9,638
edits
Europic: Difference between revisions
m
no edit summary
Bpnjohnson (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
Bpnjohnson (talk | contribs) mNo edit summary |
||
| Line 19: | Line 19: | ||
* [[Europic]] (endonym: ''Yevropicu''): A language adopted by the ECA in 2097ᴀᴅ. | * [[Europic]] (endonym: ''Yevropicu''): A language adopted by the ECA in 2097ᴀᴅ. | ||
* [[Vulgar European]] (a.k.a. ''Colloquial'' or ''Late Western Europic'') (endonym: ''Ivropicu'' (from ~2250ᴀᴅ; official start 2281ᴀᴅ) - a Romance-influenced dialect of Europic emerges in southern and western Europe. | * [[Vulgar European]] (a.k.a. ''Colloquial'' or ''Late Western Europic'') (endonym: ''Ivropicu'' (from ~2250ᴀᴅ; official start 2281ᴀᴅ) - a Romance-influenced dialect of Europic emerges in southern and western Europe. | ||
** Borrowing of some Romance features, e.g. shifting the meaning of | ** Borrowing of some Romance features, e.g. shifting the meaning of ''[[Contionary: la#Europic|la]]'' from a demonstrative to a genuine definite article, pronoun-incorporation on verbs recreating “conjugations,” and a number of Common-Romance borrowings (e.g. ''[[Contionary: bona#Vulgar European|bona]]'' ‘good’ for ''[[Contionary: brana#Europic|brana]]''; ''[[Contionary: matru#Vulgar European|matru]]'', ''[[Contionary: patru#Vulgar European|patru]]'' ‘mother, father’ for ''[[Contionary: vatrinu#Europic|vatrinu]]'', ''[[Contionary: vatrotcu#Europic|vatrotcu]]''; ''[[Contionary: fratu#Vulgar European|fratu]]'' ‘brother’ for ''[[Contionary: bratotcu#Europic|bratotcu]]'', &c.) | ||
** Changes to numbers: Numbers begin to follow nouns like adjectives, and shift away from their determiner roles. “Counting numbers” emerge as a distinct set apart from adjectival forms. In 2281ᴀᴅ, the Principality of Rivaria, an oppressive regime in southern Europe, mandated a dozenal number system (along with updated metric, time-keeping, and calendar systems). | ** Changes to numbers: Numbers begin to follow nouns like adjectives, and shift away from their determiner roles. “Counting numbers” emerge as a distinct set apart from adjectival forms. In 2281ᴀᴅ, the Principality of Rivaria, an oppressive regime in southern Europe, mandated a dozenal number system (along with updated metric, time-keeping, and calendar systems). | ||
** In writing and for most purposes, [[Vulgar European]] is treated as “Colloquial Europic;” that is, it is still written with the same orthography and style as if it were Europic, but with occasional spelling or morphology changes where applicable. It is analogous to Late Latin, or to writing in dialect in English. | ** In writing and for most purposes, [[Vulgar European]] is treated as “Colloquial Europic;” that is, it is still written with the same orthography and style as if it were Europic, but with occasional spelling or morphology changes where applicable. It is analogous to Late Latin, or to writing in dialect in English. | ||
** Phonologically, the most significant feature of this period was a change to the pronunciation of the “Postalveolar Consonants,” which became non-sibilant palatals: ⟨dj⟩ [ʤ → ɟʝ], ⟨j⟩ [ʒ → ʝ], ⟨tc⟩ [ʧ → cç], ⟨c⟩ [ʃ → ç]. | ** Phonologically, the most significant feature of this period was a change to the pronunciation of the “Postalveolar Consonants,” which became non-sibilant palatals: ⟨dj⟩ [ʤ → ɟʝ], ⟨j⟩ [ʒ → ʝ], ⟨tc⟩ [ʧ → cç], ⟨c⟩ [ʃ → ç]. | ||
** A liquid dissimilation rule (an areal feature) also becomes apparent in certain words, e.g. | ** A liquid dissimilation rule (an areal feature) also becomes apparent in certain words, e.g. ''[[Contionary: drapru#Europic|drapru]]'' ‘cloth’ → ''[[Contionary: draplu#Vulgar European|draplu]]'', ''[[Contionary: kritri#Europic|kritri]]'' ‘around’ → ''[[Contionary: krikli#Vulgar European|krikli]]'', ''[[Contionary: sabluklu#Europic|sabluklu]]'' ‘grain of sand’ → ''[[Contionary: sabruklu#Vulgar European|sabruklu]]''. This remains a persistent rule in the grammar of the language through Iropich. | ||
** Unstressed vowels are often deleted. | ** Unstressed vowels are often deleted. | ||
** Initial ''y'', ''w'', and ''h'' are sometimes elided, thereby allowing words to begin with vowels. | ** Initial ''y'', ''w'', and ''h'' are sometimes elided, thereby allowing words to begin with vowels. | ||
| Line 49: | Line 49: | ||
** All words begin with a consonant and end with a vowel. No initial vowels are permitted in the phonotactics. This was a conscious choice intended to minimize the need for sandhi when adding affixes to word boundaries. | ** All words begin with a consonant and end with a vowel. No initial vowels are permitted in the phonotactics. This was a conscious choice intended to minimize the need for sandhi when adding affixes to word boundaries. | ||
** Monosyllabic words are reserved for pronouns, particles, determiners, prepositions, and conjunctions. There is also a small set of monosyllabic verbs. | ** Monosyllabic words are reserved for pronouns, particles, determiners, prepositions, and conjunctions. There is also a small set of monosyllabic verbs. | ||
** All “basic” roots are composed of a single syllable, plus a vowel ending . Polysyllabic roots are tell-tale borrowings, e.g. | ** All “basic” roots are composed of a single syllable, plus a vowel ending . Polysyllabic roots are tell-tale borrowings, e.g. ''[[Contionary: palasu#Europic|palas-u]]'' ‘palace’. | ||
* Regular derivation from Latinate languages in order to facilitate word recognition by certain groups is ''not'' a goal of this language. There should be ''no'' expectation that vocabulary be derived from Latin, Greek, or other common sources, though much of it may be recognizable. | * Regular derivation from Latinate languages in order to facilitate word recognition by certain groups is ''not'' a goal of this language. There should be ''no'' expectation that vocabulary be derived from Latin, Greek, or other common sources, though much of it may be recognizable. | ||
