Karnišna

Carnian
Karniüna Ⰽⰰⱃⱀⰻⱎⱀⰰ Karnišna
Pronunciation	[ˈkaɾniʃna]
Created by	Ashucky
Date	2013
Native to	Italy
Language family	Indo-European Balto-Slavic Slavic South Slavic Western South Slavic Carnian
Writing systems	Glagolitic Latin

Carnian, also known as Karnišna (natively), is a South Slavic language spoken in Northern Italy, more specifically in two regions: Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Veneto. The language borders on several languages spoken in the area, namely Slovene, Friulian, Venetian, Italian and German. Carnian is a fairly conservative language (it has dual, for example), but with heavy influence from the neighbouring Romance languages, both in its grammar and vocabulary. The official script of the language is Glagolitic but Latin is used at an increasing rate nowadays.

Phonology

Consonants

The Carnian consonant inventory is fairly simple. There are 32 consonants in total, 9 of which are geminate consonants. Carnian has lost the velar plosive /g/ and turned it into the velar fricative /ɣ/, with [g] being now an allophone of [ɣ]. An interesting feature of the language is also the dental fricative /ð/, which has developed from /d/ in some positions. Despite being a Slavic language, Carnian completely lacks palatal or palatalised consonants (except for /j/ and even that is often considered as a non-vocalic vowel).

		Bilabial	Labio-dental	Dental	Alveolar	Post- alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Nasal	Plain	m			n
	Geminate	mː			nː
Plosive	Plain	p b			t d			k
	Geminate	pː			tː			kː
Fricative	Plain		f	ð	s z	ʃ ʒ		x ɣ
	Geminate		fː		sː
Affricate					t͡s	t͡ʃ d͡ʒ
Approximant			ʋ				j	w
Trill					r
Flap or tap					ɾ
Lateral approx.	Plain				l
	Geminate				lː

Vowels

Carnian has 10 vowels total. There is no phonemic distinction between vowel legth but a general rule is that stressed vowels are longer than unstressed vowels.

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i y		u
Close-mid	e ø		o
Mid		ə
Open-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Open	a

Phonetic changes

The below table shows the phonetic changes from Proto-Slavic to Karnišna. If a particular sound is not shown, that means it has not changed.

Phonetic changes
Proto-Slavic	Karnišna	Notes
*a	/a/ ⟨a⟩
*ę	/æ/ ⟨ä⟩
*ǫ	/ɔ/ ⟨å⟩
*o	/o u wɔ/ ⟨o u wo⟩
*u	/u y/ ⟨u ü⟩
*y	/ə/ ⟨y⟩
*ь (ĭ)	ø ⟨ö⟩	Omitted in unstressed possitions.
*ъ (ŭ)	/y/ ⟨ü⟩	Omitted in unstressed possitions.
*e	/e~ɛ ə/ ⟨e ë⟩
*-ov	/u/ ⟨ů⟩	When word-final and unstressed.
*el	/lø/ ⟨lö⟩
*ol	lɔ ⟨lå⟩
*er	ɾø ⟨rö⟩
*or	ɾɔ ⟨rå⟩
*ъlCV	üCCV
*ьlC(ь/ъ)	öCCë
*nj	jn/n
*lj	[l~j~lj] ⟨ł⟩
*tl/dl	ll
*ť; *ď	č; j
*g	/ɣ/ ⟨g⟩
*šč	st, š
*xl	/ɣl/ ⟨gl⟩	When word-initial.
*mj; *pj; *bj; *vj	mł; pł; bł; vł
*Vd(ь/ъ)	Vð
*Vdz(ь/ъ)
*zVd(ь/ъ)	zVd

Orthography

The Latin alphabet of Carnian is close to a phonetic alphabet but with some historical spellings and letters. Glagolitic letters are also given.

