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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
The standard [Standard A] Nurian consonant inventory contains 42 consonants and 12 vowels. | ===Accent 1=== | ||
The standard [Standard A] Nurian consonant inventory contains around 42 consonants and 12 vowels. | |||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
A notable feature of Nurian phonology is phonemic palatalization, similar to Lithuanian and Russian. All consonants except /ħ ʕ h j/ are members of a hard-soft-pair. /ħ ʕ h j/ color the /a/ vowel as if they were soft, and /ħ ʕ/ tend to lower adjacent vowels. | A notable feature of Nurian phonology is phonemic palatalization, similar to Lithuanian and Russian. All consonants except /ħ ʕ h j/ are members of a hard-soft-pair. /ħ ʕ h j/ color the /a/ vowel as if they were soft, and /ħ ʕ/ tend to lower adjacent vowels. | ||
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|} | |} | ||
====Vowels==== | |||
==== | |||
Nurian shows an unusual vowel system, with rhotic vowels and a relative lack of phonemic front vowels. There is a three-way contrast between short, long and rhotic vowels. There is a considerable degree of allophony in low short and rhotic vowels. | Nurian shows an unusual vowel system, with rhotic vowels and a relative lack of phonemic front vowels. There is a three-way contrast between short, long and rhotic vowels. There is a considerable degree of allophony in low short and rhotic vowels. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;" | ||
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**[ɝ] in posttonic positions | **[ɝ] in posttonic positions | ||
*[ə] occurs as an epenthetic vowel after word-final geminates except before another vowel. | *[ə] occurs as an epenthetic vowel after word-final geminates except before another vowel. | ||
===Accent 2=== | |||
Polishy | |||
*ci gi chi ghi = [tʂ dʐ ʂ ʐ] | |||
*sci = [ʂtʂ] | |||
*ti di si zi = [tɕ dʑ ɕ ʑ] | |||
*ni ngi > [ɲ] | |||
*li > [ʎ] | |||
*θˠ ðˠ > fˠ vˠ | |||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center" | |||
|- | |||
|+'''Consonant phonemes in Standard Nurian [Standard A]''' | |||
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"| | |||
!colspan="2" | Labial | |||
!colspan="2" | Dental | |||
!colspan="2" | Alveolar | |||
!rowspan="2" | Retroflex | |||
!rowspan="2" | Palatal | |||
!rowspan="2" | Velar | |||
!rowspan="2" | Radical | |||
!rowspan="2" | Glottal | |||
|- | |||
! <small>vel.</small> | |||
! <small>pal.</small> | |||
! <small>vel.</small> | |||
! <small>pal.</small> | |||
! <small>vel.</small> | |||
! <small>pal.</small> | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="2"| Nasal | |||
| mˠ || mʲ | |||
| n̪ˠ || | |||
| || nʲ | |||
| | |||
| ɲ~ɲ̄ | |||
| ŋ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="2" | Stop | |||
!<small>tenuis</small> | |||
| pˠ || pʲ | |||
| t̪ˠ || | |||
| || tʲ | |||
| t | |||
| k | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!<small>voiced</small> | |||
| bˠ || bʲ | |||
| d̪ˠ || | |||
| || dʲ | |||
| dʒ | |||
| ɡ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="2"|Fricative | |||
!<small>voiceless</small> | |||
| fˠ || fʲ | |||
| θˠ || θ | |||
| sˠ || sʲ | |||
| ʃ | |||
| x | |||
| ħ | |||
| h | |||
|- | |||
!<small>voiced</small> | |||
| vˠ || vʲ | |||
| ðˠ || ð | |||
| zˠ || zʲ | |||
| ʒ | |||
| ɣ | |||
| ʕ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=2| Trill | |||
| || | |||
| || | |||
| rˠ || rʲ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=2| Approximant | |||
!<small>central</small> | |||
| || | |||
| || | |||
| || | |||
| j | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!<small>lateral</small> | |||
| || | |||
| ɫ || | |||
| || lʲ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
===Accent 3=== | |||
Conservative | |||
*ci gi chi ghi = [kʲ gʲ xʲ ɣʲ] | |||
*sci = [skʲ] | |||
===Accent 4=== | |||
Fiuschēra [fuʃˈʃæːrˁɑ] accent (Arabic-esque) | |||