** Many terms are created ''ad hoc'', ''a priori'', or derived directly from one or more contemporary languages. Others are derived from Proto-Indo-European or sub-families such as Proto-Indo-Iranian, Proto-Italic, or Proto-Celtic. Still more are derived from Proto-Finno-Ugric or other languages, or a combination of any of the above. | ** Many terms are created ''ad hoc'', ''a priori'', or derived directly from one or more contemporary languages. Others are derived from Proto-Indo-European or sub-families such as Proto-Indo-Iranian, Proto-Italic, or Proto-Celtic. Still more are derived from Proto-Finno-Ugric or other languages, or a combination of any of the above. | ||
** Many etymologies are clear; others are more opaque. No etymology was provided as part of the commissioning of the language: Any mysterious etymologies likely died with their creator, and any implied etymology is based on the best guesses of later scholars. | ** Many etymologies are clear; others are more opaque. No etymology was provided as part of the commissioning of the language: Any mysterious etymologies likely died with their creator, and any implied etymology is based on the best guesses of later scholars. | ||
** There is a deliberate “formula” for converting Greek and Latin compounds that are common to most European languages, resulting in words that are often very similar (e.g. | ** There is a deliberate “formula” for converting Greek and Latin compounds that are common to most European languages, resulting in words that are often very similar (e.g. ''[[Contionary: degrade#Europic|de-grade]]'' ‘de-grade’ or ''[[Contionary: tramete#Europic|tra-mete]]'' ‘transmit’) but often unrecognizable if one is unfamiliar with the “trick” (e.g. ''[[Contionary: metiracu#Europic|me-tir-acu]]'' ‘con-trac-tion’, ''[[Contionary: mike#Europic|mi-ke]]'' ‘inter-cept’). | ||
* The language should have no inflection, including lack of plurals, verb tenses, and the infamous ''[[wikt: akuzativo#Esperanto|akuzativon]]''. Plurals and other grammatical features are indicated (often optionally) with particles. Pronouns feature a reduced form of the plural particle. | * The language should have no inflection, including lack of plurals, verb tenses, and the infamous ''[[wikt: akuzativo#Esperanto|akuzativon]]''. Plurals and other grammatical features are indicated (often optionally) with particles. Pronouns feature a reduced form of the plural particle. | ||
* The language’s creator, [[Syd Chrysanthi]], (perhaps erroneously) believed that a true auxiliary language should combine vocabulary elements of many different sources, but where Esperanto has disparate-looking words from varying backgrounds (e.g. ''[[wikt: amo#Esperanto|amo]]'' ‘love’, from [[wikt: amo#Descendants|various Romance languages]]; ''[[wikt: baldaŭ#Esperanto|baldaŭ]]'' ‘soon’, from [[wikt: bald#German|German]]; ''[[wikt: birdo#Esperanto|birdo]]'' ‘bird’, from [[wikt: bird|English]]), Europic regularly ''fuses'' words of different origins into Frankenwords like | * The language’s creator, [[Syd Chrysanthi]], (perhaps erroneously) believed that a true auxiliary language should combine vocabulary elements of many different sources, but where Esperanto has disparate-looking words from varying backgrounds (e.g. ''[[wikt: amo#Esperanto|amo]]'' ‘love’, from [[wikt: amo#Descendants|various Romance languages]]; ''[[wikt: baldaŭ#Esperanto|baldaŭ]]'' ‘soon’, from [[wikt: bald#German|German]]; ''[[wikt: birdo#Esperanto|birdo]]'' ‘bird’, from [[wikt: bird|English]]), Europic regularly ''fuses'' words of different origins into Frankenwords like ''[[Contionary: lyamu#Europic|lyamu]]'' ‘love’ (presumably from Romance ''[[wikt: amo#Descendants|am-]]'' and Slavic ''[[wikt: Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/ľubъ|ľubъ-]]'' and/or Germanic ''[[wikt: Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/leubō|lub-/leub-]]''), ''[[Contionary: tahi#Europic|tahi]]'' ‘soon’ (possibly from French ''tôt'', Estonian ''[pe]agi'', Lithuanian ''[grei]tai'', with other influences likely), and ''[[Contionary: tcelu#Europic|tcelu]]'' ‘bird’ (likely from Latin ''[au]cella'' or Italian ''[uc]cello'', but with influence from Slavic ''ptič-'', Germanic ''fugl-'' or ''flugl-'', and others). Esperanto has a few examples of this sort of melding as well, such as ''[[wikt: ŝtono|ŝtono]]'' ‘stone’ from English ''[[wikt: stone|stone]]'' and German ''[[wikt: Stein|Stein]]'' (/ʃtajn/), but it is not usual. In other instances, he seems to have “split the difference” between similar terms by choosing an ''ad hoc'' third option, e.g. ''[[Contionary: bargu#Europic|bargu]]'' ‘beard’, or ''[[Contionary: goltu#Europic|goltu]]'' ‘pain’, the '''g''' of each word being a voiced plosive alternative to '''b''' and '''d''' in Latinate ''bar'''b'''-'' and Germanic ''bar'''d'''-'', or in Italic '''''d'''ol(or)''- and Slavic '''''b'''ol-''. (The final '''t''' in ''[[Contionary: goltu#Europic|goltu]]'' is likely