Letter-to-sound correspondence
Letters		Sound	Notes
Latin	Glagolitic
A, a	A, a	[a], [aː]	Long only in stressed syllables.
Ä, ä	W, w	[ɛ], [ɛː]	Long only in stressed syllables.
Å, å	´, À	[ɔ], [ɔː]	Long only in stressed syllables.
B, b	B, b	[b], [p]	Voiceless when word-final.
C, c	C, c	[t͡s]
Č, č	Ç, č*	[t͡ʃ]
D, d	D, d	[d], [t]	Voiceless when word-final.
Ð, ð	Ѳ, ѳ	[ð], [θ]	Voiceless when word-final.
E, e	E, e	[e], [eː]	Long only in stressed syllables.
Ë, ë	Ĭ, ĭ	[ə]	Usually never long, even if stressed.
F, f	F, f	[f]
FF, Ff, ff		[fː]
G, g	G, g	[ɣ], [x]	Voiceless in word-final syllables.
		[g], [k]	Allophonic realisations of [ɣ] and [x] respectively in some dialects.
Ǧ, ǧ	Ģ, ģ	[d͡ʒ]	Occurs in Romance loanwords.
H, h	H, h	[x]
I, i	I, i	[i], [iː]	Long only in stressed syllables.
		[j], [i̯]	The non-vocalic version an alternative classification of the sound.
J, j	J, j
K, k	K, k	[k]
KK, Kk, kk		[kː]
L, l	L, l	[l]
Ł, ł	ª, º	[l]	Inter-vocally, word-initially and if followed by a consonant.
		[j], [i̯]	Word-finally and if preceded by a consonant.
M, m	M, m*	[m]
MM, Mm, mm		[mː]
N, n	N, n	[n]
NN, Nn, nn		[nː]
O, o	O, o	[o], [oː]	Long only in stressed syllables.
Ö, ö	Ę, ę	[ø], [øː]	Long only in stressed syllables.
P, p	P, p	[p]
PP, Pp, pp		[pː]
R, r	R, r	[ɾ]
RR, Rr, r		[r], [ɾː]	The trill is sometimes classified as a geminate flap/tap.
S, s	S, s	[s]
SS, Ss, ss		[sː]
Š, š	Ü, ü	[ʃ]
T, t	T, t	[t]
TT, Tt, tt		[tː]
U, u	U, u	[u], [uː]	Long only in stressed syllables.
Ü, ü	Q, q	[y], [yː]	Long only in stressed syllables.
Ů, ů	Ą, ą	[u]	Never occurs in stressed syllables.
Ŭ, ŭ	Ë, ë	[u̯], [w]	The non-vocalic part in diphthongs, sometimes classified as [w]
V, v	V, v	[ʋ]	An approximant, not a fricative.
		[u̯], [w]	When followed by a consonant, forms a diphthong with the preceding vowel.
W, w	Ø, ø	[w], [u̯]	The non-vocalic version an alternative classification of the sound.
Y, y	Ă, ă	[ə]	Usually never long, even if stressed.
Z, z	Z, z*	[z], [s]	Voiceless when word-final.
Ž, ž	Y, y	[ʒ], [ʃ]	Voiceless when word-final.

Notes:

• the letter Ç - č can also be written as Ŏ - œ. The Latin equivalent is Č - č in both cases.
• the letter M - m can also be written as Μ - ñ. The Latin equivalent is M - m in both cases.
• the letter Z - z can also be written as Ż - ż. The Latin equivalent is Z - z in both cases.
• Glagolitic for Q - q is Ĥ - š
• Glagolitic for X - x is Ѵ - ѵ

Grammar

Nouns

Carnian nouns are inflected according to gender, number and case. There are three genders, inherited from Proto-Slavic: masculine, feminine and neuter. There are also three numbers: singular, dual and plural. Carnian also has six cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative, and instrumental. The only case that has been lost since Proto-Slavic is vocative.

Declensions

Main: Carnian declensions

There are three main types of declensions, one for each gender. However, there are many smaller declensions with irregularities, and masculine nouns are also inflected according to animacy. In total, there are ten masculine declensions (all of them come in animate-inanimate variations), nine feminine declensions and nine neuter declensions.

Overview of basic declension paradigms
Case	Masculine			Feminine			Neuter
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-Ø	-a	-i	-a	-ä	-e	-u	-ä	-a
Genitive	-a	-ů		-e	-u	-Ø	-a	-Ø
Dative	-i	-oma	-on	-i	-ama	-an	-i	-oma	-on
Accusative	-Øinan./-aanim.	-a	-e	-å	-ä	-e	-u	-ä	-a
Locatve	-äinan./-ianim.	-äh		-ä	-ah		-ä	-äh
Instrumental	-on	-oma	-i	-å	-ama	-am	-on	-oma	-i

Adjectives

Carnian adjectives belong to three types: qualitative, relational and possessive. They are also inflected for gender, number, case, and definiteness. Adjectives agree with the noun in the first three categories, that is in gender, number and case. Definiteness is shown only on adjectives, nouns are otherwise uninflected by it. Both the definite and the indefinite paradigms are divided into two types: short and long. The indefinite paradigms apply only to qualitative adjectives while the definite paradigms apply to relational and possessive adjectives. The short indefinite paradigm further applies only to qualitative adjectives in their comparative degree, and the short definite forms apply to qualitative adjectives in their superlative forms, and comparative forms if necessary. The short definite paradigms also applies to adjctival pronouns, such as the demonstratives.

