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[[Ufirlandisg/Lexicon]]
[[Ufirlandisg/Lexicon]]


<!--  
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' ({{PAGENAME}}: ''ufirlandisg māl'' [ˈʊfʲɛːɫantʲɪsk ˈmɑːɫ] "highland-ish"; from PGmc {{recon|ubiri-land-iskaz}}) is an alternate history Germanic language whose phonology is partly inspired by Mandarin, Burmese and RP. It is spoken in our world's Austria, and belongs to the Thedic branch of Germanic like its sister [[Thedish]].


This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
==TODO==
Let me try Sino-RP in Germanic.


I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
Final -d, -d́ lenite to -:, -j > falling tone?
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.


-->
Final -t becomes glottal stop > rising tone
 
==Introduction==
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' ({{PAGENAME}}: ''ufirlandisg māl'' [ˈʊfʲɪrɫantʲɪsk ˈmɑːɫ] "highland-ish"; from PGmc {{recon|ubirilandiskaz}}) is an alternate history Germanic language partly inspired by Mandarin. It is spoken in the Pyrenee Mountains area (this world's southwestern France and northeastern Spain).
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
 
<!-- Example categories/headings:
 
Goals
Setting
Inspiration
 
-->
 
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
 
Vowel inventory
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
Stress
Intonation
 
-->


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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!colspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Dental/Alveolar
!colspan="2" | Dental/Alveolar
!rowspan="2" | Retroflex
!rowspan="2" | Palatal
!rowspan="2" | Palatal
!rowspan="2" | Velar
!rowspan="2" | Velar
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| '''m''' {{IPA|m}} || '''m&#769;''' {{IPA|mʲ}}
| '''m''' {{IPA|m}} || '''m&#769;''' {{IPA|mʲ}}
| '''n''' {{IPA|n̪}} || '''n&#769;''' {{IPA|nʲ}}
| '''n''' {{IPA|n̪}} || '''n&#769;''' {{IPA|nʲ}}
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
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| '''b''' {{IPA|p}} || '''b&#769;''' {{IPA|pʲ}}
| '''b''' {{IPA|p}} || '''b&#769;''' {{IPA|pʲ}}
| '''d''' {{IPA|t̪}}, '''z''' {{IPA|t̪s}} || '''d&#769;''' {{IPA|tʲ}}
| '''d''' {{IPA|t̪}}, '''z''' {{IPA|t̪s}} || '''d&#769;''' {{IPA|tʲ}}
| '''z&#769;, g&#769;''' {{IPA|tʃ}}
| '''dr''' {{IPA|tʂ}}
| '''z&#769;, g&#769;''' {{IPA|tɕ}}
| '''g''' {{IPA|k}}
| '''g''' {{IPA|k}}
|
|
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| '''p''' {{IPA|pʰ}} || '''p&#769;''' {{IPA|pʲʰ}}
| '''p''' {{IPA|pʰ}} || '''p&#769;''' {{IPA|pʲʰ}}
| '''t''' {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || '''t&#769;''' {{IPA|tʲʰ}}
| '''t''' {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || '''t&#769;''' {{IPA|tʲʰ}}
| '''c&#769;''' {{IPA|tʃʰ}}
| '''tr''' {{IPA|tʂʰ}}
| '''c&#769;''' {{IPA|tɕʰ}}
| '''c''' {{IPA|kʰ}}
| '''c''' {{IPA|kʰ}}
|
|
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| '''f''' {{IPA|f}} || '''f&#769;''' {{IPA|fʲ}}
| '''f''' {{IPA|f}} || '''f&#769;''' {{IPA|fʲ}}
| '''s''' {{IPA|s}} ||  
| '''s''' {{IPA|s}} ||  
| '''s&#769;''' {{IPA|ʃ}}
| '''sr''' {{IPA|ʂ}}
| '''s&#769;''' {{IPA|ɕ}}
|
|
| '''h''' {{IPA|h}}
| '''h''' {{IPA|h}}
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!<small>central</small>
!<small>central</small>
| '''w''' {{IPA|w}} || '''wi''' {{IPA|ɥ}}
| '''w''' {{IPA|w}} || '''wi''' {{IPA|ɥ}}
| '''r''' {{IPA|r}} || '''r&#769;''' {{IPA|rʲ}}
| ||  
| '''r''' {{IPA|ɹ}}
| '''j''' {{IPA|j}}  
| '''j''' {{IPA|j}}  
|
|
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!<small>lateral</small>
!<small>lateral</small>
| ||
| ||
| '''l''' {{IPA|ɫ}} || '''l&#769;''' {{IPA|lʲ}}
| '''l''' {{IPA|l~ɫ}} || '''l&#769;''' {{IPA|lʲ}}
|
|
|
|
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{{PAGENAME}} has an aspiration distinction in stops; however, the distinction is neutralized in word-final position.
{{PAGENAME}} has an aspiration distinction in stops; however, the distinction is neutralized in word-final position.
Glottal reinforcement is used, as in RP.


When consonants written with an acute accent is followed by a vowel, the acute accent is replaced with an ''i'' (except with /i/ and /iː/).
When consonants written with an acute accent is followed by a vowel, the acute accent is replaced with an ''i'' (except with /i/ and /iː/).
* Broad /l/ is only dark in coda position


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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| '''ī''' /iː/, '''ǖ, uī''' /yː/
| '''ī''' /iː/, '''ǖ, uī''' /yː/
|  
|  
| '''ē''' /ɨː/
|  
| '''u''' /u/
| '''u''' /u/
| '''ū''' /uː/
| '''ū''' /uː/
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|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| '''ē''' /ɤː/
|-
|-
! style="" |Mid
! style="" |Mid
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Semivowel onglides: '''ü u''' /ɥ w/
Semivowel onglides: '''ü u''' /ɥ w/


Diphthongs: '''ai iau iu''' /aj aw jəw/
Diphthongs: '''ai au iu''' /aj aw jəw/


In unstressed syllables, the hard vowels ''a, e'' correspond to the soft vowels ''ie/üe, i''.
In unstressed syllables, the hard vowels ''a, e'' correspond to the soft vowels ''ie/üe, i''.


