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Aryan: Difference between revisions
→Personal Pronouns
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*The first-person singular ''*aiǵṓn'' (PIE ''*h<sub>1</sub>eǵHóm'') seems to be a descendent of the primordial form ''ˈʕɨ̀ː-ɔː'' "I" , which would regularly yield ''*aíō'', yet it is observed that in Aryan the consonant <''*ǵ''> is inserted, plus the affixation of <''*n''>, a borrowing from Diluvian ''nao'' "this person". | *The first-person singular ''*aiǵṓn'' (PIE ''*h<sub>1</sub>eǵHóm'') seems to be a descendent of the primordial form ''ˈʕɨ̀ː-ɔː'' "I" , which would regularly yield ''*aíō'', yet it is observed that in Aryan the consonant <''*ǵ''> is inserted, plus the affixation of <''*n''>, a borrowing from Diluvian ''nao'' "this person". | ||
**In PIE, the emphatic''*h<sub>1</sub>eǵHóm'' could be interpreted as more archaic than ''*h₁eǵH'', as Homeric Greek ''ἐγών'' and Sanskrit ''अहम्'' suggest. The emphatic particle ''*-om'' (PIE) likely arose due the contaminator <*m>. | **In PIE, the emphatic''*h<sub>1</sub>eǵHóm'' could be interpreted as more archaic than ''*h₁eǵH'', as Homeric Greek ''ἐγών'' and Sanskrit ''अहम्'' suggest. The emphatic particle ''*-om'' (PIE) likely arose due the contaminator <''*m''>. | ||
**The nasal in ''*aiǵṓn'' "I" became <''*m''> primarily due two distinct processes; one phonetic and other phonological. It was either subsequently labialized by the preceding vowel, shortening the nucleus (i.e. /oːn/ ⇒ /own/ ⇒ /om/), and/or swapped by the contaminator ''*m'' based on its inflected forms. | **The nasal in ''*aiǵṓn'' "I" became <''*m''> primarily due two distinct processes; one phonetic and other phonological. It was either subsequently labialized by the preceding vowel, shortening the nucleus (i.e. /oːn/ ⇒ /own/ ⇒ /om/), and/or swapped by the contaminator ''*m'' based on its inflected forms. | ||
***This sound change affected all other inflections of the first person singular (e.g. the Aryan form ''*nh<sub>0</sub>(m)'' "me" became ''*mh<sub>0</sub>'', then PIE ''*me''). | ***This sound change affected all other inflections of the first person singular (e.g. the Aryan form ''*nh<sub>0</sub>(m)'' "me" became ''*mh<sub>0</sub>'', then PIE ''*me''). | ||
*The second-person singular ''*tū́'' (PIE ''*túH'') seems to be a descendent of Diluvian ''taocar'' "the person one refers to", with an unusual vocalic paradigm. | *The second-person singular ''*tū́'' (PIE ''*túH'') seems to be a descendent of Diluvian ''taocar'' "the person one refers to", with an unusual vocalic paradigm. | ||
**In PIE, the pronoun ''*túH'' is extremely conservative, found as ''tu'' in Latin, ''σύ'' in Greek, and ''त्वम्'' in Sanskrit for example. | **In PIE, the pronoun ''*túH'' is extremely conservative, found as ''tu'' in Latin, ''σύ'' in Greek, and ''त्वम्'' in Sanskrit, for example. | ||
*The third-person | *The third-person singulars ''*aíh<sub>0</sub>i'', ''*aī́h<sub>0</sub><br>'', and ''*aíts'' possess a shorter form when complemented by a noun (e.g. ''*aíh<sub>0</sub>i'' "he" ⇒ ''*h<sub>0</sub>naír h<sub>0</sub>í'' "he, the man"). The reason for this is that in the Codex, pronouns used to be morphologically treated as affixes, and therefore couldn't stand by themselves except when linked to a root (e.g. ''ˈə-e̞ː'' "he/she/it", but not ''**e̞ː''). | ||
