian preterite tone change.)
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| ===Tense/Agreement suffixes===
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| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
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| |-
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| !colspan="4" | '''Imperfect suffixes'''
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| |-
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| !style="width: 50px; "|
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| !style="width: 100px; "|Singular
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| !style="width: 100px; "|Dual
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| !style="width: 100px; "|Plural
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| |-
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| !|1.ex
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| |''-īn''
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| |
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| |''-mēk̓''
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| |-
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| !|1.in
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| |''-''
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| |''''
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| |''-nci''
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| |-
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| !|2
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| |''-z''
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| |''''
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| |''-lci''
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| |-
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| !|3.animate
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| |''-m''
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| |rowspan="2"|
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| |rowspan="2"|''-rih''
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| |-
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| !|3.inanimate
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| |''-ici''
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| |}
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| | |
| | |
| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
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| |-
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| !colspan="4" | '''Aorist suffixes'''
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| |-
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| !style="width: 50px; "|
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| !style="width: 100px; "|Singular
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| !style="width: 100px; "|Dual
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| !style="width: 100px; "|Plural
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| |-
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| !|1.ex
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| |''-īn''
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| |
| |
| |''-mēk̓''
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| |-
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| !|1.in
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| |''-''
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| |''''
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| |''-nci''
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| |-
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| !|2
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| |''-z''
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| |''''
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| |''-lci''
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| |-
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| !|3.animate
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| |''-m''
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| |rowspan="2"|
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| |rowspan="2"|''-rih''
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| |-
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| !|3.inanimate
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| |''-ici''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| | |
| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
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| !colspan="4" | '''Stative suffixes'''
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| !style="width: 50px; "|
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| !style="width: 100px; "|Singular
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| !style="width: 100px; "|Dual
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| !style="width: 100px; "|Plural
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| |-
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| !|1.ex
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| |''-nʔe''
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| |''-moz''
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| |-
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| !|1.in
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| |''-''
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| |''''
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| |''-toz''
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| |-
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| !|2
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| |''-zʔe''
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| |''''
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| |''-li''
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| |-
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| !|3.animate
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| |''-h''
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| |rowspan="2"|
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| ||''-woz''
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| |-
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| !|3.inanimate
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| |''-z''
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| ||''-toz''
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| |}
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| ===Derivational morphology===
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| *{{angbr|''*l''}} verbalizer
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| *{{angbr|''*r''}} nominalizer/adjectivalizer
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| ==Some etymologies==
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| ==Sample text==
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| <big>{{recon|q̓eino ʔih ƛōbat}}</big>
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| The sheep and the horses
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| <big>{{recon|ʔorλikin, q̓ewno wē hiz tihmici t̓ēqʷa, ƛōbante tnosem, kʷēmaz gubiz metqaz, kʷēmaz ʔāzoz qent̓iniz bōc̓qaz, kʷēmaz kʷazaz ɢʷōc̓qaz ʔih lesgʷaz. q̓ewno ƛōbanłi takinim: "ʔino ʔēq̓o ʔinłi nak̓etēm, kʷazaz ƛōbanti ɢʷōzēc̓qaz tosqałi." ƛ̓ōbat takiniwih: "weƛ̓iti, q̓eino! ʔāmiʔo ʔēq̓uh ʔāminłi nak̓etēwih mēz tosqanłi: kʷaza, gūrōda, q̓ewnoh t̓ēqʷaz helł deqrƛi lesƛeƛi reɢm. ʔih q̓ewnoł tihmici t̓ēqʷa. " nēz weƛ̓ēt̓a, q̓ewno gʷalarc̓ēm.}}</big>
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| On a hill, a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses". The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool". Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.
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| [[Category:Language families]]
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