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(Created page with "Early Kämpya is a creole that was a predecessor to Kämpya. It developed in the future, after Antarctica was settled by a wave of refugees fleeing runaway climate change....")
 
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|-
|-
| Stop || pʰ p b ||  || tʰ t d ||  || kʰ k g ||  
| Stop || pʰ p b ||  || tʰ t d ||  || kʰ k g ||  
|-
| Fricative || f || θ ð || sʰ s z || ||  || h
|-
|-
| Nasal || m ||  || n ||  || ŋ ||
| Nasal || m ||  || n ||  || ŋ ||
|-
| Fricative || f || θ ð || sʰ s z || ||  || h
|-
|-
| Approximant || w ||  ||  l || j || ||
| Approximant || w ||  ||  l || j || ||
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===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===


The only syllable shapes allowed were (C) V (C) (C). The only consonant clusters permitted in syllable codas were those consisting of a voiceless stop or nasal + /s/. However, sequences of stop + /s/ were in free variation with /s/ + stop. So /lits/ - "list" could also be pronounded [list]. Approximants, voiced fricatives and aspirated consonants could not occur in syllable codas.
The only syllable shapes allowed were (C) (C) V (C) (C). If a syllable onset consisted of a single consonant, any consonant could appear. In clusters in syllable onsets, the second consonant had to be more sonorous than the first. In this language's phonology, the sonority hierarchy was [Aspirated Consonant] < [Non Aspirated Obstruent / Nasal] < [Approximant]. Before a nasal, only aspirated stops and fricatives could appear. So /kʰme/ - "Cambodia" and /sʰnau/ - "snow" were permissible words, but */kme/ and */snau/ were not. Also, /ŋ/ could not occur in onset syllable clusters.
 
In syllable codas, approximants, voiced fricatives and aspirated consonants could not appear. The range of permissble consonant clusters was restricted by a similar sonority hierarchy as before: [Stop] < [Fricative] < [Nasal]. However, in codas the more sonorous consonant had to come first. So /list/ - "list", /dɛːns/ - "dance", /pʰaint/ - "paint" were permissible words, but */lits/, */dɛːsn/ and */pʰaitn/ were not. Many words were rearranged to fit this hierarchy e.g. /bɔsk/ - "box". Also, voiced stops could not occur in syllable coda clusters (they were lost via a sound change, so */end/ - "end" became /en/).




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===Sonorant Devoicing===
===Grassman's Law===
 
Words could not have more than one aspirated consonant (note that /h/ counted as an aspirated consonant). So /saˈpʰwɔi/ - "surprise" and /sʰaˈpen/ - "to hang in the air" (from English "suspend") were permissible words, but */sʰaˈpʰwɔi/ and */sʰaˈpʰen/ were not. A similar process occured in ancient Indo-European languages (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassmann%27s_law).
 
 
==Phonological Changes from Predecessor Languages==
 
===English===
 
Most of the vocabulary of the creole came from English, specifically Australian English but several sound changes took place.
 
====Aspiration====
 
Voiceless stops (and /s/) were aspirated when they either occurred at the start of a word e.g. /kʰɛt/ - "cat". They were also aspirated in the onset of stressed syllables e.g. /deˈpʰaːt/ - "to depart".
 
There were two exceptions to the above rule. The first was when the voiceless stop was immediately preceded by an /s/, in which case it was never aspirated, though the /s/ was lost e.g. /tɔp/ - "stop" (compare to /tʰɔp/ - "top").
 
The second exception occurred when two (or more) aspirated consonants occurred in a word, in this case Grassman's Law applied, and all but the last lost their aspiration e.g. /pweˈtʰen/ - "pretend" (not */pʰweˈtʰen/).
 
 
====Postalveolar Consonants====
 
English /dʒ/ and /ʒ/ became /dj/ and /zj/ respectively. /tʃ/ and /ʃ/ became /tj/ and /sj/ respectively, though with the same aspiration rules applying as for /t/ and /s/. So aspiration took place in /aˈtʰjei/ - "to achieve", but not in /miˈtjei/ - "mischievous".
 
 
====Alveolar Approximant====
 
The creole was descended from Australian English, a non-rhotic dialect. So there was no /r/ in words like /deˈpʰaːt/ - "to depart". In other clusters, English /r/ became /w/ e.g. /pweˈtʰen/ - "pretend". Between vowels, it also became /w/ e.g. /ˈfɔwest/ - "forest". Elsewhere, it became /zw/ e.g. /ˈzwɛpid/ - "fast" (from English "rapid").
 
 
====Voiced Labiodental Fricative====
 
English /v/ became /bw/ before a vowel, and /b/ elsewhere e.g. /ˈbwɛli/ - "valley", /aˈlɔib/ - "alive".
 
 
====Voiceless /w/====
 
This re-emerged as a spelling pronunciation, being pronounced /hw/ e.g. /ˈhwaju/ - "whale".
 
 
====Dark l====
 
This completely vocalised to /u/ e.g. /sʰmou/ - "small".
 


The high vowels /i/ and /u/ devoiced under certain conditions. Specifically:
====Vowels====


* They had to be in an open, unstressed syllable.
The vowel system was quite similar to Australian English.
* The onset of the syllable had to be either /h/, or an aspirated consonant.
* They could not be followed by a voiced obstruent.


