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Carnian: Difference between revisions
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|name = Carnian | |name = Carnian | ||
|nativename = Carnisc | |nativename = Carnisc | ||
|pronunciation = | |pronunciation = kɐɾnɪ̌s | ||
|pronunciation_key = | |pronunciation_key = | ||
|states = [[Carnia]] | |states = [[Carnia]] | ||
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| brcl = | | brcl = | ||
}} | }} | ||
[[Carnian]] ([[w:Help:IPA|/ | [[Carnian]] ([[w:Help:IPA|/ˈkɑːni.ən/]], Carn. ''carnisc'' [[w:Help:IPA|[kɐɾnɪ̌s(k)]]], ''carniscky jenzik'') is a Slavic language spoken in the Central European state of [[Carnia]], which encompasses the historical regions of Carinthia, Upper and Inner Carniola, the Slovene Littoral, the Province of Gorizia, Trieste, Istria, Rijeka, and the islands of Cres and Krk. The language represents a unique evolutionary branch within the Slavic family, having developed from Northwestern Alpine Slavic (NWAS) under distinct historical and sociolinguistic conditions that differentiate it significantly from its South Slavic neighbors. | ||
== Historical context == | == Historical context == | ||
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* '''/f/ development''': Coalescence of [xʋ] clusters (*''xvaliti'' > ''falit'') introduced /f/, absent in Proto-Slavic. Phonemicization became evident when /f/ appeared unaltered in loanwords. | * '''/f/ development''': Coalescence of [xʋ] clusters (*''xvaliti'' > ''falit'') introduced /f/, absent in Proto-Slavic. Phonemicization became evident when /f/ appeared unaltered in loanwords. | ||
* '''/t͡s/ restoration''': ''ts'' and ''ds'' clusters coalesced to [t͡s:] (''jagodisa'' > ''jagotza''), restoring this affricate eliminated during earlier spirantization. Initially predominantly geminate, word-final occurrence as a singleton developed (*''noťьcejǫ'' > ''notzoi'' [ | * '''/t͡s/ restoration''': ''ts'' and ''ds'' clusters coalesced to [t͡s:] (''jagodisa'' > ''jagotza''), restoring this affricate eliminated during earlier spirantization. Initially predominantly geminate, word-final occurrence as a singleton developed (*''noťьcejǫ'' > ''notzoi'' [nɔ̂t͡s:ɔɪ̯], *''noťьsь'' > ''notz'' [nɔ̂t͡s]). This development, combined with dž loss, reestablished symmetry between alveolar and postalveolar sibilant series. | ||
==== Depalatalization ==== | ==== Depalatalization ==== | ||
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==== Ł-L Merger ==== | ==== Ł-L Merger ==== | ||
The original ''l'' / ''ł'' contrast was eliminated through merger to a single phoneme [l]. Velarized realization was preserved in syllable codas and extended to previously plain *l through merger (*''solь'' > ''sol'' [ | The original ''l'' / ''ł'' contrast was eliminated through merger to a single phoneme [l]. Velarized realization was preserved in syllable codas and extended to previously plain *l through merger (*''solь'' > ''sol'' [sɔ̂l] > [sɔ̂ɫ]). | ||
Some dialects exhibit ''ṡuapanie'', where velarized ''ł'' is realized as ''u̯''. These dialects vary in whether the original contrast is preserved (''sol'' vs. ''stou̯'') or lost (''sou̯'', ''stou̯''). | Some dialects exhibit ''ṡuapanie'', where velarized ''ł'' is realized as ''u̯''. These dialects vary in whether the original contrast is preserved (''sol'' vs. ''stou̯'') or lost (''sou̯'', ''stou̯''). | ||
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Carnian has a rich diphthong inventory. Falling diphthongs typically end in [ɪ̯] and [ʊ̯], while rising diphthongs begin with a glide /j/ or /w/. Many of them are not phonemic and can be reinterpreted as allophones of vowel + glide sequences. | Carnian has a rich diphthong inventory. Falling diphthongs typically end in [ɪ̯] and [ʊ̯], while rising diphthongs begin with a glide /j/ or /w/. Many of them are not phonemic and can be reinterpreted as allophones of vowel + glide sequences. | ||
