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[[ | [[Ufirlandisg/Lexicon]] | ||
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' ({{PAGENAME}}: ''ufirlandisg māl'' [ˈʊfʲɛːɫantʲɪsk ˈmɑːɫ] "highland-ish"; from PGmc {{recon|ubiri-land-iskaz}}) is an alternate history Germanic language whose phonology is partly inspired by Mandarin, Burmese and RP. It is spoken in our world's Austria, and belongs to the Thedic branch of Germanic like its sister [[Thedish]]. | |||
==TODO== | |||
Let me try Sino-RP in Germanic. | |||
Final -d, -d́ lenite to -:, -j > falling tone? | |||
- | Final -t becomes glottal stop > rising tone | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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!colspan="2" | Labial | !colspan="2" | Labial | ||
!colspan="2" | Dental/Alveolar | !colspan="2" | Dental/Alveolar | ||
!rowspan="2" | Retroflex | |||
!rowspan="2" | Palatal | !rowspan="2" | Palatal | ||
!rowspan="2" | Velar | !rowspan="2" | Velar | ||
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| '''m''' {{IPA|m}} || '''ḿ''' {{IPA|mʲ}} | | '''m''' {{IPA|m}} || '''ḿ''' {{IPA|mʲ}} | ||
| '''n''' {{IPA|n̪}} || '''ń''' {{IPA|nʲ}} | | '''n''' {{IPA|n̪}} || '''ń''' {{IPA|nʲ}} | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
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| '''b''' {{IPA|p}} || '''b́''' {{IPA|pʲ}} | | '''b''' {{IPA|p}} || '''b́''' {{IPA|pʲ}} | ||
| '''d''' {{IPA|t̪}}, '''z''' {{IPA|t̪s}} || '''d́''' {{IPA|tʲ}} | | '''d''' {{IPA|t̪}}, '''z''' {{IPA|t̪s}} || '''d́''' {{IPA|tʲ}} | ||
| '''ź, ǵ''' {{IPA| | | '''dr''' {{IPA|tʂ}} | ||
| '''ź, ǵ''' {{IPA|tɕ}} | |||
| '''g''' {{IPA|k}} | | '''g''' {{IPA|k}} | ||
| | | | ||
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| '''p''' {{IPA|pʰ}} || '''ṕ''' {{IPA|pʲʰ}} | | '''p''' {{IPA|pʰ}} || '''ṕ''' {{IPA|pʲʰ}} | ||
| '''t''' {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || '''t́''' {{IPA|tʲʰ}} | | '''t''' {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || '''t́''' {{IPA|tʲʰ}} | ||
| '''ć''' {{IPA| | | '''tr''' {{IPA|tʂʰ}} | ||
| '''ć''' {{IPA|tɕʰ}} | |||
| '''c''' {{IPA|kʰ}} | | '''c''' {{IPA|kʰ}} | ||
| | | | ||
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| '''f''' {{IPA|f}} || '''f́''' {{IPA|fʲ}} | | '''f''' {{IPA|f}} || '''f́''' {{IPA|fʲ}} | ||
| '''s''' {{IPA|s}} || | | '''s''' {{IPA|s}} || | ||
| '''ś''' {{IPA| | | '''sr''' {{IPA|ʂ}} | ||
| '''ś''' {{IPA|ɕ}} | |||
| | | | ||
| '''h''' {{IPA|h}} | | '''h''' {{IPA|h}} | ||
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!<small>central</small> | !<small>central</small> | ||
| '''w''' {{IPA|w}} || '''wi''' {{IPA|ɥ}} | | '''w''' {{IPA|w}} || '''wi''' {{IPA|ɥ}} | ||
| | | || | ||
| '''r''' {{IPA|ɹ}} | |||
| '''j''' {{IPA|j}} | | '''j''' {{IPA|j}} | ||
| | | | ||
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!<small>lateral</small> | !<small>lateral</small> | ||
| || | | || | ||
| '''l''' {{IPA|ɫ}} || '''ĺ''' {{IPA|lʲ}} | | '''l''' {{IPA|l~ɫ}} || '''ĺ''' {{IPA|lʲ}} | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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{{PAGENAME}} has an aspiration distinction in stops; however, the distinction is neutralized in word-final position. | {{PAGENAME}} has an aspiration distinction in stops; however, the distinction is neutralized in word-final position. | ||
When consonants written with an acute accent is followed by a vowel, the acute accent is replaced with an i (except with /i/ and /iː/). | Glottal reinforcement is used, as in RP. | ||
When consonants written with an acute accent is followed by a vowel, the acute accent is replaced with an ''i'' (except with /i/ and /iː/). | |||
* Broad /l/ is only dark in coda position | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Close | ! style="" |Close | ||
| '''i''' /i/, '''ü''' /y/ | | '''i''' /i/, '''ü, ui''' /y/ | ||
| '''ī''' /iː/, '''ǖ''' /yː/ | | '''ī''' /iː/, '''ǖ, uī''' /yː/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| ''' | | '''e''' /ə/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| '''ē''' /ɤː/ | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Mid | ! style="" |Mid | ||
|rowspan="2"|'''(i)a | |rowspan="2"|'''(i)a, (ü)e, (u)e''' [æ~ɛ] | ||
