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| ==Overview==
| | #redirect [[Quame languages]] |
| The '''Gamedan languages''' are moderately inflecting languages that use mainly suffixing, ablaut, and infixing morphology.
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| Inspirations: Indo-European, Semitic, Wakashan, Salishan
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| ==Phylogeny==
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| {{clade|label1=[[Gamedan languages|Proto-Gamedan]] (P P' B)
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| |1={{clade
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| |label1=[[Quame languages|Proto-Quame]]
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| |1={{clade
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| |label1=[[Proto-Talsmic]] (P F B)
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| |1={{clade
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| |label1=[[Themsarian|Noble Themsarian]]
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| |1={{clade
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| |1=[[Nurian]]
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| |2=[[Qelorian]]
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| |3=[[Tomatowhackatangomango]]
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| }}
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| |label2=Proto-Peripheral Talsmic (P-Talsmic)
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| |2={{clade
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| |1=[[Humpback Whelsh]]
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| }}
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| }}
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| |label2=[[Pfeunic languages|Proto-Pfeunic]] (F P B)
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| |2={{clade
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| |label1=[[Ancient Wiebian]]
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| |1={{clade
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| |label1=[[Middle Wiebian]]
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| |1={{clade
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| |1=[[Reber Wiebian]]
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| |2=[[Gaufian]]
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| |3=[[Zwehrer]]
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| |4=[[Brusing]]
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| }}
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| |label2=[[Old Cuatham]]
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| |2={{clade
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| |1=[[Cuatham]]
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| |2=[[Schnüher]]
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| }}
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| |3=Hederdau
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| }}
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| |label2=[[Old Whetmerish]]
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| |2=[[Whetmerish]]
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| }}
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| |label3=Proto-Naquic (P P' B)
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| |3={{clade
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| |label1=[[Naquian]]
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| |1={{clade
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| |1=[[Atzòpic]]
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| |2=[[Tizian]]
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| }}
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| }}
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| |label4=[[Shoe Polish]]
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| |4={{clade
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| |label1=[[Boot Polish]]
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| |1=[[Reboot Polish]]
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| |2=[[Kashoebian]]
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| }}
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| |5=Open Sesame
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| |6=Phoshic
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| }}
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| |label2=Proto-Quichum?
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| |2={{clade
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| |1=[[Adetsib]] (''ʔAdəʔcʼib'')
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| }}
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| }}
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| }}
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| ==Phonology==
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| ===Consonants===
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| The following inventory of consonants is reconstructed for Proto-Gamedan. The Quichum branch preserves the most archaic consonant inventories, whereas the [[Talsmic languages|Talsmic]] and [[Pfiunic languages|Pfiunic]] branches are the most innovative.
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
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| ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
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| ! rowspan="2" |Labial
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| ! colspan="2" |Denti-alveolar
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| ! rowspan="2" |Palatal
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| ! colspan="2" |Velar
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| ! colspan="2" |Uvular
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| ! rowspan="2" |Glottal
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| |-
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| ! |<small>central</small>
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| ! |<small>lateral</small>
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| ! |<small>plain</small>
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| ! |<small>labialized</small>
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| ! |<small>plain</small>
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| ! |<small>labialized</small>
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" style="" |Nasal
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| ! |<small>plain</small>
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| | *m
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| | *n
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| |-
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| ! |<small>glottalized</small>
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| | *mʼ
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| | *nʼ
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="3" |Plosive
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| ! |<small>plain</small>
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| | *p
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| | *t
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| | *k
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| | *kʷ
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| | *q
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| | *qʷ
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| | *ʔ
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| |-
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| ! |<small>voiced</small>
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| | *b
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| | *d
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| | *g
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| | *gʷ
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| | *ɢ
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| | *ɢʷ
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| |-
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| ! |<small>ejective</small>
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| | *pʼ
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| | *tʼ
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| | *kʼ
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| | *kʷʼ
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| | *qʼ
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| | *qʷʼ
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative
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| | *s
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| | *ł
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| | *x
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| | *xʷ
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| | *x̌
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| | *x̌ʷ
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| | *h
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="3" colspan="1" |Affricate
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| ! |<small>plain</small>
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| | *c
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| | *ƛ
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| |-
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| ! |<small>voiced</small>
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| | *z
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| | *λ
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| |-
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| ! |<small>ejective</small>
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| | *cʼ
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| | *ƛʼ
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" |Approximant
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| ! |<small>plain</small>
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| | *r
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| | *l
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| | *y
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| | *w
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| |-
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| ! |<small>glottalized</small>
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| | *rʼ
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| | *lʼ
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| | *yʼ
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| | *wʼ
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| |}
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| ===Vowels===
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
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| ! style="width: 90px; "|
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| ! style="width: 90px; " |Front
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| ! style="width: 90px; " |Central
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| ! style="width: 90px; " |Back
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close
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| | *i *ī
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| | *u *ū
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Mid
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| | *ə
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Open
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| | *a *ā
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| |}
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| ===Suprasegmentals===
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| No phonemic pitch, tone or stress existed in Proto-Gamedan.