*Hard consonants > pharyngealized; soft consonants > plain | |||
*''o'' and ''ō'' are centralized | |||
*θˠ ðˠ > fˁ vˁ | |||
*Non-rhotic | |||
====Consonants==== | |||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center" | |||
|- | |||
|+'''Consonant phonemes in Fiuschērian Nurian''' | |||
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"| | |||
!colspan="2" | Labial | |||
!colspan="2" | Dental | |||
!colspan="2" | Alveolar | |||
!rowspan="2" | Palatal | |||
!rowspan="2" | Postvelar | |||
!rowspan="2" | Radical | |||
!rowspan="2" | Glottal | |||
|- | |||
! <small>phar.</small> | |||
! <small>plain</small> | |||
! <small>phar.</small> | |||
! <small>plain</small> | |||
! <small>phar.</small> | |||
! <small>plain</small> | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="2"| Nasal | |||
| mˁ || m | |||
| nˁ || | |||
| || n | |||
| ɲ | |||
| ŋ̠ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="2" | Stop | |||
!<small>tenuis</small> | |||
| pˁ || p | |||
| tˁ || | |||
| || t | |||
| tʃ | |||
| k̠ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!<small>voiced</small> | |||
| bˁ || b | |||
| dˁ || | |||
| || d | |||
| dʒ | |||
| ɡ̄ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="2"|Fricative | |||
!<small>voiceless</small> | |||
| fˁ || f | |||
| || θ | |||
| sˁ || s | |||
| ʃ | |||
| x~χ | |||
| ħ | |||
| h | |||
|- | |||
!<small>voiced</small> | |||
| vˁ || | |||
| || ð | |||
| zˁ || z | |||
| ʒ | |||
| ɣ~ʁ | |||
| ʕ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!colspan=2| Trill | |||
| || | |||
| || | |||
| rˁ || r | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=2| Approximant | |||
!<small>central</small> | |||
| || w | |||
| || | |||
| || | |||
| j | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!<small>lateral</small> | |||
| || | |||
| l̪ˁ || | |||
| || l | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
====Vowels==== | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;" | |||
|+ '''Vowel phonemes in Standard Nurian''' | |||
! rowspan="2" style=""| | |||
! colspan="2" style="" |Front | |||
! colspan="2" style="" |Central | |||
! colspan="2" style="" |Back | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small> | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small> | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small> | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small> | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small> | |||
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small> | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Close | |||
| /ɪ~ɪ̞/ | |||
| /iː/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| /ʊ/ | |||
| /uː/ | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Mid | |||
|rowspan="2"|[ɛ~æ] | |||
| | |||
| /ə/ | |||
| /ɵː/ | |||
| [ɤ] | |||
| [oː] | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Open | |||
| [æː] | |||
| /a/ | |||
| /aː/ | |||
| [ɑ] | |||
| [ɑː] | |||
|} | |||
===Dialect 4=== | |||
Scottish Gaelic pseudo-gib | |||
====Palatalization==== | |||
Word-final soft consonants use a soft sign '''ь'''. | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 1000px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
|+ '''Palatalization''' | |||
|- | |||
!|Grapheme | |||
!''m''!!''p''!!''b''!!''f''!!''v''!!''n''!!''t''!!''d''!!''th''!!''dh''!!''s''!!''z''!!''r''!!''l''!!''ng''!!''c''!!''g''!!''ch''!!''gh''!!''ħ''!!''ȝ''!!''h''!!''j'' | |||
|- | |||
!Hard | |||
|/mˠ/||/pˠ/||/bˠ/||/fˠ/||/vˠ/||/nˠ/||/tˠ/||/dˠ/||/θˠ/||/ðˠ/||/sˠ/||/zˠ/||/rˠ/||/ɫ/||/ŋ/||/k/||/ɡ/||/x/||/ɣ/ | |||
|rowspan="2"|/ħ/ | |||
|rowspan="2"|/ʕ/ | |||
|rowspan="2"|/h/ | |||
|rowspan="2"|/j/ | |||
|- | |||
!Soft | |||
|/mʲ/||/pʲ/||/bʲ/||/fʲ/||/vʲ/||/nʲ/||/tʲ/||/dʲ/||/θ/||/ð/||/sʲ/||/zʲ/||/rʲ/||/lʲ/||/ɲ/||/t͡ʃ/||/d͡ʒ/||/ʃ/||/ʒ/ | |||
|} | |||
'''r''' = r-coloring before a consonant or word-finally | |||
===Stress=== | ===Stress=== |
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