|rowspan="2"|'''(i)ā | |rowspan="2"|'''(i)ā, (ü)ē, (u)ē''' [æː~ɛː] | ||
| [ə] | | [ə] | ||
| | | | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Semivowel onglides: '''ü u''' /ɥ w/ | |||
Diphthongs: '''ai au iu''' /aj aw jəw/ | |||
In unstressed syllables, the hard vowels ''a, e'' correspond to the soft vowels ''ie/üe, i''. | |||
===Tone=== | |||
Ufirlandisg, like Mandarin and Swedish, is a tonal language. | |||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
====Stress==== | ====Stress==== | ||
Primary stress is word-initial except for certain prefixes. There is secondary stress in every compound word component. | |||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | <!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | ||
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--> | --> | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
{{PAGENAME}} nouns | {{PAGENAME}} nouns do not inflect by case. Plurals are most often formed by tone change: ''dal'' /tal1/ 'valley', ''dale'' /tal2/ 'valleys'. Sometimes they are formed with ''-r'' (which amounts to adding a word final schwa): ''name'' /nam2/ 'name', ''namer'' /namə/ 'names'. | ||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! nom. | ! nom. | ||
| ''jac'' || '' | | ''jac'' /jaʔ¹/ || ''jūr'' /joː(ɹ)¹/ || ''ir'' /ɛː(ɹ)¹/ || ''sī'' /ɕɪj¹/ || ''it'' /jɪʔ¹/ || ''sum'' /sʊŋ¹/ || ''jūr'' /joː(ɹ)¹/ || ''niā'' /njɑː(ɹ)¹/ || ''-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! acc. | ! acc. | ||
| '' | | ''mic'' /mɪʔ¹/ || ''jou'' /jəʊ¹/ || ''zina'' /tɕɪŋ²/ || ''zije'' /tɕɪj²/ || ''it'' /jɪʔ¹/ || ''unś'' /ũːɕ¹/ || ''jou'' /jəʊ¹/ || ''ziā'' /tɕɑː(ɹ)¹/ || ''sic'' /ɕɪʔ¹/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! dat. | ! dat. | ||
| ''mir'' || '' | | ''mir'' /mjɛː(ɹ)¹/ || ''jou'' /jəʊ¹/ || ''zime'' /tɕɪŋ²/ || ''ziarer'' /tɕɑː(ɹ)²/ || ''zime'' /tɕɪŋ²/ || ''unś'' /ũːɕ¹/ || ''jou'' /jəʊ¹/ || ''zim'' /tɕɪŋ¹/ || ''sir'' /ɕɛː(ɹ)¹/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! poss. | ||
| ''mīn'' || '' | | ''mīn'' /mɪ̃j¹/ || ''jour'' /jɛː(ɹ)¹, jə(ɹ)¹/ || ''zias'' /tɕəs¹/ || ''ziar'' /tɕɑː(ɹ)¹/ || ''zias'' /tɕəs¹/ || ''unsier'' /ũːɕə(ɹ)/ || ''jour'' /jɛː(ɹ)¹, jə(ɹ)¹/ || ''ziara'' /tɕɑː(ɹ)²/ || ''sīn'' /ɕɪ̃j¹/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
Most adjectives take ''-a'' (for hard stems) or ''-ie'' (for soft stems) if it is definite | Most adjectives take ''-a'' (for hard stems) or ''-ie'' (for soft stems) if it is definite OR plural: cf. | ||
*''se liawa watinı'' 'the lukewarm water' | |||
*''liau watinı'' 'lukewarm water' | |||
*''se watinı iś liau'' 'the water is lukewarm' | |||
*''māra bāce'' 'big books' | |||
*''se bāce ir māra'' 'the books are big' | |||
The comparative and superlatives are formed by the suffixes ''-ier'' and ''-sd'': ''suōt, suōtier, suōtsd'' 'sweet, sweeter, sweetest'. | The comparative and superlatives are formed by the suffixes ''-ier'' and ''-sd'': ''suōt, suōtier, suōtsd'' 'sweet, sweeter, sweetest'. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! "good" | ! "good" | ||
| ''gād'' | | ''gād'' /kɑː²/ | ||
| ''batier'' | | ''batier'' /patjə(ɹ)/ | ||
| ''basd'' | | ''basd'' /paht¹/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! "bad" | ! "bad" | ||
| '' | | ''druk'' /tʂʊʔ¹/ | ||
| ''wirsier'' | | ''wirsier'' /ɥœːɕə(ɹ)/ | ||
| ''wirsd'' | | ''wirsd'' /ɥœːht¹/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! "many" | ! "many" | ||
| '' | | ''miciel'' /mɪt͡ɕəɫ/ | ||
| ''mēr'' | | ''mēr'' /mɜː(ɹ)¹/ | ||
| ''mēsd'' | | ''mēsd'' /mɤːht¹/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Verbs have three paradigms: athematic stems, thematic a-stems and thematic i-stems. | |||
Most verbs have three principal parts: the present stem (remove the -n from the infinitive), the past stem and the past participle. The past subjunctive always uses the past participle stem. | Most verbs have three principal parts: the present stem (remove the -n from the infinitive), the past stem and the past participle. The past subjunctive always uses the past participle stem. | ||
====Thematic verbs==== | ====Thematic verbs==== | ||
=====- | =====-en verbs===== | ||