a nod to the final RC of the Germanic root ''sma'''rt'''-'' or ''hu'''rt'''-''.) <br />Another example of third-option generation is ''[[Contionary: kwembe#Europic|kwembe]]'' ‘to hang’, taking the Romance root ''pend-'' and the Germanic root ''hang-'': '''p''' and '''h''' are both close to '''kw''' (and p often derives from kw in Indo-European languages - compare words for ‘5’ ''quint-'' and ''pent-''), and the velar + voiced plosive endings '''ng''' and '''nd''' are complemented by the only other option in that series:, mb. Finally and famously, the word ''[[Contionary: pumbru#Europic|pumbru]]'' ‘room (of a building)’ seems to have been made up of elements of Germanic ''temr'' (''Zimmer'', ''timber'') and Italic ''camr'' (camera, chambre): The initial '''t''' and '''k''' were countered with their complement '''p'''; The root vowel '''u''' may have been a contrast to ''temr''’s '''i/e''' and Italic’s '''a''', or it was possibly just borrowed from Germanic ''rūm'' (i.e. ''room''); the final '''mbr''' cluster is common to descendants of both Germanic and Italic, and the presence of '''b''' may have been further bolstered by, for example, Estonian ''tuba''. <br />Unfortunately, Chrysanthi (deliberately) did not publish the etymologies of the Europic lexicon, thinking that it may lead to unnecessary and unproductive debate over how much content from each extant European language was present, so the source of individual words remains mostly speculative. | ||
===Real-World Goals=== | ===Real-World Goals=== | ||
| Line 140: | Line 140: | ||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
====Onsets==== | ====Onsets==== | ||
All words must have a C onset. A standard root is (s)CVC, (s)CRVC, (s)CVRC, (s)CVCR, or (s)CVSC, where (s) can only be followed by '''''p''''', '''''t''''', or '''''k'''''; where R is a glide or liquid ('''''r''''', '''''l''''', '''''y''''', '''''w'''''); and where S is a sonorant ('''''r''''', '''''l''''', '''''y''''', '''''w''''', '''''m''''', '''''n'''''). The maximum root is CCVSCR, e.g. | All words must have a C onset. A standard root is (s)CVC, (s)CRVC, (s)CVRC, (s)CVCR, or (s)CVSC, where (s) can only be followed by '''''p''''', '''''t''''', or '''''k'''''; where R is a glide or liquid ('''''r''''', '''''l''''', '''''y''''', '''''w'''''); and where S is a sonorant ('''''r''''', '''''l''''', '''''y''''', '''''w''''', '''''m''''', '''''n'''''). The maximum root is CCVSCR, e.g. ''[[Contionary: vringlu#Europic|vringl‑]]''. The following is a comprehensive list of all licit word-initial onsets: | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
!width=50| | !width=50| | ||
| Line 318: | Line 318: | ||
|style="background: #CCCCCC;"| | |style="background: #CCCCCC;"| | ||
|} | |} | ||
¹ <small>Initial ⟨j⟩ only occurs as an onset for suffixes to convert them into standalone words, e.g. | ¹ <small>Initial ⟨j⟩ only occurs as an onset for suffixes to convert them into standalone words, e.g. ''[[Contionary: -anglu#Europic|‑anglu]]'' ‘‑Vgon’ → ''[[Contionary: janglu#Europic|janglu]]'' ‘polygon’.</small><br /> | ||
====Nuclei==== | ====Nuclei==== | ||
| Line 717: | Line 717: | ||
* The rhotic consonant (/r/) has many pronunciations from region to region. It is most commonly trilled or tapped (as above), but in some of the Francophone and Germanic areas, it is commonly more of a uvular trill ([ʀ]) or fricative ([ʁ]). In some areas of north-western Europe, it may even become approximant ([ɹ]) before another consonant. | * The rhotic consonant (/r/) has many pronunciations from region to region. It is most commonly trilled or tapped (as above), but in some of the Francophone and Germanic areas, it is commonly more of a uvular trill ([ʀ]) or fricative ([ʁ]). In some areas of north-western Europe, it may even become approximant ([ɹ]) before another consonant. | ||
* [[Vulgar European]] - a later dialect of the language spoken after 2250 ᴀᴅ - has both the dental and aspirated consonants as above, and the phonotactics are a bit looser: | * [[Vulgar European]] - a later dialect of the language spoken after 2250 ᴀᴅ - has both the dental and aspirated consonants as above, and the phonotactics are a bit looser: | ||
** Onsets are no longer required (some words can start with vowels, e.g. | ** Onsets are no longer required (some words can start with vowels, e.g. ''[[Contionary: ite#Vulgar European|ite]]'' ‘go’ from earlier ''[[Contionary: yite#Europic|yite]]'') | ||
** Vowels don’t require a consonant boundary (e.g. | ** Vowels don’t require a consonant boundary (e.g. ''[[Contionary: dua#Vulgar European|dua]]'', ''[[Contionary: tria#Vulgar European|tria]]'' ‘2, 3’ from earlier ''[[Contionary: duwa#Europic|duwa]]'', ''[[Contionary: triya#Europic|triya]]'') | ||
** Some diphthongs emerge (mainly /uj/ and /aj/, e.g. | ** Some diphthongs emerge (mainly /uj/ and /aj/, e.g. ''[[Contionary: mui#Vulgar European|mui]]'' ‘we’ from ''[[Contionary: mu-ya#Europic|mu-ya]]'', ''[[Contionary: mai#Vulgar European|mai]]'' ‘our’ from ''[[Contionary: ma-ya#Europic|ma-ya]]'') | ||
** Some new consonant clusters emerge, e.g. /str/ | ** Some new consonant clusters emerge, e.g. /str/ ''[[Contionary: vostri#Vulgar European|vostri]]'' ‘eastward’ | ||
====Compounding Strategies==== | ====Compounding Strategies==== | ||
| Line 727: | Line 727: | ||