===Tone===
Ufirlandisg, like Mandarin and Swedish, is a tonal language.
===Prosody===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Stress====
====Intonation====
Primary stress is word-initial except for certain prefixes. There is secondary stress in every compound word component.


===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
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-->
-->
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
{{PAGENAME}} nouns have 2 numbers and 4 cases, but the nominative has merged with the accusative, and the dative with the genitive. Unusually for a Germanic language, there is no grammatical gender. The endings are fairly conservative. However, there has been some conflation between different declension paradigms.
{{PAGENAME}} nouns do not inflect by case. Plurals are most often formed by tone change: ''dal'' /tal1/ 'valley', ''dale'' /tal2/ 'valleys'. Sometimes they are formed with ''-r'' (which amounts to adding a word final schwa): ''name'' /nam2/ 'name', ''namer'' /namə/ 'names'.
 
The indefinite article is indeclinable: ''e'' is used before consonants and ''en'' before vowels. The definite article is likewise always ''se''.
====a-stems====
Also includes the an-stem nouns (which have regularized their declension).
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | a-stem: ''dal'' 'valley'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''dal'' || ''dale''  
|-
! Genitive
| ''dale'' || ''dalem''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | a-stem: ''namen'' 'name'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''namen'' || ''namne''
|-
! Genitive
| ''namne'' || ''namnem''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ja-stem: ''baś'' 'berry'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''baś'' || ''basi''
|-
! Genitive
| ''basi'' || ''basim''  
|}
 
====Vowel stems====
This class also includes the former ō-stems and u-stems (whose stems end in a hard consonant) and former i-stems, īn-stems and z-stems (whose stems end in a soft consonant).
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ō-stem: ''nasa'' 'nose'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''nasa'' || ''nasar''
|-
! Genitive
| ''nasar'' || ''nasam''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | u-stem: ''süda'' 'custom'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''süda'' || ''südar''
|-
! Genitive
| ''südar'' || ''südam''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | i-stem: ''geburzie'' 'birth'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''geburzie'' || ''geburzier''
|-
! Genitive
| ''geburzier'' || ''geburziem''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | īn-stem: ''langinie'' 'length'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''langinie'' || ''langinier''
|-
! Genitive
| ''langinier'' || ''langiniem''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | z-stem: ''lambie'' 'lamb'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''lambie'' || ''lambier''
|-
! Genitive
| ''lambier'' || ''lambiem''
|}
 
====r-stems====
This class includes only these kinship terms: ''fadier'' 'father', ''mādier'' 'mother', ''brāzier'' 'brother', ''dūtier'' 'daughter', ''süesdier'' 'sister'.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | r-stem: ''fadier'' 'father'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''fadier'' || ''fadrar''
|-
! Genitive
| ''fadrar'' || ''fadram''
|}
 
====Other irregular nouns====
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ''muon'' 'man'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''muon'' || ''manier''
|-
! Genitive
| ''manier'' || ''muonam''
|}


===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
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|-
|-
! nom.
! nom.
| ''jac'' || ''zū'' || ''ir'' || ''sī'' || ''it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''jā'' || ''-''
| ''jac'' /jaʔ¹/ || ''jūr'' /joː(ɹ)¹/ || ''ir'' /ɛː(ɹ)¹/ || ''sī'' /ɕɪj¹/ || ''it'' /jɪʔ¹/ || ''sum'' /sʊŋ¹/ || ''jūr'' /joː(ɹ)¹/ || ''niā'' /njɑː(ɹ)¹/ || ''-''
|-
|-
! acc.
! acc.
| ''mic'' || ''zic'' || ''ina'' || ''ije'' || ''it'' || ''unś'' || ''jou'' || ''jā'' || ''sic''
| ''mic'' /mɪʔ¹/ || ''jou'' /jəʊ¹/ || ''zina'' /tɕɪŋ²/ || ''zije'' /tɕɪj²/ || ''it'' /jɪʔ¹/ || ''unś'' /ũːɕ¹/ || ''jou'' /jəʊ¹/ || ''ziā'' /tɕɑː(ɹ)¹/ || ''sic'' /ɕɪʔ¹/
|-
|-
! dat.
! dat.
| ''mir'' || ''zir'' || ''ime'' || ''jare'' || ''ime'' || ''unś'' || ''jou'' || ''imi'' || ''sir''
| ''mir'' /mjɛː(ɹ)¹/ || ''jou'' /jəʊ¹/ || ''zime'' /tɕɪŋ²/ || ''ziarer'' /tɕɑː(ɹ)²/ || ''zime'' /tɕɪŋ²/ || ''unś'' /ũːɕ¹/ || ''jou'' /jəʊ¹/ || ''zim'' /tɕɪŋ¹/ || ''sir'' /ɕɛː(ɹ)¹/
|-
|-
! gen.
! poss.
| ''mīn'' || ''zīn'' || ''jas'' || ''jarar'' || ''jas'' || ''unsier'' || ''jour'' || ''jara'' || ''sīn''
| ''mīn'' /mɪ̃j¹/ || ''jour'' /jɛː(ɹ)¹, jə(ɹ)¹/ || ''zias'' /tɕəs¹/ || ''ziar'' /tɕɑː(ɹ)¹/ || ''zias'' /tɕəs¹/ || ''unsier'' /ũːɕə(ɹ)/ || ''jour'' /jɛː(ɹ)¹, jə(ɹ)¹/ || ''ziara'' /tɕɑː(ɹ)²/ || ''sīn'' /ɕɪ̃j¹/
|}
|}


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
Most adjectives take ''-a'' (for hard stems) or ''-ie'' (for soft stems) if it is definite or plural: cf. ''se liau watnie'' 'the lukewarm water' vs. ''liau watnie'' 'lukewarm water' vs. ''se watnie iś liau'' 'the water is lukewarm'.
Most adjectives take ''-a'' (for hard stems) or ''-ie'' (for soft stems) if it is definite OR plural: cf.  
 