This is the most productive class of verbs. | This is the most productive class of verbs. | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ ''''' | |+ '''''maken'' 'to make'''' | ||
! tense || '' | ! tense || ''jak/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| '' | | ''make'' [maʔ²] || ''maked'' [maʔkʰə(ɹ)] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
| '' | | ''makedie'' [maʔkʰɪj] || ''makedie'' [maʔkʰɪj] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || '' | | ''-'' || ''mace!'' [maʔ²] | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=" | !colspan="4"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present participle | ! present participle | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="2"| ''makend'' [maʔkʰənʔ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past participle | ! past participle | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="2"| ''makedie'' [maʔkʰɪj] | ||
|} | |} | ||
Also: '' | Also: ''liaufen'' [ljaʊfən] 'love', ''lirnen'' [ljɛːnən] 'learn' | ||
=====- | =====-ien verbs===== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ ''''' | |+ '''''rēcen'' 'to reach'''' | ||
! tense || '' | ! tense || ''jak/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| '' | | ''rēce'' [ɹɤːʔtʃ²] || ''rēced'' [ɹɤːʔtʃʰə(ɹ)] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
| '' | | ''rēcedie'' [ɹɤːʔtʃʰɪj] || ''rēcedie'' [ɹɤːʔtʃʰɪj] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || '' | | ''-'' || ''rēce!'' [ɹɤːʔtʃ²] | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=" | !colspan="4"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present participle | ! present participle | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="2"| ''rēcend'' [ɹɤːʔtʃʰənʔ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past participle | ! past participle | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="2"| ''rēcedie'' [ɹɤːʔtʃʰɪj] | ||
|} | |} | ||
Also: '' | Also: ''arbēdien'' 'work'; ''haurien'' 'hear'; ''lērien'' 'teach'; ''sagien'' 'say'; ''ertalien'' 'tell, recount'; ''ranien'' 'run (transitive), execute, set into motion' | ||
Verbs | Verbs like e.g. ''bringin, bragtie, bragt'' 'bring'; ''bugin, bugtie, bugt'' 'buy'; ''zancin, zagtie, zagt'' - 'think' form a small subclass of the ''-in'' verbs. | ||
====Athematic verbs==== | ====Athematic verbs==== | ||
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ '''''bīten'' 'to bite'''' | |+ '''''bīten'' 'to bite'''' | ||
! tense || ''jac'' || '' | ! tense || ''jac/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| ''bīte'' | | ''bīte'' /piːʔ²/ || ''bīted'' /piːʔə(ɹ)/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
| ''bēt'' || | | ''bēt'' /pɤːʔ¹/ || ''bēt'' /pɤːʔ¹/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive | ! past subjunctive | ||
| ''biti'' | | ''biti'' /pɪʔɪ/ || ''biti'' /pɪʔɪ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || ''bīt!'' | | ''-'' || ''bīt!'' /piːʔ²/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=" | !colspan="4"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present participle | ! present participle | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="3"| ''bītend'' /piːʔənʔ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past participle | ! past participle | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="3"| ''biten'' /pɪʔən/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
Also: '' | Also: ''sgīnen, sgēn, sginen'' 'shine', ''drīfen, drēf, drifen'' 'drive', ''clīfen, clēf, clifen'' 'stick, cling', ''rīten, rēt, riten'' 'write' | ||
=====Strong class 2===== | =====Strong class 2===== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ ''''' | |+ '''''fliaugen'' 'to fly, flee'''' | ||
! tense || '' | ! tense || ''jak/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| '' | | ''fliauge'' /tʃaʊs²/ || ''fliauged'' /tʃaʊsə(ɹ)/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
| '' | | ''flaug'' /ˈkʰaʊs¹/ || ''flaug'' /ˈkʰaʊs¹/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive | ! past subjunctive | ||