So for example /sʰuˈtɔp/ - "stop" was pronounced [sʰu̥ˈtɔp].
# The vowel in TRAP and MARRY became /ɛ/, though in stressed syllables, it underwent the bad-lad split, becoming either /ɛː/, as in /bɛːd/ - "bad", or /ɛ/, as in /ɛt/ - "to be at".
# The vowel in BATH, PALM and START (Australian English is non-rhotic) became /a/ in unstressed syllables, and /aː/ in stressed syllables e.g. /deˈpʰaːt/ - "depart".
# The vowel in NURSE merged into the above vowel e.g. /naːs/ - "nurse".
# The vowel in LOT, CLOTH and HOT became /ɔ/ e.g. /ˈɔpɔsit/ - "opposite".
# The vowel in THOUGHT and NORTH became /o/ in unstressed syllables, and /oː/ in stressed syllables e.g. /foː/ - "four".
# The vowel in KIT became /i/ e.g. /ˈbiten/ - "bite" (from English "bitten"). However, before /l/ it became /ju/ e.g. /hju/ - "hill".
# The vowel in HEAT usually became /ei/ e.g. /deip/ - "deep". However, before /j/ it became /e/ e.g. /ˈfejod/ - "fjord". And before /l/, it became /iː/ e.g. /ˈfiːliŋ/ - "display of emotions" (from English "feeling").
# The vowel in DRESS and MERRY normally became /e/ e.g. /ˈenem/ - "enemy".
# The vowel in SQUARE and MARY became /e/ in unstressed syllables, and /eː/ in stressed syllables e.g. /kʰeː/ - "hospital patient" (from English "care")
# The vowel in STRUT normally became /a/ e.g. /wan/ - "one".
# The vowel is FOOT became /u/ e.g. /fut/ - "foot".
# The vowel in GOOSE became /u/ in unstressed syllables, and usually became /eu/ in stressed syllables e.g. /geus/ - "goose", /tʰeu/ - "two". However, before another vowel, it became /e/ e.g. /sʰewa/ - "sewer". In stressed syllables before /l/, it became /u/ e.g. /tʰuː/ - "tool"
# The vowel in FACE normally became /ai/ e.g. /naim/ - "name". However, before /l/ it became /aju/ e.g. /ˈhwaju/ - "whale".
# The vowel in PRICE became /ɔi/ e.g. /pʰwɔis/ - "price". However, before /l/ it became /ɔju/ e.g. /tʰɔju/ - "tile".
# The vowel in CHOICE became /oo/ e.g. /tʰjoi/ - "choice", except before /l/ when it became /oju/ e.g. /ˈboju/ - "boil".
# The vowel in GOAT usually became /au/ e.g. /sʰnau/ - "snow". However, in a stressed syllable before /l/ it became /ɔu/ e.g. /kaukakʰɔula/ - "Coca-Cola".
# The vowel in MOUTH became /ɛu/ in a stressed syllable e.g. /mɛuθ/ - "mouth".
# The vowel in NEAR became /i/ in unstressed syllables, and /iː/ in stressed syllables (causing lenition of the following consonant). Then these both merged into /i/ e.g. /fiːs/ - "fierce".
# As a very general rule, schwa became /a/, however in a lot of cases it developed into another vowel, being influenced by spelling e.g. /ˈbíʔtèn/ - "bite" (from English "bitten").


If a voiceless vowel was followed by a sonorant, then this also became voiceless e.g. /sʰuˈnau/ - "snow" was pronounced [sʰu̥ˈn̥au].




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The interrogative pronouns could be used to mean either "who" or "what".
The interrogative pronouns could be used to mean either "who" or "what".


Like English, the possessive pronouns came before the nouns they modified e.g. /jo=sip/ - "your ship". However, due to Spanish influence, the accusative pronouns came before the verbs they modified, not afterwards e.g. /mi=hit/ - "hit me".
Like English, the possessive pronouns came before the nouns they modified e.g. /jo=sʰip/ - "your ship". However, due to Spanish influence, the accusative pronouns came before the verbs they modified, not afterwards e.g. /mi=hit/ - "hit me".


There is also an anti-logophoric 3rd person possessive pronoun /ði/ (descended from English "the"). It is used to indicate that the possessor is not someone already mentioned in the sentence e.g.
There is also an anti-logophoric 3rd person possessive pronoun /ði/ (descended from English "the"). It is used to indicate that the possessor is not someone already mentioned in the sentence e.g.
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===Articles===
===Articles===


The earliest stages of the language lacked articles. However, within a few generations of speakers, the numeral for "one" - /wan/ had grammaticalised to an indefinite article, and lost the /n/ before another consonant e.g. /wa=sip/ - "one ship".
The earliest stages of the language lacked articles. However, within a few generations of speakers, the numeral for "one" - /wan/ had grammaticalised to an indefinite article, and lost the /n/ before another consonant e.g. /wa=sʰip/ - "one ship".




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!  !! Singular Subject !! Plural Subject
!  !! Singular Subject !! Plural Subject
|-
|-
| Intransitive || gets || get
| Intransitive || gest || get
|-
|-
| Transitive || ˈizu || aː
| Transitive || ˈizu || aː
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