*''se liawa watinı'' 'the lukewarm water'
*''liau watinı'' 'lukewarm water'
*''se watinı iś liau'' 'the water is lukewarm'
*''māra bāce'' 'big books'
*''se bāce ir māra'' 'the books are big'


The comparative and superlatives are formed by the suffixes ''-ier'' and ''-sd'': ''suōt, suōtier, suōtsd'' 'sweet, sweeter, sweetest'.
The comparative and superlatives are formed by the suffixes ''-ier'' and ''-sd'': ''suōt, suōtier, suōtsd'' 'sweet, sweeter, sweetest'.
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|-
|-
! "good"
! "good"
| ''gād''
| ''gād'' /kɑː²/
| ''batier''
| ''batier'' /patjə(ɹ)/
| ''basd''
| ''basd'' /paht¹/
|-
|-
! "bad"
! "bad"
| ''ubiel''
| ''druk'' /tʂʊʔ¹/
| ''wirsier''
| ''wirsier'' /ɥœːɕə(ɹ)/
| ''wirsd''
| ''wirsd'' /ɥœːht¹/
|-
|-
! "many"
! "many"
| ''fial''
| ''miciel'' /mɪt͡ɕəɫ/
| ''mýr''
| ''mēr'' /mɜː(ɹ)¹/
| ''mýst''
| ''mēsd'' /mɤːht¹/
|}
|}


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
The verbal system is the most conservative part of {{PAGENAME}} grammar. Verbs have three paradigms: athematic stems, thematic a-stems and thematic i-stems.
Verbs have three paradigms: athematic stems, thematic a-stems and thematic i-stems.


Most verbs have three principal parts: the present stem (remove the -n from the infinitive), the past stem and the past participle. The past subjunctive always uses the past participle stem.
Most verbs have three principal parts: the present stem (remove the -n from the infinitive), the past stem and the past participle. The past subjunctive always uses the past participle stem.


====Thematic verbs====
====Thematic verbs====
=====-an verbs=====
=====-en verbs=====
This is the most productive class of verbs.
This is the most productive class of verbs.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''makan'' 'to make''''
|+ '''''maken'' 'to make''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''zū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''jā''  
! tense || ''jak/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''  
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present
| ''maka'' || ''makaś'' || ''makaź'' || ''makam'' || ''makaz'' || ''makanź''
| ''make'' [maʔ²] || ''maked'' [maʔkʰə(ɹ)]
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''maka'' || ''makas'' || ''maka'' ||  ''makam'' || ''makaz'' || ''makan''
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''makadie'' || ''makadiesd'' || ''makadie'' || ''makadiem'' || ''makadied'' || ''makadien''
| ''makedie'' [maʔkʰɪj] || ''makedie'' [maʔkʰɪj]
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''makadi'' || ''makadisd'' || ''makadi'' || ''makadim'' || ''makadid'' || ''makadin''  
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''maka!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''makaz!'' || ''-''
| ''-'' || ''mace!'' [maʔ²]
|-
|-
!colspan="7"|
!colspan="4"|
|-
|-
! present participle
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''makand''
|colspan="2"| ''makend'' [maʔkʰənʔ]
|-
|-
! past participle
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''makad''
|colspan="2"| ''makedie'' [maʔkʰɪj]
|}
|}


Also: ''liaufan'' 'love', ''lirnan'' 'learn'
Also: ''liaufen'' [ljaʊfən] 'love', ''lirnen'' [ljɛːnən] 'learn'


=====-in verbs=====
=====-ien verbs=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''rēcin'' 'to reach''''
|+ '''''rēcen'' 'to reach''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''zū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''jā''
! tense || ''jak/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''  
|-
! present indicative
| ''rēci'' || ''rēciś'' || ''rēciź'' || ''rēcim'' || ''rēciz'' || ''rēcinź''  
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present
| ''rēci'' || ''rēcis'' || ''rēci'' ||  ''rēcim'' || ''rēciz'' || ''rēcin''
| ''rēce'' [ɹɤːʔtʃ²] ||  ''rēced'' [ɹɤːʔtʃʰə(ɹ)]
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''rēcidie'' || ''rēcidiesd'' || ''rēcidie'' || ''rēcidiem'' || ''rēcidied'' || ''rēcidien''
| ''rēcedie'' [ɹɤːʔtʃʰɪj] || ''rēcedie'' [ɹɤːʔtʃʰɪj]
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''rēcidi'' || ''rēcidisd'' || ''rēcidi'' || ''rēcidim'' || ''rēcidid'' || ''rēcidin''  
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''rēci!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''rēciz!'' || ''-''
| ''-'' || ''rēce!'' [ɹɤːʔtʃ²]
|-
|-
!colspan="7"|
!colspan="4"|
|-
|-
! present participle
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''rēcind''
|colspan="2"| ''rēcend'' [ɹɤːʔtʃʰənʔ]
|-
|-
! past participle
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''rēcid''
|colspan="2"| ''rēcedie'' [ɹɤːʔtʃʰɪj]
|}
|}