One of the main characteristics of Carnian is a centering diphthong ''ea'' [ɛɐ̯], which typically becomes a monophthong in closed syllables or when adjacent to a semivowel, with pronunciation ranging from [ | One of the main characteristics of Carnian is a centering diphthong ''ea'' [ɛɐ̯], which typically becomes a monophthong in closed and unstressed syllables or when adjacent to a semivowel, with pronunciation ranging from [ɛ] to [æ], making it indistinguishable from /ɛ/ in most regions. | ||
=== Consonants === | === Consonants === | ||
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* /n/ has an allophone [ŋ] before velar consonants. Many dialects also tend to realize /nj/ clusters as palatal [ɲ] | * /n/ has an allophone [ŋ] before velar consonants. Many dialects also tend to realize /nj/ clusters as palatal [ɲ] | ||
* Word-final stops are unreleased or elided entirely when part of a cluster (carnisc [ | * Word-final stops are unreleased or elided entirely when part of a cluster (carnisc [kɐɾnɪ̌s]) | ||
* /b, d, g/ are spirantized to [β, ð, ɣ] or [β̞, ð̞, ɣ̞] in northern dialects. In a subgroup of those dialects which exhibit word-final devoicing, these are realized as [ɸ, θ, x]. Some Carinthian dialects with the spirantization /g/ > /ɣ/ also tend to realize /k/ as uvular [q] | * /b, d, g/ are spirantized to [β, ð, ɣ] or [β̞, ð̞, ɣ̞] in northern dialects. In a subgroup of those dialects which exhibit word-final devoicing, these are realized as [ɸ, θ, x]. Some Carinthian dialects with the spirantization /g/ > /ɣ/ also tend to realize /k/ as uvular [q] | ||
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* /ɾ/ is a flap, although some speakers may realize it slightly like an approximant. In coda, especially in urban dialects, it is often vocalized to [ə̯], forming a diphthong, or elided with compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel | * /ɾ/ is a flap, although some speakers may realize it slightly like an approximant. In coda, especially in urban dialects, it is often vocalized to [ə̯], forming a diphthong, or elided with compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel | ||
=== Foreign sounds === | |||
Loanwords containing sounds absent in Carnian phonology are usually approximated to their closest counterpart. Regarding vowels, it is most common for front rounded vowels ''ö'' and ''ü'' which are usually approximated to ''œ'' /ɜ/ and ''u'' /ʊ/, respectively. Among consonants, [dʒ͡] usually becomes [ʒ] (''giardin'' 'garden'), with some exceptions (''dgiem'' 'jam'). | |||
=== Prosody === | === Prosody === | ||
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Ultimate accent is an exception to the fixed pattern, although its occurrence is predictable: | Ultimate accent is an exception to the fixed pattern, although its occurrence is predictable: | ||
* In words which lost their final vowel, such as all infinitives (''prosit'' [ | * In words which lost their final vowel, such as all infinitives (''prosit'' [pɾɞsɪ̂t] 'to ask') | ||
* In predicative forms, by analogy with non-predicative (''prosien'' [ | * In most predicative forms, by analogy with non-predicative (''prosien'' [pɾɞʃɛ̂n] vs. ''prosiena'' [pɾɞʃɛ̂ːnɐ] 'asked') | ||
* In words which used to have word-final nasal vowel, in this case always marked in spelling (''jannè'' [ | * In words which used to have word-final nasal vowel, in this case always marked in spelling (''jannè'' [jɐnnɛ̂ˑ] 'lamb') | ||
* In loanwords which retained original accent (''tiramisù'' [ | * In loanwords which retained original accent (''tiramisù'' [tɪɾɐmɪsʊ̌ˑ]) | ||
