694
edits
Carnian: Difference between revisions
no edit summary
(Removed redirect to Karnišna) Tag: Removed redirect |
No edit summary |
||
| Line 446: | Line 446: | ||
== Morphology == | == Morphology == | ||
{{Main|Carnian grammar}} | |||
Carnian morphology closely resembles that of other Slavic languages while exhibiting several distinctive features that set it apart from its neighbors. The language maintains a rich inflectional system, though considerably simplified compared to Proto-Slavic. | |||
=== Nominal System === | |||
Carnian nouns decline for '''four cases''' (nominative, accusative, genitive, and dative), having lost the instrumental, locative, and vocative cases found in neighboring South Slavic languages. Some conservative dialects preserve instrumental and dual number. Nouns are divided into three genders ('''masculine''', '''feminine''', and '''neuter''') and two numbers ('''singular''' and '''plural'''). | |||
The masculine declension distinguishes between '''animate''' and '''inanimate nouns''', affecting accusative case formation and nominative plural endings of velar-stem nouns. Carnian preserves the hard-soft stem distinction in nouns, though these patterns have partially merged, similar to developments in neighboring languages. | |||
A unique feature of Carnian among Slavic languages is the presence of both '''definite''' and '''indefinite articles''' in preposition, both of which are fully inflected for case, gender, and number (except the indefinite, which lacks plural forms). The definite article ''ten'' is used consistently, while the indefinite ''jen'' is often omitted in practice. | |||
=== Adjectival System === | |||
Modern Carnian preserves only the '''definite adjectival declension'''. The most distinctive feature is the '''uninflected predicative form''', which evolved from the old indefinite masculine nominative singular but is now used for all genders, cases, and numbers. This predicative form serves as the base form of adjectives (similar to German) and always carries ultimate accent, distinguishing it from the penultimate-stressed non-predicative forms. | |||
Adjectives in attributive position precede nouns and agree in case, number, and gender. Comparison is primarily analytical, using the adverbs ''vent'' 'more' and ''nai'' 'most', though a few basic adjectives preserve irregular comparative forms (''bols'' 'better', ''gors'' 'worse', ''ventz'' 'bigger', ''miens'' 'smaller'). | |||
=== Verbal System === | |||
Carnian verbs distinguish: | |||
* Two numbers (singular, plural) | |||
* Three persons | |||
* Four tenses (present, past, pluperfect, future) | |||
* Three moods (indicative, imperative, conditional) | |||
* Two aspects (perfective, imperfective) | |||
The '''infinitive''' is short, ending only in -''t'' (the final vowel was lost after the establishment of penultimate accent), resulting in ultimate stress on all infinitives. Some dialects preserve the long infinitive in -''ti'' or show rhotacization to -''r'' / -''ri'' / -''re''. | |||
'''Past tense''' is formed analytically using the auxiliary verb ''bœt'' 'to be' in the present tense plus the past participle (L-participle), continuing the Slavic perfect construction with the auxiliary in preposition rather than postposition. The '''future tense''' of perfective verbs is expressed through their present forms, while imperfective verbs form future analytically using the auxiliary stem ''ba''- plus the past participle. | |||
Three verbs (''bœt'' 'to be', ''meat'' 'to have', ''teat'' 'to want') have special negative forms in the present indicative rather than simply adding the particle ''ne''. | |||
Carnian maintains several participles: '''active''' (indicating ongoing action), '''passive''' (indicating state), '''past''' (used in analytical forms), and the rare '''ṡ-participle''' (corresponding to English "having + past participle"). All participles in predicative position receive ultimate accent. | |||
=== Other Features === | |||
* '''Pronouns''' distinguish formal and informal second person (''vy'' vs. ''ty''), with the formal pronoun combining forms of ''ty'' with the consonant ''v''- from the plural | |||
* The reflexive pronoun ''se'' is used with verbs | |||
* '''Numerals''' decline by case, with 1-4 additionally declining by gender | |||
* '''Adverbs''' are typically formed from adjectives with the suffix -''o'' | |||
== Dialects == | == Dialects == | ||
| Line 451: | Line 493: | ||
== Orthography == | == Orthography == | ||
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Indo-European languages]][[Category:Slavic languages]][[Category:A posteriori]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Carnian]] | |||
[[Category:Indo-European languages]] | |||
[[Category:Slavic languages]] | |||
[[Category:A posteriori]] | |||