Also: ''arbēdin'' 'work'; ''haurin'' 'hear'; ''lērin'' 'teach'; ''sagin'' 'say'; ''ertalin'' 'tell, recount'; ''ranin'' 'run (transitive), execute, set into motion'
Also: ''arbēdien'' 'work'; ''haurien'' 'hear'; ''lērien'' 'teach'; ''sagien'' 'say'; ''ertalien'' 'tell, recount'; ''ranien'' 'run (transitive), execute, set into motion'


Verbs with a long vowel and dental suffix ''t'' in the past tense, e.g. ''bringin, brātie, brāt'' 'bring'; ''bugin, būtie, būt'' 'buy'; ''zancin, zātie, zāt'' - 'think' form a small subclass of the ''-in'' verbs.
Verbs like e.g. ''bringin, bragtie, bragt'' 'bring'; ''bugin, bugtie, bugt'' 'buy'; ''zancin, zagtie, zagt'' - 'think' form a small subclass of the ''-in'' verbs.


====Athematic verbs====
====Athematic verbs====
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''bīten'' 'to bite''''
|+ '''''bīten'' 'to bite''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''zū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''jā''  
! tense || ''jac/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''  
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present
| ''bīta'' || ''bītier'' || ''bītied́'' || ''bītem'' || ''bītied'' || ''bītend́''
| ''bīte'' /piːʔ²/ ||  ''bīted'' /piːʔə(ɹ)/
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''bīte'' || ''bīter'' || ''bīte'' ||  ''bītem'' || ''bīted'' || ''bīten''
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''bēt'' || ''bētsd'' || ''bēt'' || ''bētam'' || ''bētad'' || ''bētan''
| ''bēt'' /pɤːʔ¹/ || ''bēt'' /pɤːʔ¹/
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''biti'' || ''bitisd'' || ''biti'' || ''bitim'' || ''bitid'' || ''bitin''
| ''biti'' /pɪʔɪ/ || ''biti'' /pɪʔɪ/
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''bīt!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''bītied!'' || ''-''
| ''-'' || ''bīt!'' /piːʔ²/
|-
|-
!colspan="7"|
!colspan="4"|
|-
|-
! present participle
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''bītend''
|colspan="3"| ''bītend'' /piːʔənʔ/
|-
|-
! past participle
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''biten''
|colspan="3"| ''biten'' /pɪʔən/
|}
|}
Also: ''śgīnen, sgēn, śginen'' 'shine', ''drīfen, drēf, drifen'' 'drive', ''clīfen, clēf, clifen'' 'stick, cling', ''rīten, rēt, riten'' 'write'
Also: ''sgīnen, sgēn, sginen'' 'shine', ''drīfen, drēf, drifen'' 'drive', ''clīfen, clēf, clifen'' 'stick, cling', ''rīten, rēt, riten'' 'write'


=====Strong class 2=====
=====Strong class 2=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''ciausen'' 'to choose''''
|+ '''''fliaugen'' 'to fly, flee''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''zū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''jā''
! tense || ''jak/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''  
|-
! present indicative
| ''ciausa'' || ''ciausier'' || ''ciausied́'' || ''ciausem'' || ''ciausied'' || ''ciausend́''  
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present
| ''ciause'' || ''ciauser'' || ''ciause'' ||  ''ciausem'' || ''ciaused'' || ''ciausen''
| ''fliauge'' /tʃaʊs²/ ||  ''fliauged'' /tʃaʊsə(ɹ)/
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''caus'' || ''causd'' || ''caus'' || ''causam'' || ''causad'' || ''causan''  
| ''flaug'' /ˈkʰaʊs¹/ || ''flaug'' /ˈkʰaʊs¹/
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''curi'' || ''curisd'' || ''curi'' || ''curim'' || ''curid'' || ''curin''  
| ''flugi'' /ˈkʰʊɹɪ/ || ''flugi'' /ˈkʰʊɹɪ/
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''ciaus!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''ciausied!'' || ''-''
| ''-'' || ''fliaug!'' /tʃaʊs²/
|-
|-
!colspan="7"|
!colspan="4"|
|-
|-
! present participle
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''ciausend''
|colspan="2"| ''fliaugend'' / /tʃaʊsənʔ/
|-
|-
! past participle
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''curen''
|colspan="2"| ''flugen'' /ˈkʰʊɹən/
|}
|}
Also: ''biauden, baud, buden'' 'offer, bid', ''biaugen, baug, bugen'' 'bow', ''fliaugen, flaug, flugen'' 'fly', ''fliawen, flau, fluwen'' 'flee, escape', ''friausen, fraus, fruren'' 'freeze'
Also: ''biauden, baud, buden'' 'offer, bid', ''biaugen, baug, bugen'' 'bow', ''fliaugen, , flugen'' 'fly', ''fliawen, flau, fluwen'' 'flee, escape', ''friausen, fraus, fruren'' 'freeze'


=====Strong class 3=====
=====Strong class 3=====
Line 523: Line 338:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''binden'' 'to tie, to bind''''
|+ '''''binden'' 'to tie, to bind''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''zū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''jā''
! tense || ''jac/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''  
|-
! present indicative
| ''binda'' || ''bindier'' || ''bindied́'' || ''bindem'' || ''bindied'' || ''bindend́''  
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present
| ''binde'' || ''binder'' || ''binde'' ||  ''bindem'' || ''binded'' || ''binden''
| ''bindie'' || ''bindied''  
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''band'' || ''bandsd'' || ''band'' || ''bandam'' || ''bandad'' || ''bandan''  
| ''band'' || ''band''  
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''bundi'' || ''bundisd'' || ''bundi'' || ''bundim'' || ''bundid'' || ''bundin''  
| ''bundi'' || ''bundi''  
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''bind!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''bindied!'' || ''-''  
| ''-'' || ''bind!''  
|-
|-
!colspan="7"|
!colspan="7"|
|-
|-
! present participle
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''bindend''
|colspan="4"| ''bindend''
|-
|-
! past participle
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''bunden''
|colspan="4"| ''bunden''
|}
|}


