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Early Kämpya: Difference between revisions
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(Created page with "Early Kämpya is a creole that was a predecessor to Kämpya. It developed in the future, after Antarctica was settled by a wave of refugees fleeing runaway climate change....") |
(Did Sound Changes from English) |
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| Stop || pʰ p b || || tʰ t d || || kʰ k g || | | Stop || pʰ p b || || tʰ t d || || kʰ k g || | ||
|- | |||
| Fricative || f || θ ð || sʰ s z || || || h | |||
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| Nasal || m || || n || || ŋ || | | Nasal || m || || n || || ŋ || | ||
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| Approximant || w || || l || j || || | | Approximant || w || || l || j || || | ||
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===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
The only syllable shapes allowed were (C) V (C) (C). | The only syllable shapes allowed were (C) (C) V (C) (C). If a syllable onset consisted of a single consonant, any consonant could appear. In clusters in syllable onsets, the second consonant had to be more sonorous than the first. In this language's phonology, the sonority hierarchy was [Aspirated Consonant] < [Non Aspirated Obstruent / Nasal] < [Approximant]. Before a nasal, only aspirated stops and fricatives could appear. So /kʰme/ - "Cambodia" and /sʰnau/ - "snow" were permissible words, but */kme/ and */snau/ were not. Also, /ŋ/ could not occur in onset syllable clusters. | ||
In syllable codas, approximants, voiced fricatives and aspirated consonants could not appear. The range of permissble consonant clusters was restricted by a similar sonority hierarchy as before: [Stop] < [Fricative] < [Nasal]. However, in codas the more sonorous consonant had to come first. So /list/ - "list", /dɛːns/ - "dance", /pʰaint/ - "paint" were permissible words, but */lits/, */dɛːsn/ and */pʰaitn/ were not. Many words were rearranged to fit this hierarchy e.g. /bɔsk/ - "box". Also, voiced stops could not occur in syllable coda clusters (they were lost via a sound change, so */end/ - "end" became /en/). | |||
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=== | ===Grassman's Law=== | ||
Words could not have more than one aspirated consonant (note that /h/ counted as an aspirated consonant). So /saˈpʰwɔi/ - "surprise" and /sʰaˈpen/ - "to hang in the air" (from English "suspend") were permissible words, but */sʰaˈpʰwɔi/ and */sʰaˈpʰen/ were not. A similar process occured in ancient Indo-European languages (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassmann%27s_law). | |||
==Phonological Changes from Predecessor Languages== | |||
===English=== | |||
Most of the vocabulary of the creole came from English, specifically Australian English but several sound changes took place. | |||
====Aspiration==== | |||
Voiceless stops (and /s/) were aspirated when they either occurred at the start of a word e.g. /kʰɛt/ - "cat". They were also aspirated in the onset of stressed syllables e.g. /deˈpʰaːt/ - "to depart". | |||
There were two exceptions to the above rule. The first was when the voiceless stop was immediately preceded by an /s/, in which case it was never aspirated, though the /s/ was lost e.g. /tɔp/ - "stop" (compare to /tʰɔp/ - "top"). | |||
The second exception occurred when two (or more) aspirated consonants occurred in a word, in this case Grassman's Law applied, and all but the last lost their aspiration e.g. /pweˈtʰen/ - "pretend" (not */pʰweˈtʰen/). | |||
====Postalveolar Consonants==== | |||
English /dʒ/ and /ʒ/ became /dj/ and /zj/ respectively. /tʃ/ and /ʃ/ became /tj/ and /sj/ respectively, though with the same aspiration rules applying as for /t/ and /s/. So aspiration took place in /aˈtʰjei/ - "to achieve", but not in /miˈtjei/ - "mischievous". | |||
====Alveolar Approximant==== | |||
The creole was descended from Australian English, a non-rhotic dialect. So there was no /r/ in words like /deˈpʰaːt/ - "to depart". In other clusters, English /r/ became /w/ e.g. /pweˈtʰen/ - "pretend". Between vowels, it also became /w/ e.g. /ˈfɔwest/ - "forest". Elsewhere, it became /zw/ e.g. /ˈzwɛpid/ - "fast" (from English "rapid"). | |||
====Voiced Labiodental Fricative==== | |||
English /v/ became /bw/ before a vowel, and /b/ elsewhere e.g. /ˈbwɛli/ - "valley", /aˈlɔib/ - "alive". | |||
====Voiceless /w/==== | |||
This re-emerged as a spelling pronunciation, being pronounced /hw/ e.g. /ˈhwaju/ - "whale". | |||
====Dark l==== | |||
This completely vocalised to /u/ e.g. /sʰmou/ - "small". | |||
