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Thangha': Difference between revisions
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==Nouns== | ==Nouns== | ||
Any Thangha' adjective can be used as a noun, and vice verca, any noun can be used as an adjective (which come before the head noun when used attributively, like English). For example, / | Any Thangha' adjective can be used as a noun, and vice verca, any noun can be used as an adjective (which come before the head noun when used attributively, like English). For example, /ˈsaⁿdə/ (HL) [ˈsandə] can mean either "sand" or "sandy". | ||
===Plurals=== | ===Plurals=== | ||
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====Additive Plural==== | ====Additive Plural==== | ||
This is formed by reduplicating the | This is formed by reduplicating the first syllable of the noun, except that the vowel is changed to schwa e.g. /ˈjəʔma/ (HL) [ˈjǽm̰à] - "llama" -> /jə-ˈjama/ (HL) [jɪ́ˈjǽm̰à] - "llamas". However, in Thangha', pluralisation is optional. So /ˈjəʔma/ (HL) could mean either "llama" or "llamas". In general, the plural is only used to emphasise that there is a large number / quantity of something. It can even be used for uncountable nouns e.g. /ˈsaⁿdə/ (HL) [ˈsândə̀] - sand (from a desert, Thangha' has a different word for beach sand) -> /sə-ˈsaⁿdə/ (HL) [sə́ˈsândə̀] - "large amount of desert sand / dune sea". | ||
====Associative Plural==== | ====Associative Plural==== | ||
Distinct from the additive plural, this means "X and company", "X and his/her mob" etc. (similar to Japanese -tachi). It is formed by | Distinct from the additive plural, this means "X and company", "X and his/her mob" etc. (similar to Japanese -tachi). It is formed by prefixing /ɫʷatə-/ to the noun e.g. | ||
/ | /ˈtʷoʀa/ (L) - [ˈtʷòʀɑ̄] - "shaman" (from English "doctor") -> /ɫʷatə-ˈtʷoʀa/ (L) - [ɫʷɒ̄tʊ̄ˈtʷòʀɑ̄] - "the shaman and his lot" | ||
Note that this is distinct from the additive plural discussed before. /tʷəˈtʷoʀa/ (L) refers to a group of shamans, while /ɫʷatə-ˈtʷoʀa/ (L) refers to a shaman with a group of other people associated with him (who by no means need to be shamans, and could well be the shaman's assistants or followers). | |||
===Case=== | ===Case=== | ||
Thangha' has three cases, Absolutive (unmarked), Ergative (marked with the | Thangha' has three cases, Absolutive (unmarked), Genitive (marked with the prefix /wa-), and Ergative (marked with the prefix /bə-/). | ||
e.g. /ˈməsa/ (H) - [ˈmə̋sá] - "mother" -> /wa-ˈməsa/ (H) - [wáˈmə̋sá] - "of the mother" -> /bə-ˈməsa/ (H) - [bə́ˈmə̋sá] | |||
However, if the noun root begins with a voiceless obstruent, it becomes voiced e.g. /ˈtʷoʀa/ (L) [ˈtʷòʀɑ̄] - "shaman" -> /waˈdʷoʀa/ (L) [wāˈdʷòʀɑ̀] - "of the shaman" (not */waˈyʷoʀa/ (L)) -> /bə-ˈdʷoʀa/ (L) [bə̄ˈdʷòʀɑ̄] - "shaman" (ergative). | |||
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In this case, the word order is Possessed - Possessor, with the Possessor marked with the genitive case e.g. | In this case, the word order is Possessed - Possessor, with the Possessor marked with the genitive case e.g. | ||
/ | /ˈpəʔwəⁿ wa-ˈdʷogə/ (HL) (HL) | ||
[ | [ˈpʊ́w̰ʊ̀ⁿ wá-ˈdʷúgə̀] | ||
bone GEN-dog | bone GEN-dog | ||
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====Alienable Possession==== | ====Alienable Possession==== | ||
The construction for alienable possession is | The construction for alienable possession is the same as that for alienable possession, except that the possessor is marked with the Ergative case e.g. | ||
/ | /ˈpəʔwəⁿ bə-ˈdʷogə/ (HL) (HL) | ||
[ | [ˈpʊ́w̰ʊ̀ⁿ bʊ́ˈdʷùgə̀] | ||
dog | bone ERG-dog | ||
The dog's bone (that it is chewing / burying etc.) | The dog's bone (that it is chewing / burying etc.) | ||
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Like English, Thangha' makes a two-way distance contrast in demonstratives, and there is no distinction between pronominal demonstratives and adnominal demonstratives (which precede the noun, like in English). Unlike English, there is no singular vs. plural contrast in demonstratives: | Like English, Thangha' makes a two-way distance contrast in demonstratives, and there is no distinction between pronominal demonstratives and adnominal demonstratives (which precede the noun, like in English). Unlike English, there is no singular vs. plural contrast in demonstratives: | ||
This / These: / | This / These: /ˈɕəsə/ (HL) [ˈɕɪ́sə̀] | ||
That / Those: / | That / Those: /ˈsazə/ (HL) [ˈsázə̀] | ||
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In Thangha', prepositions are clitics that attach phonologically to the following word (whether that is a noun, demonstrative, numeral or adjective). The pronunciation of the last vowel in a preposition is affected by the first consonant in the following word e.g. | In Thangha', prepositions are clitics that attach phonologically to the following word (whether that is a noun, demonstrative, numeral or adjective). The pronunciation of the last vowel in a preposition is affected by the first consonant in the following word e.g. | ||
/ | /ʔɲəʀə/ [ɲ̰ɘʀʌ] - "near" | ||
/ | /ˈɕəsə/ (HL) [ˈɕɪ́sə̀] - "this one" | ||
/ʔɲəʀə=ˈɕəsə/ (HL) [ɲ̰ɘ́ʀɘ́ˈɕɪ́sə̀] - "near to this one" (not *[ɲ̰ɘ́ʀʌ́ˈɕɪ́sə̀]). | |||
==Pronouns== | ==Pronouns== | ||