| '' | | ''flugi'' /ˈkʰʊɹɪ/ || ''flugi'' /ˈkʰʊɹɪ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || '' | | ''-'' || ''fliaug!'' /tʃaʊs²/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=" | !colspan="4"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present participle | ! present participle | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="2"| ''fliaugend'' / /tʃaʊsənʔ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past participle | ! past participle | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="2"| ''flugen'' /ˈkʰʊɹən/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
Also: ''biauden, baud, buden'' 'offer, bid', ''biaugen, baug, bugen'' 'bow', ''fliaugen, | Also: ''biauden, baud, buden'' 'offer, bid', ''biaugen, baug, bugen'' 'bow', ''fliaugen, , flugen'' 'fly', ''fliawen, flau, fluwen'' 'flee, escape', ''friausen, fraus, fruren'' 'freeze' | ||
=====Strong class 3===== | =====Strong class 3===== | ||
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ '''''binden'' 'to tie, to bind'''' | |+ '''''binden'' 'to tie, to bind'''' | ||
! tense || ''jac'' || '' | ! tense || ''jac/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| '' | | ''bindie'' || ''bindied'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
| ''band | | ''band'' || ''band'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive | ! past subjunctive | ||
| ''bundi'' || | | ''bundi'' || ''bundi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || ''bind! | | ''-'' || ''bind!'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="7"| | !colspan="7"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present participle | ! present participle | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="4"| ''bindend'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past participle | ! past participle | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="4"| ''bunden'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Also: ''bieginen, biegan, biegunen'' 'begin'; ''drincen, dranc, druncen'' 'drink'; ''finzen, fanz, funzen'' 'find'; ''grinden, grand, grunden'' 'grind'; ''rinen, ran, runen'' 'run'; ''sbringen, sbrang, sbrungen'' 'burst, explode'; '' | Also: ''bieginen, biegan, biegunen'' 'begin'; ''drincen, dranc, druncen'' 'drink'; ''finzen, fanz, funzen'' 'find'; ''grinden, grand, grunden'' 'grind'; ''rinen, ran, runen'' 'run'; ''sbringen, sbrang, sbrungen'' 'burst, explode'; ''simben, samb, sumben'' 'sing'; ''wierpen, warp, wurpen'' 'throw'; ''źrimben, zramb, zrumben'' 'press, force, push through' | ||
=====Strong class 4===== | =====Strong class 4===== | ||
In | In {{PAGENAME}}, Proto-Germanic class 3b strong verbs have merged with class 4 strong verbs. | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ '''''biaren'' 'to carry'''' | |+ '''''biaren'' 'to carry'''' | ||
! tense || ''jac'' || '' | ! tense || ''jac/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| '' | | ''biarie'' || ''biaried'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
| ''bar | | ''bar'' || ''bar'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive | ! past subjunctive | ||
| ''buri | | ''buri'' || ''buri'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || ''biar! | | ''-'' || ''biar!'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=" | !colspan="4"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present participle | ! present participle | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="2"| ''biarend'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past participle | ! past participle | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="2"| ''buren'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Also: ''briaken, brak, bruken'' 'break', ''niamen, nam, numen'' 'take', '' | Also: ''briaken, brak, bruken'' 'break', ''niamen, nam, numen'' 'take', ''piamen, pam, pumen'' 'come', ''sbriaken, sbrak, sbruken'' 'speak', ''sdialen, sdal, sdulen'' 'steal', ''hialpen, halp, hulpen'' 'help', ''driasg, drasg, drusgen'' 'thresh', ''sdiarf, sdarf, sdurfen'' 'die' | ||
=====Strong class 5===== | =====Strong class 5===== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ '''''giafen'' 'to give'''' | |+ '''''giafen'' 'to give'''' | ||
! tense || ''jac'' || '' | ! tense || ''jac/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| '' | | ''giafie'' || ''giafied'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