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| ===Phonotactics===
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| Consonant clusters were allowed and could become complex, as in the Salishan languages.
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| ==Grammar==
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| ===Typology===
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| The basic word order was V2, modifier-modified.
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| The morphological form of a typical Gamedan word can be described as {{sc|root}}<{{sc|infix}}>-{{sc|suffix}}-{{sc|ending}}.
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| ===Ablaut===
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| Much like in PIE, Proto-Gamedan had an ablaut system where roots were inflected in different ablaut grades. The ablaut system became more complex in Quame languages as laryngeal infixes yielded new vowels.
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| ===Nominals===
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| Proto-Raxo-Talsmic did not distinguish between nouns and adjectives. They both inflected for:
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| *5 cases: nominative, (definite) accusative, genitive, dative, predicative
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| *A noun class system, indicated by different final ''classifier clitics''. Or perhaps an animate-inanimate opposition.
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| *3 numbers: Singular, dual, plural
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| Nouns minimally consisted of a root and an optional infix, case/number endings and a classifier suffix. The classifier suffixes play a role in gender assignment in daughter languages.
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| ====Declension====
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| Declension A: plural ''-Vu''
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| Declension B: plural ''-Vd''
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| Declension C: plural ''-n''
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| Declension D: singular ''-i'', plural ''-e''
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| <!--
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| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 300px; text-align: center;"
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| ! colspan="3" | Case suffixes
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| |-
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| ! |
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| ! | Singular
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| ! | Plural
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| |-
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| ! Nominative
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| | Ø
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| |-
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| ! Accusative
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| | ''*-z''
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| |-
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| ! Genitive
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| | ''*-ʔ'', ''*-k''
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| |-
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| ! Dative
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| | ''*-ƛ''
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| |-
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| ! Locative-Comitative
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| | ''*-ksi''
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| |-
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| ! Ablative
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| | ''*-hn''
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| |-
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| ! Allative
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| | ''*-cti''
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| |-
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| ! Instrumental
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| | ''*-hli''
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| |-
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| ! Predicative
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| | ''*-ʔzi''
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| |-
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| ! Adverbial
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| | ''*-ʔzi''
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| |}
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| -->
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| ====Nominal morphosyntax====
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| The PRT nominative and accusative cases differ from the canonical nominative-accusative system in that the accusative case marks only definite or specific direct objects.
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| ===Pronouns===
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| ===Verbs===
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| Verbs were conjugated for subject, aspect, mood, evidentiality, and voice.
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| *Subject agreement: For each pronoun, and 3rd person m/f/n, and perhaps collective
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| *Aspects: present, preterite, stative
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| *Evidentiality: direct, hearsay, unclear memory, quotative, inferential
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| *Moods: {Indicative, desiderative, jussive, optative}, {mirative, subjunctive}, imperative
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| *Voices: Active, mediopassive, causative
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| ====Ablaut grades====
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| *present: a-grade
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| *preterite: e-grade
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| *stative: zero-grade?