====Vowels==== | |||
The vowel system was quite similar to Australian English. | |||
# The vowel in TRAP and MARRY became /ɛ/, though in stressed syllables, it underwent the bad-lad split, becoming either /ɛː/, as in /bɛːd/ - "bad", or /ɛ/, as in /ɛt/ - "to be at". | |||
# The vowel in BATH, PALM and START (Australian English is non-rhotic) became /a/ in unstressed syllables, and /aː/ in stressed syllables e.g. /deˈpʰaːt/ - "depart". | |||
# The vowel in NURSE merged into the above vowel e.g. /naːs/ - "nurse". | |||
# The vowel in LOT, CLOTH and HOT became /ɔ/ e.g. /ˈɔpɔsit/ - "opposite". | |||
# The vowel in THOUGHT and NORTH became /o/ in unstressed syllables, and /oː/ in stressed syllables e.g. /foː/ - "four". | |||
# The vowel in KIT became /i/ e.g. /ˈbiten/ - "bite" (from English "bitten"). However, before /l/ it became /ju/ e.g. /hju/ - "hill". | |||
# The vowel in HEAT usually became /ei/ e.g. /deip/ - "deep". However, before /j/ it became /e/ e.g. /ˈfejod/ - "fjord". And before /l/, it became /iː/ e.g. /ˈfiːliŋ/ - "display of emotions" (from English "feeling"). | |||
# The vowel in DRESS and MERRY normally became /e/ e.g. /ˈenem/ - "enemy". | |||
# The vowel in SQUARE and MARY became /e/ in unstressed syllables, and /eː/ in stressed syllables e.g. /kʰeː/ - "hospital patient" (from English "care") | |||
# The vowel in STRUT normally became /a/ e.g. /wan/ - "one". | |||
# The vowel is FOOT became /u/ e.g. /fut/ - "foot". | |||
# The vowel in GOOSE became /u/ in unstressed syllables, and usually became /eu/ in stressed syllables e.g. /geus/ - "goose", /tʰeu/ - "two". However, before another vowel, it became /e/ e.g. /sʰewa/ - "sewer". In stressed syllables before /l/, it became /u/ e.g. /tʰuː/ - "tool" | |||
# The vowel in FACE normally became /ai/ e.g. /naim/ - "name". However, before /l/ it became /aju/ e.g. /ˈhwaju/ - "whale". | |||
# The vowel in PRICE became /ɔi/ e.g. /pʰwɔis/ - "price". However, before /l/ it became /ɔju/ e.g. /tʰɔju/ - "tile". | |||
# The vowel in CHOICE became /oo/ e.g. /tʰjoi/ - "choice", except before /l/ when it became /oju/ e.g. /ˈboju/ - "boil". | |||
# The vowel in GOAT usually became /au/ e.g. /sʰnau/ - "snow". However, in a stressed syllable before /l/ it became /ɔu/ e.g. /kaukakʰɔula/ - "Coca-Cola". | |||
# The vowel in MOUTH became /ɛu/ in a stressed syllable e.g. /mɛuθ/ - "mouth". | |||
# The vowel in NEAR became /i/ in unstressed syllables, and /iː/ in stressed syllables (causing lenition of the following consonant). Then these both merged into /i/ e.g. /fiːs/ - "fierce". | |||
# As a very general rule, schwa became /a/, however in a lot of cases it developed into another vowel, being influenced by spelling e.g. /ˈbíʔtèn/ - "bite" (from English "bitten"). | |||
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The interrogative pronouns could be used to mean either "who" or "what". | The interrogative pronouns could be used to mean either "who" or "what". | ||
Like English, the possessive pronouns came before the nouns they modified e.g. /jo= | Like English, the possessive pronouns came before the nouns they modified e.g. /jo=sʰip/ - "your ship". However, due to Spanish influence, the accusative pronouns came before the verbs they modified, not afterwards e.g. /mi=hit/ - "hit me". | ||
There is also an anti-logophoric 3rd person possessive pronoun /ði/ (descended from English "the"). It is used to indicate that the possessor is not someone already mentioned in the sentence e.g. | There is also an anti-logophoric 3rd person possessive pronoun /ði/ (descended from English "the"). It is used to indicate that the possessor is not someone already mentioned in the sentence e.g. | ||
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===Articles=== | ===Articles=== | ||
The earliest stages of the language lacked articles. However, within a few generations of speakers, the numeral for "one" - /wan/ had grammaticalised to an indefinite article, and lost the /n/ before another consonant e.g. /wa= | The earliest stages of the language lacked articles. However, within a few generations of speakers, the numeral for "one" - /wan/ had grammaticalised to an indefinite article, and lost the /n/ before another consonant e.g. /wa=sʰip/ - "one ship". | ||
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! !! Singular Subject !! Plural Subject | ! !! Singular Subject !! Plural Subject | ||
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| Intransitive || | | Intransitive || gest || get | ||
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| Transitive || ˈizu || aː | | Transitive || ˈizu || aː | ||