* Although a grammatical function rather than a phonetic one, I would also include here that the final '''-u''' of noun elements becomes '''-a''' when followed by another noun element, but in essence it is being converted into an adjective. These types of constructions are usually hyphenated. (''La Memetatu'' has flip-flopped on the issue of hyphenation a number of times over the years. Chrysanthi originally proposed that ''all'' complete elements in compounds be hyphenated.) E.g.: | * Although a grammatical function rather than a phonetic one, I would also include here that the final '''-u''' of noun elements becomes '''-a''' when followed by another noun element, but in essence it is being converted into an adjective. These types of constructions are usually hyphenated. (''La Memetatu'' has flip-flopped on the issue of hyphenation a number of times over the years. Chrysanthi originally proposed that ''all'' complete elements in compounds be hyphenated.) E.g.: | ||
** | ** ''[[Contionary: kervu#Europic|kervu]]'' ‘deer’ + ''[[Contionary: klagru#Europic|klagru]]'' ‘meat’ → ''[[Contionary: kerva-klagru#Europic|kerva-klagru]]'' ‘venison’ | ||
** | ** ''[[Contionary: bratu#Europic|bratu]]'' ‘sibling’ + ''[[Contionary: camu#Europic|camu]]'' ‘spouse’ → ''[[Contionary: brata-camu#Europic|brata-camu]]'' ‘brother-in-law’ | ||
===Stress & Tone=== | ===Stress & Tone=== | ||
| Line 747: | Line 747: | ||
| a [ä] | | a [ä] | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like A in ''fAther''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like A in ''fAther''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: vaka#Europic|vaka]]'' ‘bovine’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈva.ka/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈva.ka/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 753: | Line 753: | ||
| b | | b | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like B in ''Boot''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like B in ''Boot''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: bufu#Europic|bufu]]'' ‘toad’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈbu.fu/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈbu.fu/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 759: | Line 759: | ||
| ʃ | | ʃ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like SH in ''SHoe''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like SH in ''SHoe''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: capu#Europic|capu]]'' ‘sheep’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈʃa.pu/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈʃa.pu/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 765: | Line 765: | ||
| d | | d | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like D in ''dog''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like D in ''dog''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: deka#Europic|deka]]'' ‘ten’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈde.ka/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈde.ka/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 771: | Line 771: | ||
| ʤ | | ʤ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like J in ''Joke''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like J in ''Joke''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: djentu#Europic|djentu]]'' ‘person’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈʤen.tu/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈʤen.tu/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 777: | Line 777: | ||
| e [e̞] | | e [e̞] | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like AY in ''dAY''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like AY in ''dAY''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: megla#Europic|megla]]'' ‘large’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈmeg.la/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈmeg.la/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 783: | Line 783: | ||
| f | | f | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like F in ''Fool''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like F in ''Fool''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: fuku#Europic|fuku]]'' ‘fire’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈfu.ku/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈfu.ku/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 789: | Line 789: | ||
| ɡ | | ɡ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like G in ''Get'' (never as in ''Gel''). | |style="text-align: left;"| Like G in ''Get'' (never as in ''Gel''). | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: gatu#Europic|gatu]]'' ‘cat’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈɡa.tu/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈɡa.tu/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 795: | Line 795: | ||
| x | | x | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like CH in Scottish ''loCH''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like CH in Scottish ''loCH''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: tahi#Europic|tahi]]'' ‘soon’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈta.xi/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈta.xi/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 801: | Line 801: | ||
| i | | i | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like EE in ''sEEn''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like EE in ''sEEn''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: tci-la#Europic|tci-la]]'' ‘this’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈʧi.la/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈʧi.la/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 807: | Line 807: | ||
