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Jovlish (view source)

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| u uː ⟨ú⟩
| u uː ⟨ú⟩
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Mid vowel|Close]]
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| e eː ⟨é⟩
| e eː ⟨é⟩
| ø ⟨œ⟩
| ø ⟨œ⟩
| o oː ⟨ó⟩
| o oː ⟨ó⟩
|-
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Open vowel|Close]]
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| æ æː ⟨ǽ⟩
| æ æː ⟨ǽ⟩
|  
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Notes:
* /i y u e ø o/ may have been realized as [ɪ ʏ ʊ ɛ œ ɔ].
====Consonants====
====Consonants====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
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* /h/ is an allophone of /x~χ/ morpheme-initially.
* /h/ is an allophone of /x~χ/ morpheme-initially.
====Phonological shifts from Old English====
====Phonological shifts from Old English====
* Homorganic lengthening and Pre-cluster shortening were carried over from the [[w:Phonological_history_of_English#Changes_by_time_period_from_Middle_English_to_American-British_split|transition from Old English to Middle English]].
* Geminated /ɡɡ, dd͡ʒ/ lose their gemination.
* Nasal-plosive sequences become pure nasals morpheme-finally and geminate plosives elsewhere.
** /mp/ > /m/ morpheme-finally, /pp/ elsewhere.
** /mb/ > /m/ morpheme-finally, /bb/ elsewhere.
** /nt/ > /n/ morpheme-finally, /tt/ elsewhere.
** /nd/ > /n/ morpheme-finally, /dd/ elsewhere.
** /ŋk/ > /ŋ/ morpheme-finally, /kk/ elsewhere.
** /ŋɡ/ > /ŋ/ morpheme-finally, /ɡɡ/ elsewhere.
* /m/ > /n/ morpheme-finally, though some words were unaffected.
* /kn, kl/ > /kʃn, kʃl/, though not orthographically represented.
* Voiceless sonorants become geminate fricatives.
** /n̥/ > /xx/.
** /r̥/ > /θθ/.
** /l̥/ -> /ʃʃ/.
** /w̥/ -> /ff/.
* /krV, klV/ > /kVrˠ, kVlˠ/ sporadically and with short vowels only.
* /ɣ, rˠ, lˠ/ merge into /ʁ/.
* /æ͜ɑ, e͜o, i͜y/ > /jæ, jø, jø/ word-initially, /jɑ, jo, ju/ word-initially and before either /ʁ/ or a syllable containing a back vowel, and /iɐ̯ iɔ̯ iœ̯/ elsewhere.
** /e͜o/ > /iœ̯/ before a syllable containing a front vowel.
** /i͜y/ > /iʊ̯/ before either /ʁ/ or a syllable containing a back vowel.
* /æ͜ɑː e͜oː i͜yː/ > /jɑː joː jyː/ word-initially and /iːɐ̯ iːɔ̯ iːœ̯/ elsewhere.
* /x, ʁ/ palatalize to /ç ʝ/ near front vowels /i(ː), e(ː)/.
* Glides after the diphthongs /iɐ̯ iɔ̯ iœ̯ iʊ̯ iːɐ̯ iːɔ̯ iːœ̯/ are dropped.
===Middle Jovlish===
===Middle Jovlish===
====Vowels====
====Vowels====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" |
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! rowspan="2" | [[w:Central vowel|Central]]
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[w:vowel roundedness|unrounded]]
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[w:vowel roundedness|rounded]]
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | iː ⟨ǵi, ii, (ǵ)éo, (ǵ)éy, (ǵ)éa⟩
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | yː ⟨ǵy, iy, éy, wy⟩
|
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | uː ⟨wu⟩
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Near-close vowel|Near-close]]
| ɪ ⟨i⟩
| ʏ ⟨y⟩
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| ʊ ⟨u⟩
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| eː ⟨ǵe, ie⟩
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! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ɛ ⟨e, i⟩
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | œ
| (ə)
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ɔ ⟨o, u⟩
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Near-open vowel|Near-open]]
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| ɐ ⟨a⟩
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! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | æ
| style="vertical-align:middle;" |
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| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ɑ ⟨a⟩
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" |
! colspan="7" | [[w:Diphthong|Rising]]
! colspan="6" | [[w:Diphthong|Falling]]
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | -ʊ
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | -œ
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | -ɔ
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | -ə
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | -ɔw
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | -æ
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | -ɑ
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | -j
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | -ɥ
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | -w
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | -ʊ̯
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | -œ̯
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | -ɐ̯
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | i-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" |
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| style="vertical-align:middle;" |
| style="vertical-align:middle;" |
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | iɐ̯ ⟨(ǵ)ea, (ǵ)eo⟩
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | y-
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| yɐ̯ ⟨(ǵ)eœ⟩
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! style="font-weight:bold;" | ɯ-
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| ɯʊ̯ ⟨(ǵ)eu⟩
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! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | j-
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | jʊ ⟨eu⟩
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | jœ ⟨eœ⟩
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | jɔ ⟨eo⟩
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | jə ⟨í, é, ǽ⟩
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | jɔw ⟨éo⟩
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | jæ ⟨eæ⟩
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | jɑ ⟨ea⟩
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! style="font-weight:bold;" | ɥ-
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| ɥə ⟨ý⟩
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! style="font-weight:bold;" | w-
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| wə ⟨ú, ó, á⟩
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! style="font-weight:bold;" | ɪ-
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| ɪw ⟨iu⟩
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! style="font-weight:bold;" | ɛ-
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| ɛj ⟨é⟩
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| ɛw ⟨eü⟩
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! style="font-weight:bold;" | ɔ-
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| ɔw ⟨ó, á⟩
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! style="font-weight:bold;" | ɐ-
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| ɐj ⟨í,ǽ⟩
| ɐɥ ⟨ý⟩
| ɐw ⟨ú⟩
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|}
====Consonants====
====Consonants====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
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* although Old Jovlish /t͡ʃ/ merges with /ʃ/, /t͡ʃ/ is re-introduced into Middle Jovlish through laonwords.