**As a result, the clitic counterparts gained a sense as proximal demonstratives of PIE, being evident in forms such as Latin ''is'' "he", ''ea'' "she", and ''id'' "it", whose anaphoric use prohibts them to stand by themselves. | |||
***e.g. ''*h<sub>0</sub>í'' "he" ⇒ ''*éy'' "this/he"; ''*íh<sub>0</sub>'' "she" ⇒ ''*íh<sub>2</sub>'' "this/she"; ''*íts'' "it" ⇒ ''*íd'' "this/it". | |||
*The reflexive pronoun ''*tsū́r'' derives from an older ''*ū́tsar'' (equivalent to Aryan ''*aítsar'' "this/that one", PIE ''*h<sub>1</sub>íteros'' "(an)other"), itself a borrowing from Diluvian ''aocar'', whose <''*ū́''> portion is still visible in another borrowing into Aryan (i.e. the second-person singular ''*tū́''). | *The reflexive pronoun ''*tsū́r'' derives from an older ''*ū́tsar'' (equivalent to Aryan ''*aítsar'' "this/that one", PIE ''*h<sub>1</sub>íteros'' "(an)other"), itself a borrowing from Diluvian ''aocar'', whose <''*ū́''> portion is still visible in another borrowing into Aryan (i.e. the second-person singular ''*tū́''). | ||
**In PIE, it was reanalyzed as its accusative form (i.e.''*su̯h<sub>0</sub>'' "themselves" ⇒ ''*swé'' "themselves"), thus degrading the dual, plural, and collective inflections. | **In PIE, it was reanalyzed as its accusative form (i.e.''*su̯h<sub>0</sub>'' "themselves" ⇒ ''*swé'' "themselves"), thus degrading the dual, plural, and collective inflections. | ||
* | *Overall, the dual is formed by erasing sounds of the singular, then reduplicating it (e.g. ''*aiǵṓn'' ⇒ ''*ōi̯ṓn''; ''*tū́'' ⇒ ''*ūi̯ū́''; ''*aíh<sub>0</sub>i'' ⇒ ''*aī́''), while the plural is formed by erasing the reduplication of the dual, then adding the serial particle ''*-s-'' (e.g. ''*ōi̯ṓn'' ⇒ ''*ṓns''; ''*ūi̯ū́'' ⇒ ''*ū́s''; ''*aī́'' ⇒ ''*aī́s''), and the collective simply does the latter but with the suffix ''*-a'' (e.g. ''*ōi̯ṓn'' ⇒ ''*ṓna''; ''*ūi̯ū́'' ⇒ ''*ū́a''; ''*aī́'' ⇒ ''*aía''). Medial ''*i̯'' ~ ''*u̯'' is inserted to avoid diphthongs between reduplicated vowels, and ''*ts'' is applied in other cases when two bordering vowels are similar (except those involving schwas). | ||
**The products of this process would eventually substitute the plural forms of the first and second-person (i.e. ''*ṓns'' "we (plural)" ⇒ ∅, replaced by ''*ōi̯ṓn'' "we (dual)" (Aryan) ⇒ ''*wéy'' "we (plural)" (PIE); ''*ūs'' "you (plural)" ⇒ ∅, replaced by ''*ūi̯ū́'' "you (dual)" (Aryan) ⇒ ''*yū́'' "you (plural)" (PIE)). | **The products of this process would eventually substitute the plural forms of the first and second-person (i.e. ''*ṓns'' "we (plural)" ⇒ ∅, replaced by ''*ōi̯ṓn'' "we (dual)" (Aryan) ⇒ ''*wéy'' "we (plural)" (PIE); ''*ūs'' "you (plural)" ⇒ ∅, replaced by ''*ūi̯ū́'' "you (dual)" (Aryan) ⇒ ''*yū́'' "you (plural)" (PIE)). | ||
* | **The particle <''*m''> gains the property of the serial particle <''*s''> when the latter conflates with the absolute particle ''*ts'' (this contamination was likely encouraged due the presence of ''*m'' in the accusative). Later in PIE, singular forms too would become contaminated (e.g. ''*íai̯'' "to him" (Aryan) ⇒ ''*āi̯'' "to him" ⇒ ''*h<sub>1</sub>esmōy'' "to him" (PIE)). | ||
***e.g. genitive plural of the third-person ''*ítsi̯am'' (Aryan) ⇒ ''*éysom'' (PIE) ⇒ ''eum'' (Latin). | |||
====Demonstrative Pronouns==== | ====Demonstrative Pronouns==== | ||