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{{privatelang}} {{construction}} | {{privatelang}} {{construction}} | ||
{{Infobox language | |||
<!--|image= IKronurum.png | |||
|imagesize= 250px--> | |||
|name=Ŭrbŭrŭx U | |||
|nativename=''"the speech, U"'' | |||
|pronunciation=/ˈuɾ.bu.ɾux ˈɯ/ | |||
|- | |||
|creator=[[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]] | |||
|setting=''Yrḳuti'' conworlding project | |||
|- | |||
<!--|states= | |||
|speakers= | |||
|date=--> | |||
|familycolor=Afro-Asiatic | |||
|fam1=Ɯ languages | |||
|ancestor= | |||
|ancestor2= | |||
|ancestor3= | |||
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], native | |||
|- | |||
|notice=IPA | |||
}} | |||
The language known as '''Ɯ''' is a conlang being created and developed by [[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]]. It is part of the [[Yrḳuti]] conworlding project. | The language known as '''Ɯ''' is a conlang being created and developed by [[User:Nicolasstraccia|Nicolás Straccia]]. It is part of the [[Yrḳuti]] conworlding project. | ||
<br/> | |||
=Background= | |||
<br/> | |||
[...] | |||
=Grammar= | |||
==In a nutshell:== | |||
==PHONOLOGY== | |||
===Vowels=== | |||
====Vowel inventory==== | |||
{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background:transparent;" | |||
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;" | |||
|| | |||
| style="width:60px;" | '''Front''' | |||
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front''' | |||
| style="width:60px;" | '''Central''' | |||
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back''' | |||
| style="width:60px;" | '''Back''' | |||
|- | |||
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close''' | |||
| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;"> | |||
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" | | |||
<!-- CLOSE VOWELS --> | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;"> | |||
i</div> | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:82%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">u</div> | |||
<!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS --> | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:73%; width:2.33em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;"> | |||
(ʊ)</div> | |||
<!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS --> | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:50%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;"> | |||
(ɘ)</div> | |||
<!-- MID VOWELS --> | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:24.4%; width:2.33em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;"> | |||
e̞</div> | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">o̞</div> | |||
<!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS --> | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:25%; width:2.66em; top:60%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;"> | |||
(ɛ)</div> | |||
<!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS --> | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:60%; width:2.66em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;"> | |||
(ɐ)</div> | |||
<!-- OPEN VOWELS --> | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;"> | |||
(a)</div> | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;"> | |||
ɑ</div> | |||
|} | |||
</div></div> | |||
|- | |||
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close''' | |||
|- | |||
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid''' | |||
|- | |||
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid''' | |||
|- | |||
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid''' | |||
|- | |||
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open''' | |||
|- | |||
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open''' | |||
|} | |||
If a vowel of the rounded series is long it will be written with the underdotted version and a macron on top. | |||
E. g. /yː/ ‹ᴉ̄› | |||
Stem-controlled roundness harmony. Both /a/ and /o/, a back and a front vowel, are neutral. In compounds each element retains it own harmony; affixes will harmonize with the stem with which they are directly in contact. | |||
===Consonants=== | |||
====Consonant inventory==== | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;" | |||
! style="width: 68px; "| | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar | |||
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Plosive | |||
| p b | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| t d | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| k g | |||
| ʔ | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Nasal | |||
| m | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| n | |||
| | |||
| (ɲ) | |||
| (ŋ) | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Trill | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| r | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Tap or flap | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| ɾ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Fricative | |||
| (β) | |||
| f | |||
| θ ð | |||
| s | |||
| ʃ | |||
| | |||
| x (ɣ) | |||
| h | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Lateral fric. | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| (ɬ) | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Approximant | |||
| w | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| j | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Lateral app. | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| l | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
1 also written ř, r̆ and ṛ. If a /r/ results of the assimilation of a consonant to a /ɾ/, it is usually written rr to show this orgin in two different consonants. | |||