In addition, Carnian has pitch accent, with two pitch contours: rising and falling. In non-final syllables, pitch contour is carried over to the following syllable in the opposite manner. For example, falling pitch on the penultimate stressed syllable is followed by a slight rise of intonation on the ultimate, unstressed syllable. | In addition, Carnian has pitch accent, with two pitch contours: rising and falling. In non-final syllables, pitch contour is carried over to the following syllable in the opposite manner. For example, falling pitch on the penultimate stressed syllable is followed by a slight rise of intonation on the ultimate, unstressed syllable. | ||
Not all dialects exhibit the same accentual patterns as Standard Carnian. Particularly northern dialects of Carinthia and Upper Carniola retain Old Carnian stem-initial stress. Small transitional dialects on the borderlands with Slovenia and Croatia tend to have a free and mobile accent. | Not all dialects exhibit the same accentual patterns as Standard Carnian. Particularly northern dialects of Carinthia and Upper Carniola retain Old Carnian stem-initial stress. Small transitional dialects on the borderlands with Slovenia and Croatia tend to have a free and mobile accent. | ||
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=== Adjectival System === | === Adjectival System === | ||
Modern Carnian preserves only the '''definite adjectival declension'''. The most distinctive feature is the '''uninflected predicative form''', which evolved from the old indefinite masculine nominative singular but is now used for all genders, cases, and numbers. This predicative form serves as the base form of adjectives (similar to German) and | Modern Carnian preserves only the '''definite adjectival declension'''. The most distinctive feature is the '''uninflected predicative form''', which evolved from the old indefinite masculine nominative singular but is now used for all genders, cases, and numbers. This predicative form serves as the base form of adjectives (similar to German) and usually carries ultimate accent, distinguishing it from the penultimate-stressed non-predicative forms. | ||
Adjectives in attributive position precede nouns and agree in case, number, and gender. Comparison is primarily analytical, using the adverbs ''vent'' 'more' and ''nai'' 'most', though a few basic adjectives preserve irregular comparative forms (''bols'' 'better', ''gors'' 'worse', ''ventz'' 'bigger', ''miens'' 'smaller'). | Adjectives in attributive position precede nouns and agree in case, number, and gender. Comparison is primarily analytical, using the adverbs ''vent'' 'more' and ''nai'' 'most', though a few basic adjectives preserve irregular comparative forms (''bols'' 'better', ''gors'' 'worse', ''ventz'' 'bigger', ''miens'' 'smaller'). | ||
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* Lenition of voiced stops /b, d, g/ > /β, ð, ɣ/. The degree of lenition ranges from full lenition in all positions to medial positions only | * Lenition of voiced stops /b, d, g/ > /β, ð, ɣ/. The degree of lenition ranges from full lenition in all positions to medial positions only | ||
* Realization of ''ea'' in its traditional form [æ], with the diphthongal pronunciation becoming more popular only recently | * Realization of ''ea'' in its traditional form [æ], with the diphthongal pronunciation becoming more popular only recently | ||
* ''ą'' raised to ''ỹ'' in unstressed syllables, visible in words like '' | * ''ą'' raised to ''ỹ'' in unstressed syllables, visible in words like ''minint'' (vs. standard ''minant'' 'to pass') or in ''Corintia'', the name of Carinthia which spread to the standard (vs. ''Corantia'' in some conservative southern dialects) | ||