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| *verbal noun: o-grade
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| ====TAM affixes====
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| *{{angbr|''n''}}: aorist infix. (Wiobian preterite {{angbr|n}})
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| *''-ƛ-'': dynamic affix (progressive ''-tł-'' in Naquian, future ''-t-'' in Themsarian)
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| *''-eʔ'': stative affix
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| ===Tense/Agreement suffixes===
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| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
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| |-
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| !colspan="4" | '''Imperfect suffixes'''
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| |-
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| !style="width: 50px; "|
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| !style="width: 100px; "|Singular
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| !style="width: 100px; "|Dual
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| !style="width: 100px; "|Plural
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| |-
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| !|1.ex
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| |''-īn''
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| |''-mēk̓''
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| |-
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| !|1.in
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| |''-''
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| |''''
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| |''-nci''
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| |-
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| !|2
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| |''-z''
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| |''''
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| |''-lci''
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| |-
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| !|3.animate
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| |''-m''
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| |rowspan="2"|
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| |rowspan="2"|''-rih''
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| |-
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| !|3.inanimate
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| |''-ici''
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| |}
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| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
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| |-
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| !colspan="4" | '''Aorist suffixes'''
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| |-
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| !style="width: 50px; "|
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| !style="width: 100px; "|Singular
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| !style="width: 100px; "|Dual
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| !style="width: 100px; "|Plural
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| |-
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| !|1.ex
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| |''-īn''
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| |''-mēk̓''
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| |-
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| !|1.in
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| |''-''
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| |''''
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| |''-nci''
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| |-
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| !|2
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| |''-z''
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| |''''
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| |''-lci''
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| |-
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| !|3.animate
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| |''-m''
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| |rowspan="2"|
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| |rowspan="2"|''-rih''
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| |-
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| !|3.inanimate
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| |''-ici''
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| |}
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| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
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| |-
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| !colspan="4" | '''Stative suffixes'''
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| |-
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| !style="width: 50px; "|
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| !style="width: 100px; "|Singular
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| !style="width: 100px; "|Dual
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| !style="width: 100px; "|Plural
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| |-
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| !|1.ex
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| |''-nʔe''
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| |''-moz''
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| |-
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| !|1.in
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| |''-''
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| |''''
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| |''-toz''
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| |-
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| !|2
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| |''-zʔe''
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| |''''
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| |''-li''
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| |-
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| !|3.animate
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| |''-h''
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| |rowspan="2"|
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| ||''-woz''
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| |-
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| !|3.inanimate
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| |''-z''
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| ||''-toz''
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| |}
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| ===Derivational morphology===
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| *{{angbr|''*l''}} verbalizer
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| *{{angbr|''*r''}} nominalizer/adjectivalizer
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| ==Some etymologies==
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| *1: *x̌əm-; *kʷi-x̌əm- 'only one'
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| *2: *tił-x̌ur-
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| *3: *nazg-
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| *4: *λawpʼ-
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| *5: *salił
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| *6: *sta-x̌əm- 'one more'; *qʷ’əl’
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| *10: *q’əyʼ-x̌ur-
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| *step/level: *naycʼ ('20' in Talsmic)
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| *ƛʼerqʷa 'stone'
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| *qʷ’irə 'fur, hair, feather'
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| *wjənqa 'water'
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| ==Sample text==
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| <big>{{recon|q̓eino ʔih ƛōbat}}</big>
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| The sheep and the horses
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| <big>{{recon|ʔorλikin, q̓ewno wē hiz tihmici t̓ēqʷa, ƛōbante tnosem, kʷēmaz gubiz metqaz, kʷēmaz ʔāzoz qent̓iniz bōc̓qaz, kʷēmaz kʷazaz ɢʷōc̓qaz ʔih lesgʷaz. q̓ewno ƛōbanłi takinim: "ʔino ʔēq̓o ʔinłi nak̓etēm, kʷazaz ƛōbanti ɢʷōzēc̓qaz tosqałi." ƛ̓ōbat takiniwih: "weƛ̓iti, q̓eino! ʔāmiʔo ʔēq̓uh ʔāminłi nak̓etēwih mēz tosqanłi: kʷaza, gūrōda, q̓ewnoh t̓ēqʷaz helł deqrƛi lesƛeƛi reɢm. ʔih q̓ewnoł tihmici t̓ēqʷa. " nēz weƛ̓ēt̓a, q̓ewno gʷalarc̓ēm.}}</big>
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| On a hill, a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses". The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool". Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.
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| [[Category:Language families]][[Category:Hussmauch]][[Category:Gamedan languages|*]]
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