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====Slot population====
====Slot population====


Slot -2: Pronominal marking on the verb
'''''· Slot -2: Pronominal marking on the verb'''''


Verbal roots are prefixed with the enclitical form of the personal pronouns (see Pronouns above).
Verbal roots are prefixed with the enclitical form of the personal pronouns (see ''Pronouns'' above).
Not marking with a pronominal form lets the agent unspecified, which conveys a grammatical aspect of the gnomic and habitual types. E.g. if the actor is mentioned (be it through the use of a proper name or the use of a long pronominal form), then a verb without pronominal marking would convey the meaning of a certain gnomicity/habituality of that doing by said overtly stated actor.
Slot -1: Referent anaphora


Same referent -Ø-
Not marking with a pronominal form lets the agent unspecified, which conveys a grammatical aspect of the ''gnomic'' and ''habitual'' types. E.g. if the actor is mentioned (be it through the use of a ''proper name'' or the use of a ''long pronominal form''), then a verb without pronominal marking would convey the meaning of a certain gnomicity/habituality of that doing by said overtly stated actor.
Another (mentioned) -i-
 
Another (not mentioned) -šku-
 
'''''· Slot -1: Referent anaphora'''''
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Referent || Marker || Notes
|-
| Same referent || -Ø- ||
|-
| Another (mentioned) || -i- ||
|-
| Another (not mentioned) || -šku- ||
|-
|}


the same vs. anoher mentioned vs. anoter not mentioned (begs for introduction)
the same vs. anoher mentioned vs. anoter not mentioned (begs for introduction)
Slot 0: Stem and infixes


.
Compositional genitive -šnV- V=reduplication of the root vowel as short vowel regardless of original length; the verb receives a noun in genitive compound; akin to a construct state marking, but in the verb.


Slot 1: Tense/Aspect
'''''· Slot 0: Stem and infixes'''''
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Infix || Marker || Notes
|-
| Compositional genitive || -šnV- || V= reduplication of the root vowel as short vowel regardless of original length; the verb receives a noun in genitive compound; akin to a construct state marking, but in the verb.
|-
| . || ||
|-
|}


Anterior tense -xtu-
Past tense/perfectve aspect -kše-
Relative present tense/gnomic aspect -Ø-
Present-future/imperfective aspect -ra=
Posterior tense -šar-


Slot 2: Inverse marking
'''''· Slot 1: Tense/Aspect'''''
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Tense/Aspect || Marker || Notes
|-
| Anterior tense || -xtu- ||
|-
| Past tense/perfectve aspect || -kše- ||
|-
| Relative present tense/gnomic aspect || -Ø- ||
|-
| Present-future/imperfective aspect || -ra= ||
|-
| Posterior tense || -šar- ||
|-
|}
 
 
'''''· Slot 2: Inverse marking'''''
 
Animacy hierarchy: 1 > 2 > 3; S > PA > P; INCL > EXCL
Animacy hierarchy: 1 > 2 > 3; S > PA > P; INCL > EXCL
Direct -Ø-
Inverse -n-


Slot 3: Object number marking
+
- 1 S
PA INC
EXC
PL INC
EXC
2 S
PA
PL
3 S
PA
PL
 
Markers:
Direct -Ø- The agent role of a transitive construction is taken by an argument in a higher hierarchical level than that of the argument taking on the patient role.
Inverse -n- The agent role of a transitive construction is taken by an argument in a lower hierarchical level than that of the argument taking on the patient role.
Same -C- Repeats the first consonant of the marker in Slot 1; if said slot is "empty" (unmarked), The agent role of a transitive construction is taken by an argument in the same hierarchical level than that of the argument taking on the patient role.
This is not strictly a traditional direct-inverse marker, but rather the functional equivalent which marks verbs for reflexivity using the same slot, but nevertheless also owing to the same hierarchical logic, thus being analized as part of the same system.
 
 
'''''· Slot 3: Object number marking'''''
 
Transitive verbs can be marked to agree with the number of the object argument. The marking is for singular, dual, paucal and plural, using markers derived from the words for ''one'', ''two'', ''some'' and ''many''. The object itself is then mostly left unmarked for number.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Number || Marker || Notes
|-
| Singular (one) || -heš- || (< h-êš, one)
|-
| Dual (two) || -xu- || (< h-ku, two)
|-
| Paucal (some) || -fal- || (< h-bâl, some)
|-
| Plural (many) || -- || (< h- )
|-
| None || -ht(a)- || (< h-ta, "_", <*tə, "without").
|-
| Unspecified || -Ø- || Unspecified number of the object; also used with proper names.
|-
|}
 
 
'''''· Slot 4: Aspect'''''


