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==Morphology and syntax== | ==Morphology and syntax== | ||
===Morphology=== | |||
Split ergativity. In the present tense or future tense, the subject is marked as nominative, and the object is marked as accusative. In the past tense, however, the subject of a transitive verb is marked as oblique, and the verb agrees with the object. | |||
====Nouns==== | |||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" | |||
!Case | |||
! colspan="2"|Marker | |||
|- | |||
!Nominative | |||
|colspan="2" align="center" | ∅ | |||
|- | |||
!Accusative | |||
| -NA | |||
| -në, -na, -ϑë, -ϑa, -të, -da, -xwe, -ṇwe, -ϑe-, -ṣe-, -te-, -se | |||
|- | |||
!Genitive | |||
| -NEK | |||
| -nëk, -niǵ, -ϑëk, -ϑik, -tëk, -diǵ, -nek, -neǵ, -ϑek, -ϑeǵ, -tek, -teǵ | |||
|-\ | |||
!Dative | |||
| -KA | |||
| -ka, -xwa, -ge, -xwe, -ko, -xo, -kä, -xwä | |||
|- | |||
!Locative | |||
| -TA | |||
| -ta, -te, -da, -de, -to, -tä, -do, -dä | |||
|- | |||
!Ablative | |||
| -TAn | |||
| -tan, -ton, -dan, -don, -ϑон, -ϑän, -tun, -ϑun | |||
|- | |||
!Oblique | |||
| -SuN | |||
| -sū, -ṣun, -zum, -ẓō, -son | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
====Verbs==== | |||
Verbs are conjugated for singular and plural number and first, second, and third persons. There are 11 verb tenses: present comprehensive (long and short form), present perfect (regular and negative), future certain, future indefinite, conditional, past definite, obligatory, imperative, and intentional. | |||
There are two types of verbs distinguished by their infinitive forms: those ending in the suffix [...1] and those ending in [...2]. | |||
=====Evidentiality===== | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | |||
|- | |||
| style="background:LightSteelBlue"|‹ › || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|// || style="background:LightSteelBlue"|[] || style="background:LightSteelBlue"| | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="3"| ∅ || Unmarked | |||
|- | |||
| -dir || -dir || -diʐ || direct evidence | |||
|- | |||
| -ëp-dir || -əp-dir || -əp-ɖiʐ || hearsay | |||
|- | |||
| -dir-më-näm || -dir-mə-næm || -diɾ-mə-næm || indirect evidence | |||
|- | |||
| -mëṣ || -məʃ || -məʧ || rumour | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
====Negation==== | |||
One way to express negation is with the negative verb [...]. This verb does not inflect for person or number. | |||
The phonetically similar suffix [...1] is another option: it attaches to the verb which it negates. It comes after the stem and before the tense suffix. In addition to [...1] there is another suffix [...2a] or [...2b]. It appears [...2] is used when dealing with one event, [...1] for more habitual or lasting states: | |||
===Syntax=== | |||
The normal word order is subject–object–verb. | |||