| ''gaf'' || | | ''gaf'' || ''gaf'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive | ! past subjunctive | ||
| ''giafi'' || | | ''giafi'' || ''giafi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || ''giaf! | | ''-'' || ''giaf!'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=" | !colspan="4"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present participle | ! present participle | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="3"| ''giafend'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past participle | ! past participle | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="3"| ''giafen'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Also: ''driapen, drap, driapen'' 'hit, meet', ''fergiaten, fergat, fergiaten'' 'forget', ''liasen, las, liaren'' 'read', ''siawen, saw, siawen'' 'see'. There are also the j-present verbs ''bidin, bad, biaden'' 'beg, pray', ''ligin, lag, liagen'' 'lie' | Also: ''driapen, drap, driapen'' 'hit, meet', ''fergiaten, fergat, fergiaten'' 'forget', ''liasen, las, liaren'' 'read', ''siawen, saw, siawen'' 'see'. There are also the j-present verbs ''bidin, bad, biaden'' 'beg, pray', ''ligin, lag, liagen'' 'lie' | ||
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ '''''grafen'' 'to dig'''' | |+ '''''grafen'' 'to dig'''' | ||
! tense || ''jac'' || '' | ! tense || ''jac/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| '' | | ''grafie'' || ''grafied'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
| ''grāf'' || | | ''grāf'' || ''grāf'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive | ! past subjunctive | ||
| ''grafi'' || | | ''grafi'' || ''grafi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || ''graf! | | ''-'' || ''graf!'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=" | !colspan="4"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present participle | ! present participle | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="3"| ''grafend'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past participle | ! past participle | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="3"| ''grafen'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Also: ''faren, fār, faren'' 'spread', ''slagen, slāg, slagen'' 'strike', ''sdanden, sdānd, sdanden'' 'stand', ''wagsen, wāgs, wagsen'' 'grow', ''wasgen, wāsg, wasgen'' 'wash', ''jaten, jāt, jaten'' 'eat' (reclassified from class 5) | Also: ''faren, fār, faren'' 'spread', ''slagen, slāg, slagen'' 'strike', ''sdanden, sdānd, sdanden'' 'stand', ''wagsen, wāgs, wagsen'' 'grow', ''wasgen, wāsg, wasgen'' 'wash', ''jaten, jāt, jaten'' 'eat' (reclassified from class 5) | ||
=====Strong class 7===== | =====Strong class 7===== | ||
hēten, hīt, hīten - to be called | ''hēten, hīt, hīten'' - to be called | ||
laupen, liaup, liaupen - to leap | ''laupen, liaup, liaupen'' - to jump, leap | ||
sdauten, | ''sdauten, sdiaut, sdiauten'' - to bump, collide, crash | ||
hald, hiald, hialden - to hold | ''hald, hiald, hialden'' - to hold | ||
liāten, līt, liāten - to let | ''liāten, līt, liāten'' - to let | ||
siān, siādie, siād - to sow (regularized) | ''siān, siādie, siād'' - to sow (regularized) | ||
====Preterite-present verbs==== | ====Preterite-present verbs==== | ||
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ '''''witen'' 'to know'''' | |+ '''''witen'' 'to know'''' | ||
! tense || ''jac | ! tense || ''jac/jūr/ir/sī/it/sum/niā'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present indicative | ! present indicative | ||
| ''wōt | | ''wōt'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| ''witi | | ''witi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
| '' | | ''wisdie'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive | ! past subjunctive | ||
| '' | | ''wisdi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''wit!'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=" | !colspan="3"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present participle | ! present participle | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="2"| ''witend'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past participle | ! past participle | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="2"| ''wisd'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