| ʒ | | ʒ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like S in ''uSual''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like S in ''uSual''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: muja#Europic|muja]]'' ‘much’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈmu.ʒa/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈmu.ʒa/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 813: | Line 813: | ||
| k | | k | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like C in ''Cat''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like C in ''Cat''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: kindu#Europic|kindu]]'' ‘child’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈkin.du/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈkin.du/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 819: | Line 819: | ||
| l | | l | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like L in ''Light''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like L in ''Light''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: lingwu#Europic|lingwu]]'' ‘language’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈliŋ.ɡu/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈliŋ.ɡu/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 825: | Line 825: | ||
| m | | m | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like M in ''Moon''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like M in ''Moon''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: miru#Europic|miru]]'' ‘ant’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈmi.ru/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈmi.ru/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 831: | Line 831: | ||
| n | | n | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like N in ''Now''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like N in ''Now''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: niku#Europic|niku]]'' ‘grandchild’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈni.ku/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈni.ku/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 837: | Line 837: | ||
| [ŋ] | | [ŋ] | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Before G, like NG in ''fiNGer''.<br />Before K, like NK in ''thiNKer''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Before G, like NG in ''fiNGer''.<br />Before K, like NK in ''thiNKer''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: blanka#Europic|blanka]]'' ‘white’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈblaŋ.ka/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈblaŋ.ka/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 843: | Line 843: | ||
| o [o̞] | | o [o̞] | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like O in ''nOpe''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like O in ''nOpe''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: nova#Europic|nova]]'' ‘new’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈno.va/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈno.va/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 849: | Line 849: | ||
| p | | p | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like P in ''Peel''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like P in ''Peel''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: penta#Europic|penta]]'' ‘five’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈpen.ta/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈpen.ta/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 855: | Line 855: | ||
| r | | r | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like R in Spanish ''Rojo''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like R in Spanish ''Rojo''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: roda#Europic|roda]]'' ‘red’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈro.da/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈro.da/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 861: | Line 861: | ||
| s | | s | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like S in ''Sign''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like S in ''Sign''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: solu#Europic|solu]]'' ‘sun’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈso.lu/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈso.lu/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 867: | Line 867: | ||
| t | | t | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like T in ''Tank''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like T in ''Tank''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: tablu#Europic|tablu]]'' ‘table’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈtab.lu/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈtab.lu/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 873: | Line 873: | ||
| ʧ | | ʧ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like CH in ''CHeese''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like CH in ''CHeese''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: tcelu#Europic|tcelu]]'' ‘bird’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈʧce.lu/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈʧce.lu/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 879: | Line 879: | ||