Also: ''bieginen, biegan, biegunen'' 'begin'; ''drincen, dranc, druncen'' 'drink'; ''finzen, fanz, funzen'' 'find'; ''grinden, grand, grunden'' 'grind'; ''rinen, ran, runen'' 'run'; ''śbringen, sbrang, sbrungen'' 'burst, explode'; ''singen, sang, sungen'' 'sing'; ''wierpen, warp, wurpen'' 'throw'; ''źringen, zrang, zrungen'' 'press, force, push through'
Also: ''bieginen, biegan, biegunen'' 'begin'; ''drincen, dranc, druncen'' 'drink'; ''finzen, fanz, funzen'' 'find'; ''grinden, grand, grunden'' 'grind'; ''rinen, ran, runen'' 'run'; ''sbringen, sbrang, sbrungen'' 'burst, explode'; ''simben, samb, sumben'' 'sing'; ''wierpen, warp, wurpen'' 'throw'; ''źrimben, zramb, zrumben'' 'press, force, push through'


=====Strong class 4=====
=====Strong class 4=====
Line 556: Line 368:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''biaren'' 'to carry''''
|+ '''''biaren'' 'to carry''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''zū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''jā''  
! tense || ''jac/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''  
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present
| ''biara'' || ''biarier'' || ''biaried́'' || ''biarem'' || ''biaried'' || ''biarend́''
| ''biarie'' || ''biaried''  
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''biare'' || ''biarer'' || ''biare'' ||  ''biarem'' || ''biared'' || ''biaren''
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''bar'' || ''barsd'' || ''bar'' || ''baram'' || ''barad'' || ''baran''  
| ''bar'' || ''bar''  
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''buri'' || ''burisd'' || ''buri'' || ''burim'' || ''burid'' || ''burin''  
| ''buri'' || ''buri''  
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''biar!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''biaried!'' || ''-''  
| ''-'' || ''biar!''  
|-
|-
!colspan="7"|
!colspan="4"|
|-
|-
! present participle
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''biarend''
|colspan="2"| ''biarend''
|-
|-
! past participle
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''buren''
|colspan="2"| ''buren''
|}
|}
Also: ''briaken, brak, bruken'' 'break', ''niamen, nam, numen'' 'take', ''cüemen, kam, kumen'' 'come', ''śbriaken, sbrak, sbruken'' 'speak', ''śdialen, sdal, sdulen'' 'steal', ''hialpen, halp, hulpen'' 'help', ''driasg, drasg, drusgen'' 'thresh', ''śdiarf, sdarf, sdurfen'' 'die'
Also: ''briaken, brak, bruken'' 'break', ''niamen, nam, numen'' 'take', ''piamen, pam, pumen'' 'come', ''sbriaken, sbrak, sbruken'' 'speak', ''sdialen, sdal, sdulen'' 'steal', ''hialpen, halp, hulpen'' 'help', ''driasg, drasg, drusgen'' 'thresh', ''sdiarf, sdarf, sdurfen'' 'die'


=====Strong class 5=====
=====Strong class 5=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''giafen'' 'to give''''
|+ '''''giafen'' 'to give''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''zū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''jā''  
! tense || ''jac/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''  
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present
| ''giafa'' || ''giafier'' || ''giafied́'' || ''giafem'' || ''giafied'' || ''giafend́''
| ''giafie'' || ''giafied''  
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''giafe'' || ''giafer'' || ''giafe'' ||  ''giafem'' || ''giafed'' || ''giafen''
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''gaf'' || ''gafsd'' || ''gaf'' || ''gafam'' || ''gafad'' || ''gafan''  
| ''gaf'' || ''gaf''  
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''giafi'' || ''giafisd'' || ''giafi'' || ''giafim'' || ''giafid'' || ''giafin''  
| ''giafi'' || ''giafi''  
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''giaf!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''giafied!'' || ''-''  
| ''-'' || ''giaf!''  
|-
|-
!colspan="7"|
!colspan="4"|
|-
|-
! present participle
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''giafend''
|colspan="3"| ''giafend''
|-
|-
! past participle
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''giafen''
|colspan="3"| ''giafen''
|}
|}
Also: ''driapen, drap, driapen'' 'hit, meet', ''fergiaten, fergat, fergiaten'' 'forget', ''liasen, las, liaren'' 'read', ''siawen, saw, siawen'' 'see'. There are also the j-present verbs ''bidin, bad, biaden'' 'beg, pray', ''ligin, lag, liagen'' 'lie'
Also: ''driapen, drap, driapen'' 'hit, meet', ''fergiaten, fergat, fergiaten'' 'forget', ''liasen, las, liaren'' 'read', ''siawen, saw, siawen'' 'see'. There are also the j-present verbs ''bidin, bad, biaden'' 'beg, pray', ''ligin, lag, liagen'' 'lie'
Line 616: Line 422:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''grafen'' 'to dig''''
|+ '''''grafen'' 'to dig''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''zū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''jā''
! tense || ''jac/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''  
|-
! present indicative
| ''grafa'' || ''grafier'' || ''grafied́'' || ''grafem'' || ''grafied'' || ''grafend́''  
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present
| ''grafe'' || ''grafer'' || ''grafe'' ||  ''grafem'' || ''grafed'' || ''grafen''
| ''grafie'' || ''grafied''  
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''grāf'' || ''grāfsd'' || ''grāf'' || ''grāfam'' || ''grāfad'' || ''grāfan''  
| ''grāf'' || ''grāf''  
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''grafi'' || ''grafisd'' || ''grafi'' || ''grafim'' || ''grafid'' || ''grafin''  
| ''grafi'' || ''grafi''  
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''graf!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''grafied!'' || ''-''  
| ''-'' || ''graf!''  
|-
|-
!colspan="7"|
!colspan="4"|
|-
|-
! present participle
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''grafend''
|colspan="3"| ''grafend''
|-
|-
! past participle
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''grafen''
|colspan="3"| ''grafen''
|}
|}
Also: ''faren, fār, faren'' 'spread', ''slagen, slāg, slagen'' 'strike', ''sdanden, sdānd, sdanden'' 'stand', ''wagsen, wāgs, wagsen'' 'grow', ''wasgen, wāsg, wasgen'' 'wash', ''jaten, jāt, jaten'' 'eat' (reclassified from class 5)
Also: ''faren, fār, faren'' 'spread', ''slagen, slāg, slagen'' 'strike', ''sdanden, sdānd, sdanden'' 'stand', ''wagsen, wāgs, wagsen'' 'grow', ''wasgen, wāsg, wasgen'' 'wash', ''jaten, jāt, jaten'' 'eat' (reclassified from class 5)