=====''cunen'' 'can'===== | =====''cunen'' 'can, be able to'===== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ '''''cunen'' 'can'''' | |+ '''''cunen'' 'can'''' | ||
! tense || ''jac | ! tense || ''jac/jūr/ir/sī/it/sum/niā'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present indicative | ! present indicative | ||
| ''can | | ''can'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| ''cuni | | ''cuni'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
| ''cundie | | ''cundie'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive | ! past subjunctive | ||
| ''cundi | | ''cundi'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Similarly ''sgulen'' 'should', ''zurfen'' ' | Similarly ''sgulen'' 'should', ''zurfen'' 'have to'. | ||
=====''magen'' 'may'===== | =====''magen'' 'may'===== | ||
The present forms of this verb are derived from PGmc {{recon|''maganą''}} (~ Eng. ''may'', ''might''), and the past forms are from PGmc {{recon|''mōtaną''}} (~ Eng. ''must''). | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ '''''magen'' 'may'''' | |+ '''''magen'' 'may'''' | ||
! tense || ''jac | ! tense || ''jac/jūr/ir/sī/it/sum/niā'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present indicative | ! present indicative | ||
| ''mag | | ''mag'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| ''magi | | ''magi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
| '' | | ''māsdie'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive | ! past subjunctive | ||
| '' | | ''māsdi'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ '''''wilen'' 'want to, will'''' | |+ '''''wilen'' 'want to, will'''' | ||
! tense || ''jac'' || '' | ! tense || ''jac/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present indicative | ! present indicative | ||
| ''wī'' || | | ''wī'' || ''wīd'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| ''wili'' || ''wilid'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
| ''wildie'' || | | ''wildie'' || ''wildie'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive | ! past subjunctive | ||
| ''wildi'' || | | ''wildi'' || ''wildi'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ '''''biaun'' 'to be'''' | |+ '''''biaun'' 'to be'''' | ||
! tense || ''jac'' || '' | ! tense || ''jac'' || ''jūr'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''sum'' || ''niā'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present indicative | ! present indicative | ||
| ''im'' || ''ir'' || ''iś'' || '' | | ''im'' || ''ired''/''ir'' || ''iś'' || ''irem''/''ir'' || ''ir'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| ''sije'' || '' | | ''sije'' || ''sijed'' || ''sijed'' || ''sijed'' || ''sije'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
| ''was'' || '' | | ''was'' || ''wiēra'' || ''was'' || ''wiēra'' || ''wiēra'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive | ! past subjunctive | ||
| ''wiēri'' || '' | | ''wiēri'' || ''wiēri'' || ''wiēri'' || ''wiēri'' || ''wiēri'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || ''biau!'' || ''-'' || ''- | | ''-'' || ''biau!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=" | !colspan="6"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present participle | ! present participle | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="5"| ''wiesend'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past participle | ! past participle | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="5"| ''wiēren'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ '''''han'' 'to have (auxiliary)'''' | |+ '''''han'' 'to have (auxiliary)'''' | ||
! tense || ''jac'' || '' | ! tense || ''jac/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present indicative | ! present indicative | ||
| ''ha'' || '' | | ''ha'' || ''had'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| ''hafi'' || ''hafid'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
| ''hadie'' || | | ''hadie'' || ''hadie'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive | ! past subjunctive | ||