| u | | u | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like OO in ''fOOd''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like OO in ''fOOd''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: vunklu#Europic|vunklu]]'' ‘auncle’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈvuŋ.klu/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈvuŋ.klu/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 885: | Line 885: | ||
| v | | v | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like V in ''Voice''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like V in ''Voice''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: vatru#Europic|vatru]]'' ‘parent’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈva.tru/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈva.tru/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 891: | Line 891: | ||
| w | | w | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like W in ''Went''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like W in ''Went''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: wovu#Europic|wovu]]'' ‘egg’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈwo.vu/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈwo.vu/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 897: | Line 897: | ||
| j | | j | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like Y in ''Yellow''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like Y in ''Yellow''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: yite#Europic|yite]]'' ‘go’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈji.te/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈji.te/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 903: | Line 903: | ||
| z | | z | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| Like Z in ''Zebra''. | |style="text-align: left;"| Like Z in ''Zebra''. | ||
|style="text-align: right;"| | |style="text-align: right;"| ''[[Contionary: zebru#Europic|zebru]]'' ‘zebra’ | ||
|style="text-align: left;"| /ˈze.bru/ | |style="text-align: left;"| /ˈze.bru/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 911: | Line 911: | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
It may be worth briefly discussing Chrysanthi’s approach to the putative parts of speech, as it is tied directly to the morphology of the language. Chrysanthi held that there were essentially only four true parts of speech: Nominals, Adjectives, Verbs, and Adverbs. (Some of his writings go a step further, and group nominals and adjectives together as “Noun Elements,” and verbs and adverbs together as “Verb Elements.”) The nominals are made up of nouns, proper nouns, and pronouns, and indeed these all end in ''‑u'' in Europic. In addition to the classical descriptors, the adjective class contains determiners and numbers (and according to Chrysanthi, numbers are a sub-type of determiner). All members of the adjective class end in ''‑a''. Verbs end in ''‑e'', and there is nothing particularly interesting about their distribution. Finally the adverb class is a bit of a catch-all for all remaining parts of speech. Deadjectival adverbs end in ''‑i'', but otherwise there are no specific vowel endings assigned to the adverb class: prepositions, particles, and conjunctions may end in any vowel except for a small group of non-pronominal, non-adjectival correlatives which end in ''‑o'' (namely, | It may be worth briefly discussing Chrysanthi’s approach to the putative parts of speech, as it is tied directly to the morphology of the language. Chrysanthi held that there were essentially only four true parts of speech: Nominals, Adjectives, Verbs, and Adverbs. (Some of his writings go a step further, and group nominals and adjectives together as “Noun Elements,” and verbs and adverbs together as “Verb Elements.”) The nominals are made up of nouns, proper nouns, and pronouns, and indeed these all end in ''‑u'' in Europic. In addition to the classical descriptors, the adjective class contains determiners and numbers (and according to Chrysanthi, numbers are a sub-type of determiner). All members of the adjective class end in ''‑a''. Verbs end in ''‑e'', and there is nothing particularly interesting about their distribution. Finally the adverb class is a bit of a catch-all for all remaining parts of speech. Deadjectival adverbs end in ''‑i'', but otherwise there are no specific vowel endings assigned to the adverb class: prepositions, particles, and conjunctions may end in any vowel except for a small group of non-pronominal, non-adjectival correlatives which end in ''‑o'' (namely, ''[[Contionary: -mo#Europic|‑mo]]'' ‘how’, ''[[Contionary: -no#Europic|‑no]]'' ‘when’, and ''[[Contionary: -vo#Europic|‑vo]]'' ‘where’). And, although he never mentioned them specifically, interjections and exclamations were considered members of the adverb class, almost always ending in ''‑e''. | ||
===Nominals=== | ===Nominals=== | ||
| Line 918: | Line 918: | ||
Personal pronouns have no distinction for gender, but they are the only substantive which has a requisite plural form. There is an animation distinction in the third person. The first person plural has both inclusive and exclusive forms. The possessive of each pronoun is simply the adjectival form of the pronoun, though unlike most adjectives, the possessives are determiners, which precede the noun (phrase) they modify. | Personal pronouns have no distinction for gender, but they are the only substantive which has a requisite plural form. There is an animation distinction in the third person. The first person plural has both inclusive and exclusive forms. The possessive of each pronoun is simply the adjectival form of the pronoun, though unlike most adjectives, the possessives are determiners, which precede the noun (phrase) they modify. | ||