* although Old Jovlish /t͡ʃ/ merges with /ʃ/, /t͡ʃ/ is re-introduced into Middle Jovlish through laonwords.
====Phonological shifts from Old Jovlish====
====Phonological shifts from Old Jovlish====
* /h/-dropping.
* /x/ fully shifts to /χ/.
* /t, d/ are dropped after /ʁ/.
* /l/ > /w/ before consonants.
* /t͡ʃ/ de-affricates to /ʃ/.
* Short /i, y, u, e, ø, o/ weaken to /ɪ, ʏ, ʊ, ɛ, œ, ɔ/.
* /i, u/ > /ɛ, ɔ/ in closed syllables.
* Long vowel breaking:
** /iː, eː, æː/ and /uː, oː, ɑː/ merge to /jə/ and /wə/ repsectively after alveolar consonants.
** /yː/ > /ɥə/ after alveolar consonants.
** /iː, yː, uː, eː, oː, æː, ɑː/ > /ɐi̯, ɐy̯, ɐu̯, ɛi̯, ɔu̯, ɐi̯, ɔu̯/ elsewhere.
* /ji(ː), je(ː), wu(ː), {w,j}y(ː)/ > /iː, eː, uː, yː/
* /iːɐ̯, iːɔ̯, iːœ̯/ merge into /iː/
* /iɔ̯, iœ̯, iʊ̯/ > /iɐ̯, yɐ̯, ɯʊ̯/
** iɐ̯ iɔ̯ iœ̯ iʊ̯ > /çɐ, çɔ, çœ, çʊ/ after plosives and /χ/ (absorbing /χ/ into /ç/), though some instances of /χ/ were unaffected by the latter.
===Modern Jovlish===
===Modern Jovlish===
====Vowels====
====Vowels====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" |
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[w:Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[w:vowel roundedness|unrounded]]
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[w:vowel roundedness|rounded]]
! [[w:vowel roundedness|unrounded]]
! [[w:vowel roundedness|rounded]]
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | iː
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | yː
| style="vertical-align:middle;" |
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ɯː
| uː
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Near-close vowel|Near-close]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ɪ
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ʏ
| style="vertical-align:middle;" |
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ω
| ʊ
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | e(ː)
| style="vertical-align:middle;" |
| style="vertical-align:middle;" |
| style="vertical-align:middle;" |
| o(ː)
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ɛ ɛː
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | œ œː
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ə
| style="vertical-align:middle;" |
| ɔ ɔː
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Near-open vowel|Near-open]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" |
| style="vertical-align:middle;" |
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | ɐ
| style="vertical-align:middle;" |
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|-
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| style="vertical-align:middle;" |
| style="vertical-align:middle;" |
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | aː
| style="vertical-align:middle;" |
|
|}
Notes:
* /aː/ is realized as true central [äː].
* the distinction between /eː oː/ and other mid vowels is more reliant on quality than length, and thus /eː oː/ are not always lengthened.
* in the case of consecutive long vowels, the second long vowel is held for a shorter period of time, such as in [https://lexiconga.com/86838032/79 {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|fēşēver}}] (fēşēver) /ˈf'''ɛː'''ˌʃ'''ɛː'''vər/ [ˈf'''ɛː'''ˌʃ'''ɛˑ'''v(ə)ɾ].
====Consonants====
====Consonants====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
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|}
|}
====Phonological shifts from Middle Jovlish====
====Phonological shifts from Middle Jovlish====
* /ʊ/ > /ɔ/
* /w, j/ > /v, ʒ/
* /ç, ʝ/ > /ʃ, j/
* /θ, ð/ > /χ, j/
* /kʃn, kʃl/ > /ʃn, ʃl/
* Initial geminates lose their gemination.
* /iʁ, yʁ, uʁ/ > /iː, yː, uː/
* /ɐi̯, ɐy̯, ɐu̯, ɛi̯, ɔu̯/ lose their semivowel component before /r, ʁ/.
** /ɐi̯-, ɐy̯-, ɐu̯-/ merge into /ɐ-/.
** /ɛi̯-/ > /ɛ-/.
** /ɔu̯-/ > /ɔ-/.
* /ʁ/ is dropped inter-vocalically.
* Diphthong smoothing:
** /iɐ̯, yɐ̯, ɯʊ̯/ > /ɛː, œː, ɯː/.
** /ɐi̯, ɐy̯, ɐu̯, ɛi̯, ɔu̯/ -> /ɛː, œː, ɔː, eː, oː/.
** /ɛu̯, ɪu̯/ > /œ, ʏ/.
* /t, d/ get dropped after /ʃ/.
* Sequences of alveolar consonant-glide-/ə/ simplify:
** /njə, nɥə, nwə/ > /ɲɯ, mɲɯ, mɯ/.
** /tjə, tɥə, twə/ > /t͡ʃɯ, ʃɯ, tɯ/.
** /djə, dɥə, dwə/ > /ʒɯ, ʒɯ, dɯ/.
** /sjə, sɥə, swə/ > /ʃɯ/.
** /zjə, zɥə, zwə/ > /ʒɯ/.
** /rjə, rɥə, rwə/ > /zɯ, zɯ, rɯ/.
** /ljə, lɥə, lwə/ > /jɯ, vɯ, vɯ/.
* /ɑ, æ/ > /ɔ, ɐ/.
==Orthographies==
==Orthographies==
==Grammar==
==Grammar==
==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
==Sample text==
==Sample text==
Vrianne
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