=====Strong class 7=====
=====Strong class 7=====
hēten, hīt, hīten - to be called
''hēten, hīt, hīten'' - to be called


laupen, liaup, liaupen - to jump, leap
''laupen, liaup, liaupen'' - to jump, leap


sdauten, śdiaut, śdiauten - to bump, crash
''sdauten, sdiaut, sdiauten'' - to bump, collide, crash


hald, hiald, hialden - to hold
''hald, hiald, hialden'' - to hold


liāten, līt, liāten - to let
''liāten, līt, liāten'' - to let


siān, siādie, siād - to sow (regularized)
''siān, siādie, siād'' - to sow (regularized)


====Preterite-present verbs====
====Preterite-present verbs====
Line 660: Line 463:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''witen'' 'to know''''
|+ '''''witen'' 'to know''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''zū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''jā''  
! tense || ''jac/jūr/ir/sī/it/sum/niā''  
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present indicative
| ''wōt'' || ''wōsd'' || ''wōt'' || ''witam'' || ''witad'' || ''witan''  
| ''wōt''  
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''witi'' || ''witir'' || ''witi'' ||  ''witim'' || ''witid'' || ''witin''
| ''witi''  
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''wiśdie'' || ''wiśdiesd'' || ''wiśdie'' || ''wiśdiem'' || ''wiśdied'' || ''wiśdien''  
| ''wisdie''  
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''wiśdi'' || ''wiśdisd'' || ''wiśdi'' || ''wiśdim'' || ''wiśdid'' || ''wiśdin''  
| ''wisdi''  
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''wit!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''witad!'' || ''-''
| ''wit!''
|-
|-
!colspan="7"|
!colspan="3"|
|-
|-
! present participle
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''witend''
|colspan="2"| ''witend''
|-
|-
! past participle
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''wisd''
|colspan="2"| ''wisd''
|}
|}


Line 689: Line 492:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''cunen'' 'can''''
|+ '''''cunen'' 'can''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''zū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''jā''  
! tense || ''jac/jūr/ir/sī/it/sum/niā''  
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present indicative
| ''can'' || ''cansd'' || ''can'' || ''cunam'' || ''cunad'' || ''cunan''  
| ''can''  
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''cuni'' || ''cunir'' || ''cuni'' ||  ''cunim'' || ''cunid'' || ''cunin''
| ''cuni''  
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''cundie'' || ''cundiesd'' || ''cundie'' || ''cundiem'' || ''cundied'' || ''cundien''  
| ''cundie''  
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''cundi'' || ''cundisd'' || ''cundi'' || ''cundim'' || ''cundid'' || ''cundin''  
| ''cundi''  
|}
|}


Line 707: Line 510:


=====''magen'' 'may'=====
=====''magen'' 'may'=====
The present forms of this verb are derived from Gmc {{recon|''maganą''}} (~ Eng. ''may'', ''might''), and the past forms are from PGmc {{recon|''mōtaną''}} (~ Eng. ''must'').
The present forms of this verb are derived from PGmc {{recon|''maganą''}} (~ Eng. ''may'', ''might''), and the past forms are from PGmc {{recon|''mōtaną''}} (~ Eng. ''must'').
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''magen'' 'may''''
|+ '''''magen'' 'may''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''zū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''jā''  
! tense || ''jac/jūr/ir/sī/it/sum/niā''  
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present indicative
| ''mag'' || ''magsd'' || ''mag'' || ''muogam'' || ''muogad'' || ''muogan''  
| ''mag''  
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''magi'' || ''magir'' || ''magi'' ||  ''magim'' || ''magid'' || ''magin''
| ''magi''  
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''māsdie'' || ''māsdiesd'' || ''māsdie'' || ''māsdiem'' || ''māsdied'' || ''māsdien''  
| ''māsdie''  
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''māsdi'' || ''māsdisd'' || ''māsdi'' || ''māsdim'' || ''māsdid'' || ''māsdin''  
| ''māsdi''  
|}
|}