| ''hadi'' || | | ''hadi'' || ''hadi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || ''ha! | | ''-'' || ''ha!'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=" | !colspan="4"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present participle | ! present participle | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="3"| ''hafind'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past participle | ! past participle | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="3"| ''had'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ '''''dān'' 'to do'''' | |+ '''''dān'' 'to do'''' | ||
! tense || ''jac'' || '' | ! tense || ''jac/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| ''dā'' || ''dād'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
| ''diadie | | ''diadie'' || ''diadie'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive | ! past subjunctive | ||
| ''diadi'' || | | ''diadi'' || ''diadi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || ''dā! | | ''-'' || ''dā!'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=" | !colspan="4"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present participle | ! present participle | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="3"| ''dānd'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past participle | ! past participle | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="3"| ''dān'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ '''''gān'' 'to go'''' | |+ '''''gān'' 'to go'''' | ||
! tense || ''jac'' || '' | ! tense || ''jac/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present indicative | ! present indicative | ||
| ''gā'' || ''gād'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
| ''giang'' || | | ''giang'' || ''giang'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive | ! past subjunctive | ||
| ''giangi'' || | | ''giangi'' || ''giangi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || ''gā! | | ''-'' || ''gā!'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=" | !colspan="4"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present participle | ! present participle | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="3"| ''gānd'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past participle | ! past participle | ||
|colspan=" | |colspan="3"| ''giangen'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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*''-bier'': '-able' | *''-bier'': '-able' | ||
**''jatebier'' 'edible' < ''jaten'' 'to eat' | **''jatebier'' 'edible' < ''jaten'' 'to eat' | ||
*''er-'': telic | *''er-'': telic, ~ German ''er-'' | ||
*''fer-'': "for-" | *''fer-'': "for-" | ||
**''ferwundran'' 'surprise, amaze' < ''wunder'' 'wonder, miracle' | **''ferwundran'' 'surprise, amaze' < ''wunder'' 'wonder, miracle' | ||
*'' | *''fur-'': "fore-" | ||
*''-ful'': "-ful" | *''-ful'': "-ful" | ||
*''ge-'' | *''ge-'' | ||
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*''-ig'': forms adjectives from nouns | *''-ig'': forms adjectives from nouns | ||
*''-laus'': "-less" | *''-laus'': "-less" | ||
*''-ling'': "-ling" | |||
*''-lik'': "-ly"; forms adjectives from nouns | *''-lik'': "-ly"; forms adjectives from nouns | ||
**''wurdlik'' 'literal' < ''wurd'' 'word' | **''wurdlik'' 'literal' < ''wurd'' 'word' | ||
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===Prepositions=== | ===Prepositions=== | ||
Like in German, prepositions govern certain defined cases and change meaning based on the case of the noun. Prepositions may govern the nominative (accusative for pronouns) or the genitive (dative for pronouns). Ordinals are formed with the suffix ''-za''. | Like in German, prepositions govern certain defined cases and change meaning based on the case of the noun. Prepositions may govern the nominative (accusative for pronouns) or the genitive (dative for pronouns). Ordinals are formed with the suffix ''-za''. | ||
*''an'' = (+ acc) onto; (+ dat) on | |||
*''fur'' = (+ acc) for; (+ dat) before | |||
*''gagin'' = (+ acc) against | |||
*''in'' = (+ acc) into; (+ dat) in | |||
*''mid́'' = (+ dat) with | |||
*''ta'' = (+ dat) to, towards | |||
*''tuigs'' (+ acc/dat for movement resp. location) between | |||