2 can also written ñ | |||
3 the ł variation is thought of as to avoid confusion with a capital ĭ | |||
===Phonotaxis=== | |||
{| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
====Sandhi==== | |||
=====Sandhi over morpheme boundaries===== | |||
-VC•CV- | |||
-n• | |||
-n•t- > -n•d-, lenition of /t/ → /d/ | |||
-n•t- > -n•n-, assimilation of /t/ → /n/ | |||
-n•k- > -n•g-, lenition of /k/ → /g/ | |||
-n•h- > -n•k-, fortition of /h/ → /k/ | |||
-n•j- > -n̆-, fusion (palatalization of /n/ → /ɲ/) | |||
-n•b- > -m•b-, fusion (labialization of /n/ → /m/) | |||
-n•b- > -m•m-, fusion (labialization of /n/ → /m/), assimilation of /b/ → /m/) | |||
-n•l- > -n•n-, assimilation of /l/ → /n/ | |||
-n•r- > -n•n-, assimilation of /ɾ/ → /n/ | |||
-n•m- > -n•n-, assimilation of /m/ → /n/ | |||
-n•v- > -p-, fusion to /p/ | |||
-m• | |||
-m•b- > -p-, fusion to /p/ | |||
-m•l- > -m•m-, assimilation of /l/ /m/ | |||
-m•v- > -p-, fusion to /p/ (labialization of /v/ → /β/, plosivization of /β/ → /p/) | |||
-l• | |||
-l•t- > -l•d-, lenition of /t/ → /d/ | |||
-l•k- > -l•g-, lenition of /k/ → /g/ | |||
-l•g- > -l•l-, assimilation of /g/ → /l/ | |||
-l•r- > -l•l-, assimilation of /ɾ/ → /l/ | |||
-l•m- > -l•l-, assimilation of /m/ → /l/ | |||
-l•b- > -p•p- [+____] | |||
-l•j- > -l̆-, fusion (palatalization of /l/ → /ʎ/) | |||
-l•v- > -l•l-, assimilation of /v/ → /l/ | |||
-r• | |||
-r•g- > -rr-, assimilation of /g/ → /ɾ/, fusion of /ɾɾ/ to /r/ | |||
-r•h- > -rr-, assimilation of /h/ → /ɾ/, fusion of /ɾɾ/ to /r/ | |||
-r•x- > -rr-, assimilation of /x/ → /ɾ/, fusion of /ɾɾ/ to /r/ | |||
-r•l- > -rr-, assimilation of /l/ → /ɾ/, fusion of /ɾɾ/ to /r/ | |||
-r•t- > -s•s- [+____] | |||
-s• | |||
-s•l- > -s•s-, assimilation of /l/ → /s/ | |||
-s•g- > -s•k-, fortition of /g/ → /k/ | |||
-s̆• | |||
-s̆•h- > -s̆•s̆-, assimilation of /h/ → /ʃ/ | |||
-s̆•l- > -s̆•s̆-, assimilation of /l/ → /ʃ/ | |||
-t• | |||
-t•b- > -s•s- [+____] | |||
-t•g- > -t•t-, assimilation of /g/ → /t/ | |||
-t•l- > -t•t-, assimilation of /l/ → /t/ | |||
-t•n- > -t•t-, assimilation of /n/ → /t/ | |||
-x• | |||
-x•k- > -n•k- [+nasalization] | |||
Being all instances of -n•k- already lenited by sandhi to -n•g-, all remaining instances of -n•k- after the sandhi has been applied must then spawn from modified instances of -x•k-, thus avoiding ambiguity. | |||
-VC•CCV- | |||
-n• | |||
-n•rk- > -n•ng- > -ngg-, assimilation of /ɾ/ → /n/, fusion of /n/ and /k/ (velatization of /n/ → /ŋ/) | |||
-n•lt- > -n•t-, elision of l | |||
-n•ln- > -n•n-, elision of l | |||
-n•ll- > -n•n-, assimilation of first l, elision of second l | |||
-n•hm- > -m•m-, elision of l, assimilation of n | |||
-n•hr- > -n•kr-, fortition of /h/ → /k/ | |||
-n•hš- > -n•š-, elision of h | |||
-n•tm- > -d•d-, lenition of /t/ → /d/, elision of /n/, assimilation of /m/ → /d/ | |||
-n•tx- > -n•x-, elision of /t/ | |||
-x• | |||
-x•hr- > -x•r-, elision of /h/ | |||
-CV•CV- | |||
-ta• | |||
-ta•h- > -ta•g- [+____] | |||
-ta•r- > -ta•l- [+____] | |||
-ta•š- > -ta•s- [+____] | |||
-ta•x- > -ta•g- [+____] | |||
-ta•t- > -ta•d-, lenition of /t/ /d/ | |||
-ta•k- > -ta•g-, lenition of /k/ /g/ | |||
-ta•bVC- > -ta•fCV- [+____] | |||
-CV•CCV- | |||
-ta• | |||
-ta•hš- > -ta•š- [+____] | |||
-ta•tx- > -ta•x- [+____]tVtC > tVC elision of t? haplology? | |||
=====Sandhi over word boundaries===== | |||
-C_b- > -C_p-, fortition of /b/ → /p/ (devoicing of /b/) | |||
Composite sandhi: obligatory contour and other phenomena. | |||
A case of composite sandhi occurs when the application of an external sandhi rule results in either i) the resetting of or ii) the innovation on an internal sandhi rule. | |||
Examples: | |||
i) Resetting of an internal sandhi rule: external sandhi triggers obligatory contour, resetting internal sandhi. | |||
bengilir > penkilir | |||
1) Internal sandhi: rule -n•k- > -n•g-, lenition of /k/ → /g/ (voicing of /k/) | |||
bV•en•kil•Vr → bēnkilir* > bēngilir | |||
2) External sandhi: rule -C b- > -C p-, fortition of /b/ → /p/ (devoicing of /b/) | |||
(-V bēngilir → -V bēngilir) | |||
-C bēngilir → -C pēngilir* >> -C pēnkilir | |||
ii) Innovation on an internal sandhi rule: external sandhi triggers obligatory contour, leniting a cluster formed through assimilation | |||
bepɯlɯr > pevɯlɯr | |||
1) Internal sandhi: rule -n•v- > -p-, fusion to /p/ | |||
bV•en•vɯl•Vr > bepɯlɯr | |||
2) External sandhi: rule -C b- > -C p-, fortition of /b/ /p/ (devoicing of /b/) | |||
(-V bepɯlɯr > bepɯlɯr) | |||
-C bepɯlɯr > pevɯlɯr | |||
====Syllable structure==== | |||
Both verbal and nominal roots, as well as affixes, have a (C)(C)V(C) syllable structure. | |||
==MORPHOLOGY== | |||
===Nominal morphology=== | |||
Nominal roots are marked for grammatical case, deixis (relative locativity and lativity), definiteness and number or quantity. | |||
Grammatical gender and animacy | |||
There are two grammatical genders: animate and inanimate. The animate gender has two subdivisions: masculine and feminine. These are all generally listed as masculine, feminine and neuter gender. | |||
(See also ‘Animacy and volition’ below) | |||
Grammatical number and quantifier affixes | |||
There are two systems of grammatical number: i) for nouns, Collective 1, Dual, Singulative, Collective 2; ii) for pronouns, the numbers Singular, Dual, Plural and Indefinite. | |||
(See also “__*number*__” below) | |||
[[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:User:Nicolasstraccia]] | [[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:User:Nicolasstraccia]] |
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