Line 729: Line 532:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''wilen'' 'want to, will''''
|+ '''''wilen'' 'want to, will''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''zū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''jā''  
! tense || ''jac/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''  
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present indicative
| ''wī'' || ''wīsd'' || ''wī'' || ''wīm'' || ''wīd'' || ''wīn''  
| ''wī'' || ''wīd''  
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''wili'' || ''wilir'' || ''wili'' ||  ''wilim'' || ''wilid'' || ''wilin''
| ''wili'' ||  ''wilid''  
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''wildie'' || ''wildiesd'' || ''wildie'' || ''wildiem'' || ''wildied'' || ''wildien''  
| ''wildie'' || ''wildie''  
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''wildi'' || ''wildisd'' || ''wildi'' || ''wildim'' || ''wildid'' || ''wildin''  
| ''wildi'' || ''wildi''  
|}
|}


Line 747: Line 550:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''biaun'' 'to be''''
|+ '''''biaun'' 'to be''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''zū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''jā''  
! tense || ''jac'' || ''jūr'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''sum'' || ''niā''  
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present indicative
| ''im'' || ''ir'' || ''iś'' || ''wiram'' || ''wirad'' || ''wiranź''  
| ''im'' || ''ired''/''ir'' || ''iś'' || ''irem''/''ir'' || ''ir''
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''sije'' || ''sijer'' || ''sije'' ||  ''sijem'' || ''sijed'' || ''sijen''
| ''sije'' || ''sijed'' || ''sijed'' ||  ''sijed'' || ''sije''
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''was'' || ''wasd'' || ''was'' || ''wiēram'' || ''wiērad'' || ''wiēran''  
| ''was'' || ''wiēra'' || ''was'' || ''wiēra'' || ''wiēra''  
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''wiēri'' || ''wiērisd'' || ''wiēri'' || ''wiērim'' || ''wiērid'' || ''wiērin''  
| ''wiēri'' || ''wiēri'' || ''wiēri'' || ''wiēri'' || ''wiēri''  
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''biau!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''biaud!'' || ''-''  
| ''-'' || ''biau!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''-''  
|-
|-
!colspan="7"|
!colspan="6"|
|-
|-
! present participle
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''wiesend''
|colspan="5"| ''wiesend''
|-
|-
! past participle
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''wiēren''
|colspan="5"| ''wiēren''
|}
|}


Line 776: Line 579:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''han'' 'to have (auxiliary)''''
|+ '''''han'' 'to have (auxiliary)''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''zū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''jā''  
! tense || ''jac/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''  
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present indicative
| ''ha'' || ''haś'' || ''haź'' || ''ham'' || ''haz'' || ''hanź''  
| ''ha'' || ''had''  
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''hafe'' || ''hafis'' || ''hafi'' ||  ''hafim'' || ''hafiz'' || ''hafin''
| ''hafi'' ||  ''hafid''  
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''hadie'' || ''hadiesd'' || ''hadie'' || ''hadiem'' || ''hadied'' || ''hadien''  
| ''hadie'' || ''hadie''  
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''hadi'' || ''hadisd'' || ''hadi'' || ''hadim'' || ''hadid'' || ''hadin''  
| ''hadi'' || ''hadi''  
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''ha!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''haz!'' || ''-''  
| ''-'' || ''ha!''  
|-
|-
!colspan="7"|
!colspan="4"|
|-
|-
! present participle
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''hafind''
|colspan="3"| ''hafind''
|-
|-
! past participle
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''had''
|colspan="3"| ''had''
|}
|}


Line 805: Line 608:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''dān'' 'to do''''
|+ '''''dān'' 'to do''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''zū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''jā''  
! tense || ''jac/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''  
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present
| ''dā'' || ''dāś'' || ''dāź'' || ''dām'' || ''dāz'' || ''dānź''
| ''dā'' ||  ''dād''  
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''dā'' || ''dās'' || ''dā'' ||  ''dām'' || ''dāz'' || ''dān''
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''diadie'' || ''diadiesd'' || ''diadie'' || ''diadiem'' || ''diadied'' || ''diadien''  
| ''diadie'' || ''diadie''  
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''diadi'' || ''diadisd'' || ''diadi'' || ''diadim'' || ''diadid'' || ''diadin''  
| ''diadi'' || ''diadi''  
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''dā!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''dāz!'' || ''-''  
| ''-'' || ''dā!''  
|-
|-
!colspan="7"|
!colspan="4"|
|-
|-
! present participle
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''dānd''
|colspan="3"| ''dānd''
|-
|-
! past participle
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''dān''
|colspan="3"| ''dān''
|}
|}


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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''gān'' 'to go''''
|+ '''''gān'' 'to go''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''zū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''jā''  
! tense || ''jac/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''  
|-
|-
! present indicative
! present indicative
| ''gā'' || ''gāś'' || ''gāź'' || ''gām'' || ''gāz'' || ''gānź''
| ''gā'' ||  ''gād''  
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''gā'' || ''gās'' || ''gā'' ||  ''gām'' || ''gāz'' || ''gān''
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''giang'' || ''giangsd'' || ''giang'' || ''giangam'' || ''giangad'' || ''giangan''  
| ''giang'' || ''giang''  
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''giangi'' || ''giangisd'' || ''giangi'' || ''giangim'' || ''giangid'' || ''giangin''  
| ''giangi'' || ''giangi''  
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''gā!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''gāz!'' || ''-''  
| ''-'' || ''gā!''  
|-
|-
!colspan="7"|
!colspan="4"|
|-
|-
! present participle
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''gānd''
|colspan="3"| ''gānd''
|-
|-
! past participle
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''giangen''
|colspan="3"| ''giangen''
|}
|}


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*''undier'' = (+ acc/dat for movement resp. location) under, between, among
*''undier'' = (+ acc/dat for movement resp. location) under, between, among
*''wizer'' = (+ acc) at, next to, by
*''wizer'' = (+ acc) at, next to, by
*''zank'' = (+ dat) thanks to