* Retention of nasality and extension toward previously non-nasalized contexts. Some of these nasal phonemes later underwent changes (/ʊ̃/ merged with /œ̃/, /ĩ/ lowered to [ɪ̃ ~ ẽ]) | * Retention of nasality and extension toward previously non-nasalized contexts. Some of these nasal phonemes later underwent changes (/ʊ̃/ merged with /œ̃/, /ĩ/ lowered to [ɪ̃ ~ ẽ]) | ||
* Realization of ''œ'' as rounded [œ̈] in stressed syllables | * Realization of ''œ'' as rounded [œ̈] in stressed syllables | ||
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* Diacritics for disambiguation: The grave accent ⟨à, è⟩ marks unpredictable stress patterns and distinguishes minimal pairs (although the latter is in practice limited to didactic texts) | * Diacritics for disambiguation: The grave accent ⟨à, è⟩ marks unpredictable stress patterns and distinguishes minimal pairs (although the latter is in practice limited to didactic texts) | ||
* Gemination: Double consonants represent true geminates, not just orthographic conventions | * Gemination: Double consonants represent true geminates, not just orthographic conventions | ||
* ⟨ea⟩ is used to represent etymological /ɛɐ̯/ even when it becomes indistinguishable from /ɛ/ (in closed and unstressed syllables), as long as it alternates with the full [ɛɐ̯] (cf. Nom. ''sneag'' [snɛ̂k], Gen. ''sneaga'' [snɛ̂ɐ̯gɐ] 'snow'). In words with no alternation, ⟨e⟩ is used (e.g., ''venno'' 'always') | |||
==== Spelling to sound correspondence ==== | ==== Spelling to sound correspondence ==== | ||
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!rowspan=2| a | !rowspan=2| a | ||
! {{small|stressed}} | ! {{small|stressed}} | ||
| [ | | [ä] | ||
| ''p'''a'''nt'' 'road' | | ''p'''a'''nt'' 'road' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! {{small|unstressed}} | ! {{small|unstressed}} | ||
| [ɛ̈ | | [ɛ̈] | ||
| ''bob'''e'''r'' 'beaver' | | ''bob'''e'''r'' 'beaver' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! {{small|unstressed / closed syllables}} | ! {{small|unstressed / closed syllables}} | ||
| [ | | [ɛ] | ||
| ''r'''ea'''cà'' 'river' (Acc) | | ''r'''ea'''cà'' 'river' (Acc) | ||
|- | |- | ||
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! {{small|in a diphthong}} | ! {{small|in a diphthong}} | ||
| [ɪ̯ ~ j] | | [ɪ̯ ~ j] | ||
| ''no'''i'''t'' 'night' | | ''[[Contionary:noit#Carnian|no'''i'''t]]'' 'night' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=2| j | !colspan=2| j | ||
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| '''''z'''ora'' 'dawn' | | '''''z'''ora'' 'dawn' | ||
|} | |} | ||
== Lexicon == | |||
=== Sample texts === | |||
==== The Ugly Duckling ==== | |||
The sample text below is a passage from 'The Ugly Duckling' by Hans Christian Andersen. | |||
'''Orthographic version''' | |||
: '''[[Contionary:gerd#Carnian|Gerde]] [[Contionary:antè#Carnian|antè]]''' | |||
: T’ant ga je polendau. “To je jeno strasno velcke antè”, je reckeu. “Nie malo podonn drugim. Li res je jeno puranè? No, scoro savem. Ba sieu ve vodà, taco li ga bam morau sama tisnant”. | |||
'''Phonetic transcription''' | |||
: [tǎnt gɐ jɛ pɞlɛndâʊ̯ | tɞ jɛ jɛ̂ːnɞ strâsnɞ ʋɛ̌lkɛ ɐntɛ̂ˑ jɛ rɛ̌kɛʊ̯ | njɛ mâːlɞ pɞdɒ̌n dɾʊ̂ːgɪm | lɪ ɾɛ̌s jɛ jɛ̂ːnɞ pʊɾɐnɛ̌ˑ | nɞ skɔ̌ːɾɞ sâːʋɛm | bɐ ʃɛ̌ʊ̯ ʋɛ ʋɞdǎˑ tǎːkɞ lɪ gɐ bɐm mɞɾǎʊ̯ sâːmɐ tɪsnânt] | |||
'''Phonemic transcription''' | |||
: /tǎnt ga jɛ pɔlɛndâʊ̯ | tɔ jɛ jɛ̂nɔ strâsnɔ ʋɛ̌lkɛ antɛ̂ jɛ rɛ̌kɛʊ̯ | njɛ mâlɔ pɔdɔ̌n dɾʊ̂gim | li ɾɛ̌s jɛ jɛ̂nɔ pʊɾanɛ̌ | nɔ skɔ̌ɾɔ sâʋɛm | ba ʃɛ̌ʊ̯ ʋɛ ʋɔdǎ tǎkɔ li ga bam mɔɾǎʊ̯ sâma tisnânt/ | |||
'''English translation''' | |||
: The duck took a look at him. "That's a frightfully big duckling," she said. "He doesn't look the least like the others. Can he really be a turkey baby? Well, well! I'll soon find out. Into the water he shall go, even if I have to shove him in myself." | |||