Transitive verbs can be marked to agree wirh the number of the object argument. The marking is for singular, dual, paucal and plural, using the words for one, two, some and many.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
Singular (one) -êš-
|-
Dual (two) --
! Aspect || Marker || Notes
Paucal (some) --
|-
Plural (many) --
| {{sc|}} || -ô- ||
None -t(a)- Etymologically related to the root *tə, "without".
|-
Unspecified -Ø-
| {{sc|}} || -ta- ||
|-
| {{sc|}} || -û- ||
|-
| {{sc|}} || -î- ||
|-
| {{sc|}} || -ne- ||
|-
| Tense/aspect || -Ø- || Unmarked aspect in Slot 4 points towards the tense/aspect marking in Slot 1 (aspects: perfective, gnomic, imperfective); a gnomic/habitual aspect is also convenient by leaving the agent pronoun in Slot -2 unmarked.
|-
|}


Slot 4: Aspect


-ô-
'''''· Slot 5: Location of the action's performance as relative to the place of utterance'''''
-ta-
-û-
-î-
-ne-
Tense/aspect -Ø- Unmarked aspect in Slot 4 points towards the tense/aspect marking in Slot 1


Slot 5: Mood
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Location || Marker || Notes
|-
| Unspecified {{sc|unsp}} || -Ø- || Unmarked for a specific location relative to the place of utterance. The location has either already been mentioned in the same clause (outside of the verb or via a proper name), or it is meant to be identical with the place of utterance.
|-
| Not here {{sc|not.here}} || -rta- || The action either takes/will take/etc. place somewhere else than at the place of utterance, or one will go somewhere else to perform the action/for the action to be performed.
|-
| Here {{sc|here}} || -nke- || The action either takes/will take/etc. place at the place of utterance, or one will come to the place of utterance to perform the action/for the action to be performed.
|-
| Arriving there {{sc|arriving.there}} || -llu- || The action will take place upon arrival somewhere else than at the place of utterance.
|-
| Arriving here {{sc|arriving.here}} || -šti- || The action will take place upon arrival at the place of utterance.
|-
|}


Indicative -š-
Interrogative -n-
Negative -r- It is combined with the other mood markers to form their negative counterparts: -rš- NEG.IND, -rn- NEG.INT, -rl- NEG.COND/NEG.SUBJ, -rx- NEG.POT/NEG.OPT, -r(V)hh(V)- NEG.VOL
Subj./Cond. -l- The conditional form is formed with the affix =tu-, "if", following this marker. For the different voices (marked in the next slot) regular sandhi rules yield the following forms:
-l=tu-Ø > -ltu ; -l=tu-i > -ltwi ; -l=tu-u > -ltû ; -l=tu-k > -ltuk
Potential/Optative -x-
Volitive -hh(V)- +(V) before a consonant in the following slot; it repeats the preceding vowel, always short regardless of its original length.


Slot 6: Voice
'''''· Slot 6: Mood'''''


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Mood || Marker || Notes
|-
| Indicative {{sc|ind}} || -š- ||
|-
| Interrogative {{sc|int}} || -n- || Marks the verb as a question regarding wether the assertion made by the verbal construction is true (reality compliant) or not.
|-
| Negative {{sc|neg}} || -r- || It is combined with the other mood markers to form their negative counterparts:


Active -Ø
''-rš-'' {{sc|neg.ind}}, ''-rn-'' {{sc|neg.int}}, ''-rl-'' {{sc|neg.cont/neg.subj}}, ''-rx-'' {{sc|neg.pot/neg.opt}}, ''-r(V)hh(V)-'' {{sc|neg.vol}}
Anticausative -i
|-
Middle -u
| Subjunctive/ Conditional {{sc|subj/cond}} || -l- || The conditional form is formed with the affix =tu-, "if", following this marker. For the different voices (marked in the next slot) regular sandhi rules yield the following forms:
Applicative -k ; also marking of unergative past participles as nominal modifiers with active meaning
 
Unergative -t
-l=tu-Ø > ''-ltu'' ; -l=tu-i > ''-ltwi'' ; -l=tu-u > ''-ltû'' ; -l=tu-k > ''-ltuk''
|-
| Potential/Optative {{sc|pot/opt}} || -x- || The "then"-verbal clause following an "if"-marked verb is characterized by this mood.
|-
| Volitive {{sc|vol}} || -hh(V)- || +(V) before a consonant in the following slot; it repeats the preceding vowel, always short regardless of its original length.
|-
|}
 
 
'''''· Slot 7: Voice'''''
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! Voice || Marker || Notes
|-
| Active {{sc|act}} || -Ø ||
|-
| Anticausative {{sc|antic}} || -i ||
|-
| Middle {{sc|mid}} || -u ||
|-
| Applicative {{sc|app}} || -k || ; also marking of unergative past participles as nominal modifiers with active meaning
|-
| Unergative {{sc|unerg}} || -t ||
|-
|}


-Syntactic argument marking-
-Syntactic argument marking-
~Unaccusative
~Unaccusative
~~Anticausative
~~Anticausative
~Unergative
~Unergative


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