Linguifex

Jovlish: Difference between revisions

Page Discussion

Jovlish (view source)

Revision as of 21:23, 12 April 2025

6,657 bytes added ,  12 April 2025
→‎Grammar
Line 1,319: Line 1,319:
* '''<span style="color:red">Preterite-present</span> verbs''' (''see [[w:Germanic_verbs#Preterite-presents|Preterite presents]]'')
* '''<span style="color:red">Preterite-present</span> verbs''' (''see [[w:Germanic_verbs#Preterite-presents|Preterite presents]]'')
* '''<span style="color:orange">Irregular</span> verbs'''
* '''<span style="color:orange">Irregular</span> verbs'''
====Endings====
A given weak verb has 9 sets of verbal endings, while a strong verb has 8. Simple verbal endings cover all persons by default, but mainly disambiguate tense (simple past, simple present, simple future), aspect (perfect) for all the aforementioned tenses, and mood (indicative, subjunctive) for some tense-aspect combinations. Apart from the future and perfect sets of endings which were formed from the reduction of verbal phrasal constructions, they were formed from the fusion (and sometimes full dropping) of post-verbal pronouns with the endings inherited from Old English:
* '''Primary Endings''' used for the present indicative of both weak and strong verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Old Jovlish|''ʟᴏᴊ''}} ić clýs '''ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''eş'''}} (''şvız'''eş'''''))
* '''Strong Secondary Endings''' used for the present subjunctive, the past indicative, and the past subjunctive of strong verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Old Jovlish|''ʟᴏᴊ''}} ić sćéaf '''ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şīf'''ş'''}} (''şīf'''ş'''''))
* '''Weak Subjunctive Endings''' used for the present subjunctive of weak verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Old Jovlish|''ʟᴏᴊ''}} ić clýs'''a ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''āş'''}} (''şvız'''āş'''''))
* '''Weak Past Endings''' used for the past indicative of weak verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Old Jovlish|''ʟᴏᴊ''}} ić clýs'''od ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''deş'''}} (''şvız'''deş'''''))
* '''Future Indicative Endings''' used for the future indicative of both weak and strong verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Middle Jovlish|''ʟᴍᴊ''}} ić... clýsn '''þeałf ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''ēş'''}} (''şvız'''ēş'''''))
* '''Future Subjunctive Endings''' used for the future subjunctive of both weak and strong verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Middle Jovlish|''ʟᴍᴊ''}} ić... clýsn '''þyłfa ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''űş'''}} (''şvız'''űş'''''))
* '''Present Perfect Indicative Endings''' used for the present perfect indicative of both weak and strong verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Middle Jovlish|''ʟᴍᴊ''}} ić... clýsod '''éo ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''öş'''}} (''şvız'''öş'''''))
* '''Present Perfect Subjunctive Endings''' used for the present perfect subjunctive of both weak and strong verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Middle Jovlish|''ʟᴍᴊ''}} ić... clýsod '''béo ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''īş'''}} (''şvız'''īş'''''))
* '''Past Perfect Endings''' used for the past perfect of both weak and strong verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Middle Jovlish|''ʟᴍᴊ''}} ić... clýsod '''hæd ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''eç'''}} (''şvız'''eç'''''))
* '''Future Perfect Endings''' used for the future perfect of both weak and strong verbs ({{Abbtip|Late Middle Jovlish|''ʟᴍᴊ''}} ić... clýsod '''þołft ić''' → {{Abbtip|Modern Jovlish|''ᴊ''}} {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|şvız'''ōç'''}} (''şvız'''ōç'''''))
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Summary table'''
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! rowspan="3" | Corresponding Pronoun
! colspan="6" | Simple
! colspan="4" | Perfect
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! rowspan="2" | Primary
! rowspan="2" | Strong Secondary
! colspan="2" | Weak
! colspan="2" | Future
! colspan="2" | Present
! rowspan="2" | Past
! rowspan="2" | Future
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! Past
! Subjunctive
! Indicative
! Subjunctive
! Indicative
! Subjunctive
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|eş}}<br>''eş''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-(e)ş}}<br>''-(e)ş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-deş}}<br>''-deş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-āş}}<br>''-āş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ēş}}<br>''-ēş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-űş}}<br>''-űş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-öş}}<br>''-öş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-īş}}<br>''-īş''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-eç}}<br>''-eç''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ōç}}<br>''-ōç''
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}<br>''hō''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-(e)st}}<br>''-(e)st''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-(e)h}}<br>''-(e)h''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-etst}}<br>''-etst''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-āh}}<br>''-āh''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ēh}}<br>''-ēh''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-űh}}<br>''-űh''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ösh}}<br>''-ösh''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-īh}}<br>''-īh''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-er}}<br>''-er''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ōst}}<br>''-ōst''
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|et}}<br>''et''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-(e)h}}<br>''-(e)h''
| —
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-(e)d}}<br>''-(e)d''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ā}}<br>''-ā''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ēf}}<br>''-ēf''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ű}}<br>''-ű''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-öh}}<br>''-öh''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-īf}}<br>''-īf''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-eth}}<br>''-eth''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ōf}}<br>''-ōf''
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|jó}}<br>''jó''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ī}}<br>''-ī''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-dī}}<br>''-dī''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ēvī}}<br>''-ēvī''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-öhī}}<br>''-öhī''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-īvī}}<br>''-īvī''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ethī}}<br>''-ethī''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ōvī}}<br>''-ōvī''
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|vé}}<br>''vé''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-é}}<br>''-é''
| colspan="3" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-né}}<br>''-né''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ūné}}<br>''-ūné''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-űné}}<br>''-űné''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-öhé}}<br>''-öhé''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-īné}}<br>''-īné''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-erné}}<br>''-erné''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ōné}}<br>''-ōné''
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|hō}}<br>''hō''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-(e)st}}<br>''-(e)st''
| colspan="3" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-n}}<br>''-n''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ūv}}<br>''-ūv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-űv}}<br>''-űv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ösh}}<br>''-ösh''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-īv}}<br>''-īv''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ern}}<br>''-ern''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ōn}}<br>''-ōn''
|-
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|ű}}<br>''ű''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ö}}<br>''-ö''
| colspan="3" | {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-nö}}<br>''-nö''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ūnö}}<br>''-ūnö''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-űnö}}<br>''-űnö''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-öhö}}<br>''-öhö''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-īnö}}<br>''-īnö''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ernö}}<br>''-ernö''
| {{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|-ōnö}}<br>''-ōnö''
|}
====Present====
====Present====
The present tense is used for actions/states happening in the present, future actions/states if context is clear, and ''[[w:telicity|atelic]]'' verbs. Weak and strong verbs share the indicative and imperative endings, but differ on the subjunctive endings.
The present tense is used for actions/states happening in the present, future actions/states if context is clear, and ''[[w:telicity|atelic]]'' verbs. Weak and strong verbs share the indicative and imperative endings, but differ on the subjunctive endings.
Vrianne
Bots
2,559

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/449777"