Overview of basic adjectival declension paradigms
Number	Case	Indefinite						Definite
		Masculine		Feminine		Neuter		Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
		Long	Short	Long	Short	Long	Short	Long	Short	Long	Short	Long	Short
Singular	Nominative	-Ø	-i	-a		-u	-e	-i(t)	-ala	-a	-ule	-e
	Genitive	-a		-e		-a		-(e)ga		-ylä	-e	-(e)ga
	Dative	-i		-ä	-i	-i		-(e)mi		-äl(i)	-i	-(e)mi
	Accusative	-Øin. -aan.	-iin. -(e)gaan.	-å		-u	-e	-i(t)	-i	-ålå	-å	-ule	-e
	Locative	-ä	-i	-ä	-i	-ä	-i	-en		-äl(i)	-i	-en
	Instrumental	-on	-in	-å		-on	-in	-in		-ålå	-å	-in
Dual	Nominative	-a		-ä	-i	-ä	-i	-ala	-a	-äl(i)	-i	-äl(i)	-i
	Genitive	-i	-ih	-i	-ih	-i	-ih	-ili	-ej	-ili	-ej	-ili	-ej
	Dative	-oma	-ima	-ama	-ima	-oma	-ima	-ima
	Accusative	-a		-ä	-i	-ä	-i	-ala	-a	-äl(i)	-i	-äl(i)	-i
	Locative	-i	-ih	-i	-ih	-i	-ih	-ili	-ej	-ili	-ej	-ili	-ej
	Instrumental	-oma	-ima	-ama	-ima	-oma	-ima	-ima
Plural	Nominative	-i		-e		-a		-ili	-i	-elä	-e	-ala	-a
	Genitive	-äh	-ih	-ah	-ih	-äh	-ih	-ih
	Dative	-on	-in	-am(i)	-im(i)	-on	-in	-in
	Accusative	-e	-i	-e		-a		-elä	-i	-elä	-e	-ala	-a
	Locative	-äh	-ih	-ah	-ih	-äh	-ih	-ih
	Instrumental	-e		-am(i)	-im(i)	-e		-im(i)

Verbs

Carnian verbs are much like those in other Slavic languages, especially Slovene. Verbs conjugate according to number, person, tense and mood, and impersonal forms also for gender. There are two aspects: perfective and imperfective - each verb is inhenrently one or the other, with some verbs being both, and aspects can be changed by adding a prefix, a suffix or just using a different verb.

The verbal system is actually a rather interesting mix of Slavic and Romance conjugation patterns. Carnian has four moods: indicative, and imperative are inherited from Proto-Slavic, while conditional and subjunctive are borrowed from Romance languages (namely Friulian). There are also interrogative forms that have been borrowed from Friulian as well. The indicative has seven tenses: present, aorist, imperfect, future, present perfect, pluperfect and future anterior; of those the last three are formed periphrastically. The conditional and the subjunctive both have two tenses: present and preterite; and the preterite tenses are also periphrastic. The imperative does not really have any tenses.

Overview of conjugations
Personal forms
		1 sg	2 sg	3 sg	1 du	2 du	3 du	1 pl	2 pl	3 pl
Indicative	Present	-ri	-š	-Ø	-vä	-sta	-sta	-mo	-ste	-jö
	Aorist	-h	-riš	-ra/-r	-rän	-nta	-nta	-rin/-rno	-nte	-rjö
	Imperfect	-jun/-jvyn	-jviš	-vja	-jvän	-juta	-juta	-jvin/-jvnü	-jute	-vjö
	Future	-dön/-nd	-döš	-dö	-dvä	-tta	-tta	-ndü	-tte	-dan
	Present prf.	use the present tense of byt followed by the past participle
	Pluperfect	use the aorist forms of byt followed by the past participle
	Future ante.	use the future tense of byt followed by the past participle
Conditional	Present	-sin/-ns	-siš	-si	-svä	-sista	-sista	-snü	-siste	-sijö
	Preterite	use the present tense of byt followed by the past participle
Subjunctive	Present	-nsa	-šii	-se	-väi	-stai	-stai	-nmo/-nnü	-stii	-sie
	Preterite	use the present tense of byt followed by the past participle
Imperative		-	-i/-ej	-	-ivä/-ejvä	-ita/-ejta	-	-imo/-ejmo	-ite/-ejte	-
Interrogative		-o	-(s)ti	-lam/-lef/n	-da	-da	-da	-io	-io	-io
Impersonal forms
		masc sg	fem sg	neut sg	masc sg	fem sg	neut sg	masc sg	fem sg	neut sg
Participle	Past active	-ŭ	-la	-lu	-la	-li	-li	-li	-le	-la
	Past passive	-n	-na	-nu	-na	-ni	-ni	-ne	-na