===Numbers===
===Numbers===
*1: ''ēn'' /ɨːn/ (ordinal ''ērsd'')
Base-120 system.
*1: ''ēn'' /ɤːn/ (ordinal ''ērsd'')
*2: ''tuō'' /tʰwɔː/ (ordinal ''anzier'')
*2: ''tuō'' /tʰwɔː/ (ordinal ''anzier'')
*3: ''zrī'' /tsrʲiː/
*3: ''zrī'' /tsrʲiː/
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*6: ''siags'' /ʃaks/
*6: ''siags'' /ʃaks/
*7: ''süef'' /ʃɥœf/
*7: ''süef'' /ʃɥœf/
*8: ''āta'' /ˈaːtʰa/
*8: ''agta'' /ˈaːktʰa/
*9: ''niaun'' /nʲaun/
*9: ''niaun'' /nʲaun/
*10: ''tiaun'' /tʲʰaun/
*10: ''tiaun'' /tʲʰaun/
Line 923: Line 722:
*16: ''siagstiun''
*16: ''siagstiun''
*17: ''süeftiun''
*17: ''süeftiun''
*18: ''āttiun''
*18: ''agtiun''
*19: ''niauntiun''
*19: ''niauntiun''
*20: ''tuōntig''
*20: ''tuōntig''
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*60: ''siagstig''
*60: ''siagstig''
*70: ''süeftig''
*70: ''süeftig''
*80: ''āttig''
*80: ''agtig''
*90: ''niauntig''
*90: ''niauntig''
*100: ''hundrad''
*100: ''tiauntig''
*1000: ''zūsand́''
*110: ''ēnliftig''
*120: ''hundrad''
*14400: ''zūsand́''


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
Word order is V2 (also SAuxVO), but is VSO in questions and VO in imperatives:
Word order is SVO, and VO in imperatives. Questions may use a question particle ''jez'' at the end, but this is optional.


:'''''sī iś mīn lēraŕ.'''''
:'''''Sī iś mīn lēraŕ.'''''
:''She is my teacher.''
:''She is my teacher.''


:'''''Giasdern giang jac bugin ubati.'''''
:'''''Giasdern jac giang bugin ubati.'''''
:''Yesterday I went to buy fruit.''
:''Yesterday I went to buy fruit.''


:'''''Wōsd zū zat ēnć?'''''
:'''''Nie wōt jūr zat jez?'''''
:''Don't you know that?''
:''Don't you know that?''


Line 952: Line 753:
:''Eat your vegetables!''
:''Eat your vegetables!''


Verbs are negated with ''ēnć'':
Verbs are negated with ''nie'' placed before the verb:


:'''''jac fersdanda ēnć huat zū sagiś.'''''
:'''''Jac nie fersdanda huat sagid jūr.'''''
:''I don't understand what you're saying.''
:''I don't understand what you're saying.''


===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===
Adjectives precede the noun, but genitives follow it.
Both adjectives and genitives follow nouns.


===Verb phrase===
===Verb phrase===
Line 966: Line 767:


==Example texts==
==Example texts==
:'''''Zis māl was ēns furrītid.'''''
===Featured language banner===
:'''''Zis sbriakmāl was ēns furrigtid.'''''
:/tɕɪs sprʲaʔmɑːɫ was ɤ̃ːs foːrɪjtɪj/
:''This language was once featured.''
:''This language was once featured.''


:'''''Zank sīn miāte fullikhētar, fīnhētar auk brūklikhētar stamnidie it sic ta furrītin.'''''
:'''''Zank zias miāt af fullikhēt, fīnhēt auk brūklikhēt, sum sdamnidie it ta furrigtin.'''''
:''Thanks to its level of quality (lit. completeness), plausibility (lit. fineness) and usage features (lit. usability), it has been voted as featured.''
:/tsãʔ tɕəs mjɑːʔ əʊ fʊlɪʔɤːʔ, fɪ̃jxɤːʔ aʊʔ bɹʊuʔlɪʔɤːʔ sʊŋ stamnɪj ɪʔ tə foːrɪjtɪŋ/
:''Thanks to its level of quality, plausibility and usage features, it has been voted as featured.''


==Phrasebook==
==Phrasebook==
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*''Gād nātie!'' [kaːt ˈnaːtʰʲɛ] - Good night!
*''Gād nātie!'' [kaːt ˈnaːtʰʲɛ] - Good night!
*''Wialkumen!'' [ˈɥœɫkʰʊmɨn] - Welcome!
*''Wialkumen!'' [ˈɥœɫkʰʊmɨn] - Welcome!
*''Jac hēta...'' [jac ˈhɨːtʰa...] - My name is...
*''Hēta jac...'' [ˈhɤːtʰa jak...] - My name is...
*''Zankar!'' [tsaŋkʰar] - Thank you!
*''Zanke!'' [tsaŋkʰə] - Thank you!
*''Mir/Unś iś rǖ.'' [mʲɪr/ʊnʃ ɪʃ rʲyː] - I'm/We're sorry.
*''Mir/Unś iś rǖ.'' [mʲɪr/ʊnʃ ɪʃ rʲyː] - I'm/We're sorry.
*''Jac śbriaka ēnć {{PAGENAME}}.'' - I don't speak {{PAGENAME}}.
*''Nie sbriaka jac {{PAGENAME}}.'' - I don't speak {{PAGENAME}}.


==Other resources==
==Other resources==
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[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Germanic languages]]
[[Category:Germanic languages]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages]]
[[Category:Lõis]]
[[Category:Lõis]]
IlL
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