*''ufir'' = (+ acc/dat for movement resp. location) across, over | |||
*''undier'' = (+ acc/dat for movement resp. location) under, between, among | |||
*''wizer'' = (+ acc) at, next to, by | |||
*''zank'' = (+ dat) thanks to | |||
===Numbers=== | ===Numbers=== | ||
Base-120 system. | |||
*1: ''ēn'' /ɤːn/ (ordinal ''ērsd'') | *1: ''ēn'' /ɤːn/ (ordinal ''ērsd'') | ||
*2: ''tuō'' /tʰwɔː/ (ordinal ''anzier'') | *2: ''tuō'' /tʰwɔː/ (ordinal ''anzier'') | ||
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*6: ''siags'' /ʃaks/ | *6: ''siags'' /ʃaks/ | ||
*7: ''süef'' /ʃɥœf/ | *7: ''süef'' /ʃɥœf/ | ||
*8: '' | *8: ''agta'' /ˈaːktʰa/ | ||
*9: ''niaun'' /nʲaun/ | *9: ''niaun'' /nʲaun/ | ||
*10: ''tiaun'' /tʲʰaun/ | *10: ''tiaun'' /tʲʰaun/ | ||
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*16: ''siagstiun'' | *16: ''siagstiun'' | ||
*17: ''süeftiun'' | *17: ''süeftiun'' | ||
*18: '' | *18: ''agtiun'' | ||
*19: ''niauntiun'' | *19: ''niauntiun'' | ||
*20: ''tuōntig'' | *20: ''tuōntig'' | ||
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*60: ''siagstig'' | *60: ''siagstig'' | ||
*70: ''süeftig'' | *70: ''süeftig'' | ||
*80: '' | *80: ''agtig'' | ||
*90: ''niauntig'' | *90: ''niauntig'' | ||
*100: ''hundrad'' | *100: ''tiauntig'' | ||
* | *110: ''ēnliftig'' | ||
*120: ''hundrad'' | |||
*14400: ''zūsand́'' | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
===Constituent order=== | ===Constituent order=== | ||
Word order is | Word order is SVO, and VO in imperatives. Questions may use a question particle ''jez'' at the end, but this is optional. | ||
:''''' | :'''''Sī iś mīn lēraŕ.''''' | ||
:''She is my teacher.'' | :''She is my teacher.'' | ||
:'''''Giasdern giang | :'''''Giasdern jac giang bugin ubati.''''' | ||
:''Yesterday I went to buy fruit.'' | :''Yesterday I went to buy fruit.'' | ||
:''''' | :'''''Nie wōt jūr zat jez?''''' | ||
:''Don't you know that?'' | :''Don't you know that?'' | ||
:'''''Jat | :'''''Jat sīn krūtsakar!''''' | ||
:''Eat your vegetables!'' | :''Eat your vegetables!'' | ||
Verbs are negated with '' | Verbs are negated with ''nie'' placed before the verb: | ||
:''''' | :'''''Jac nie fersdanda huat sagid jūr.''''' | ||
:''I don't understand what you're saying.'' | :''I don't understand what you're saying.'' | ||
===Noun phrase=== | ===Noun phrase=== | ||
Both adjectives and genitives follow nouns. | |||
===Verb phrase=== | ===Verb phrase=== | ||
===Sentence phrase=== | ===Sentence phrase=== | ||
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==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
===Featured language banner=== | |||
:'''''Zis sbriakmāl was ēns furrigtid.''''' | |||
:/tɕɪs sprʲaʔmɑːɫ was ɤ̃ːs foːrɪjtɪj/ | |||
:''This language was once featured.'' | |||
:'''''Zank zias miāt af fullikhēt, fīnhēt auk brūklikhēt, sum sdamnidie it ta furrigtin.''''' | |||
:/tsãʔ tɕəs mjɑːʔ əʊ fʊlɪʔɤːʔ, fɪ̃jxɤːʔ aʊʔ bɹʊuʔlɪʔɤːʔ sʊŋ stamnɪj ɪʔ tə foːrɪjtɪŋ/ | |||
:''Thanks to its level of quality, plausibility and usage features, it has been voted as featured.'' | |||
==Phrasebook== | ==Phrasebook== | ||
*''Gād murgen!'' [kaːt ˈmʊrkɨn] - Good morning! | *''Gād murgen!'' [kaːt ˈmʊrkɨn] - Good morning! | ||
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*''Gād üēfend!'' [kaːt ˈɥœːfɨnt] - Good evening! | *''Gād üēfend!'' [kaːt ˈɥœːfɨnt] - Good evening! | ||
*''Gād nātie!'' [kaːt ˈnaːtʰʲɛ] - Good night! | *''Gād nātie!'' [kaːt ˈnaːtʰʲɛ] - Good night! | ||
*'' | *''Wialkumen!'' [ˈɥœɫkʰʊmɨn] - Welcome! | ||
*'' | *''Hēta jac...'' [ˈhɤːtʰa jak...] - My name is... | ||
*''Zanke!'' [tsaŋkʰə] - Thank you! | *''Zanke!'' [tsaŋkʰə] - Thank you! | ||
*''Mir/Unś iś rǖ.'' [mʲɪr/ʊnʃ ɪʃ rʲyː] - I'm/We're sorry. | *''Mir/Unś iś rǖ.'' [mʲɪr/ʊnʃ ɪʃ rʲyː] - I'm/We're sorry. | ||
*'' | *''Nie sbriaka jac {{PAGENAME}}.'' - I don't speak {{PAGENAME}}. | ||
==Other resources== | ==Other resources== | ||
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[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] | [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Germanic languages]] | [[Category:Germanic languages]] | ||
[[Category:Indo-European languages]] | [[Category:Indo-European languages]] | ||
[[Category:Lõis]] | [[Category:Lõis]] |
edits