Though recommended usage is to hyphenate the pronouns, this is a little more relaxed in practice than the other compounds, especially for the longer forms, like | Though recommended usage is to hyphenate the pronouns, this is a little more relaxed in practice than the other compounds, especially for the longer forms, like ''[[Contionary: ma-ta-ya-lu#Europic|ma-ta-ya-lu ~ mataya-lu ~ matayalu]]''. | ||
{{Europic personal pronouns}} | {{Europic personal pronouns}} | ||
=====Possessive Pronouns===== | =====Possessive Pronouns===== | ||
The possessive determiners (‘my’, ‘your’, ‘their’, &c) can be converted to pronouns (‘mine’, ‘yours’, ‘theirs’, &c) with the addition of the pronominal suffix | The possessive determiners (‘my’, ‘your’, ‘their’, &c) can be converted to pronouns (‘mine’, ‘yours’, ‘theirs’, &c) with the addition of the pronominal suffix ''[[Contionary: -lu#Europic|-lu]]'', e.g. ''[[Contionary: ta#Europic|ta]]'' ‘your’, ''[[ta-lu#Europic|ta-lu]]'' ‘yours’. | ||
=====Indefinite Pronouns===== | =====Indefinite Pronouns===== | ||
| Line 1,511: | Line 1,511: | ||
** ''[[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|Mandju-ke]]-[[Contionary: mu-tu-ya#Europic|mutù-ya]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].'' | ** ''[[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|Mandju-ke]]-[[Contionary: mu-tu-ya#Europic|mutù-ya]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].'' | ||
*** ‘Let’s all of us eat bread.’ | *** ‘Let’s all of us eat bread.’ | ||
* The final mood is the prohibitive (a.k.a. the negative imperative – “Don’t verb!”) which has a construction similar to the imperative. There are a few ways to form the prohibitive, but the most common is as a regular imperative with the verb ''[[Contionary: ne#Europic|ne]]'' ‘don’t’ followed by an infinitive. (This is a little bit like the verb ''[[ | * The final mood is the prohibitive (a.k.a. the negative imperative – “Don’t verb!”) which has a construction similar to the imperative. There are a few ways to form the prohibitive, but the most common is as a regular imperative with the verb ''[[Contionary: ne#Europic|ne]]'' ‘don’t’ followed by an infinitive. (This is a little bit like the verb ''[[wikt: peidio#Welsh|peidio]]'' in Welsh, or the Chinese prohibitive particle [[wikt: 別|別]].) | ||
** ''[[Contionary: ne#Europic|Ne]]-[[Contionary: tu#Europic|tu]] [[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|mandju-ke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].'' | ** ''[[Contionary: ne#Europic|Ne]]-[[Contionary: tu#Europic|tu]] [[Contionary: mandju-ke#Europic|mandju-ke]] [[Contionary: na#Europic|na]] [[Contionary: klebru#Europic|klebru]].'' | ||
*** ‘Don’t eat bread.’ | *** ‘Don’t eat bread.’ | ||
| Line 2,035: | Line 2,035: | ||
====Polar Questions==== | ====Polar Questions==== | ||
Polar questions (also known as yes-no questions, binary questions, or boolean question) are formed by adding the particle ''[[Contionary: kwa#Europic|kwa]]'' to the beginning of a clause. (While there is no great English translation for this word, it is directly equivalent to Esperanto ''[[ | Polar questions (also known as yes-no questions, binary questions, or boolean question) are formed by adding the particle ''[[Contionary: kwa#Europic|kwa]]'' to the beginning of a clause. (While there is no great English translation for this word, it is directly equivalent to Esperanto ''[[wikt: ĉu#Esperanto|ĉu]]'', Japanese [[wikt: ね|ね]], or Chinese [[wikt: 嗎|嗎]]. If you really wanted to translate this word directly into English, you might think of it as ‘is it (true) that’. It is also directly comparable to the French phrase ''[[wikt: est-ce que|est-ce que]]''.) The word order within the clause does ''not'' change as it does in many European languages. E.g. | ||
* '''''You can''''' come tomorrow. → '''''Can ⇄ you''''' come tomorrow? | * '''''You can''''' come tomorrow. → '''''Can ⇄ you''''' come tomorrow? | ||
* '''''[[Contionary: tu#Europic|Tu]] [[Contionary: pe#Europic|pe]]''' [[Contionary: krasti#Europic|krasti]] [[Contionary: kwe#Europic|kwe]].'' → '''''[[Contionary: kwa#Europic|Kwa]] [[Contionary: tu#Europic|tu]] [[Contionary: pe#Europic|pe]]''' [[Contionary: krasti#Europic|krasti]] [[Contionary: kwe#Europic|kwe]]?'' | * '''''[[Contionary: tu#Europic|Tu]] [[Contionary: pe#Europic|pe]]''' [[Contionary: krasti#Europic|krasti]] [[Contionary: kwe#Europic|kwe]].'' → '''''[[Contionary: kwa#Europic|Kwa]] [[Contionary: tu#Europic|tu]] [[Contionary: pe#Europic|pe]]''' [[Contionary: krasti#Europic|krasti]] [[Contionary: kwe#Europic|kwe]]?'' | ||
| Line 2,106: | Line 2,106: | ||
# If there is a common theme throughout multiple European languages that fits Europic phonology, use it. E.g. Romance, Celtic ''trist-'' ‘sad’ → ''[[Contionary: trista#Europic|trista]]''. (Usually these are borrowings from Latin or Greek that have propagated across the continent.) | # If there is a common theme throughout multiple European languages that fits Europic phonology, use it. E.g. Romance, Celtic ''trist-'' ‘sad’ → ''[[Contionary: trista#Europic|trista]]''. (Usually these are borrowings from Latin or Greek that have propagated across the continent.) | ||
# If there is a clear root, but it begins with a vowel, choose an initial consonant (or cluster) from a parallel source: E.g. Romance ''-am-'' ‘love’ + Germanic/Slavic ''liub-' → ''[[Contionary: lyamu#Europic|lyam-]]''. | # If there is a clear root, but it begins with a vowel, choose an initial consonant (or cluster) from a parallel source: E.g. Romance ''-am-'' ‘love’ + Germanic/Slavic ''liub-' → ''[[Contionary: lyamu#Europic|lyam-]]''. | ||
# If there are two clear roots and one is already used by Esperanto, use the other. E.g. Eo. ''[[ | # If there are two clear roots and one is already used by Esperanto, use the other. E.g. Eo. ''[[wikt: hundo#Esperanto|hundo]]'', ''[[wikt: bovo#Esperanto|bovo]]'', ''[[wikt: ŝnuro#Esperanto|ŝnuro]]'' → Eu. ''[[Contionary: kanu#Europic|kanu]]'', ''[[Contionary: vaku#Europic|vaku]]'', ''[[Contionary: kordu#Europic|kordu]]''. | ||
# If there is a clear root, but it is larger than one syllable, condense it if possible. If it contains illicit consonant clusters, adjust according to the language’s repair strategy. E.g.: ''pastinak-'' ‘parsnips’ → ''[[Contionary: stanku#Europic|stanku]]''. | # If there is a clear root, but it is larger than one syllable, condense it if possible. If it contains illicit consonant clusters, adjust according to the language’s repair strategy. E.g.: ''pastinak-'' ‘parsnips’ → ''[[Contionary: stanku#Europic|stanku]]''. | ||
| Line 2,190: | Line 2,190: | ||
¹ <small>NB: ''[[Contionary: -ismu#Europic|-ismu]]'' is calqued from ''-ism'' only for ideologies ''in favour of'' (''pro'') something (e.g. ''pacifism'', ''nationalism'', ''fascism''). An ideology ''in opposition to'' something must be prefixed with ''[[Contionary: to#Europic|to-]]'' (e.g. ''[[Contionary: to-velismu#Europic|to-velismu]]'' ‘ageism’, ''[[Contionary: to-pelaklarvismu#Europic|to-(pela)klarvismu]]'' ‘racism’). ''[[Contionary: to#Europic|To-]]'' also calques ''anti-'' or ''counter''/''contra-'' in terms like ''anti-semitism'' or ''counter-terrorism''. So terms like ‘anti-racism’ take an additional prefix of ''[[Contionary: dru#Europic|dru-]]'' ‘in opposition’ to avoid reduplicating the prefix, e.g. ''[[Contionary: dru-toklarvismu#Europic|dru-toklarvismu]]'' ‘anti-racism’. But that is beyond the scope of calques at this point.</small> | ¹ <small>NB: ''[[Contionary: -ismu#Europic|-ismu]]'' is calqued from ''-ism'' only for ideologies ''in favour of'' (''pro'') something (e.g. ''pacifism'', ''nationalism'', ''fascism''). An ideology ''in opposition to'' something must be prefixed with ''[[Contionary: to#Europic|to-]]'' (e.g. ''[[Contionary: to-velismu#Europic|to-velismu]]'' ‘ageism’, ''[[Contionary: to-pelaklarvismu#Europic|to-(pela)klarvismu]]'' ‘racism’). ''[[Contionary: to#Europic|To-]]'' also calques ''anti-'' or ''counter''/''contra-'' in terms like ''anti-semitism'' or ''counter-terrorism''. So terms like ‘anti-racism’ take an additional prefix of ''[[Contionary: dru#Europic|dru-]]'' ‘in opposition’ to avoid reduplicating the prefix, e.g. ''[[Contionary: dru-toklarvismu#Europic|dru-toklarvismu]]'' ‘anti-racism’. But that is beyond the scope of calques at this point.</small> | ||
Note that some of these calques are more “performative” than accurate. In Latin and Greek, there are often superfluous affixes that don’t contribute directly to the meaning of the word (for example, many words ending in ''-tion'' could be calqued directly to a noun rather than adding the abstract ''[[Contionary: -acu#Europic|-acu]]'' suffix, but it is kept anyway for recognition purposes. Furthermore, some of the calque “blocks” don’t translate their Europic meaning directly; for example, ''de-'' does not faithfully translate ''[[Contionary: de#Europic|de]]'', e.g. ‘de-scend’ → ''[[Contionary: decende#Europic|de-cende]]'': ''de'' here would be more accurately translated with ''[[Contionary: so-tri#Europic|so-tri]]'', though non-calque form ''[[Contionary: sotri-cende#Europic|sotri-cende]]'' exists as a synonym. Another oblique match-up is ''[[Contionary: pro#Europic|pro]]'', which is often better translated as ''[[Contionary: va-tri#Europic|va-tri]]'' ‘forward’, though ''[[Contionary: va#Europic|va]]'' only occurs in calques as an equivalent of ''[[ | Note that some of these calques are more “performative” than accurate. In Latin and Greek, there are often superfluous affixes that don’t contribute directly to the meaning of the word (for example, many words ending in ''-tion'' could be calqued directly to a noun rather than adding the abstract ''[[Contionary: -acu#Europic|-acu]]'' suffix, but it is kept anyway for recognition purposes. Furthermore, some of the calque “blocks” don’t translate their Europic meaning directly; for example, ''de-'' does not faithfully translate ''[[Contionary: de#Europic|de]]'', e.g. ‘de-scend’ → ''[[Contionary: decende#Europic|de-cende]]'': ''de'' here would be more accurately translated with ''[[Contionary: so-tri#Europic|so-tri]]'', though non-calque form ''[[Contionary: sotri-cende#Europic|sotri-cende]]'' exists as a synonym. Another oblique match-up is ''[[Contionary: pro#Europic|pro]]'', which is often better translated as ''[[Contionary: va-tri#Europic|va-tri]]'' ‘forward’, though ''[[Contionary: va#Europic|va]]'' only occurs in calques as an equivalent of ''[[wikt: ante#Latin|ante]]''. | ||
====Hyphenation==== | ====Hyphenation==== | ||